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Moisturizing lotion

This document discusses moisturizing lotion, including its definition, benefits, types of skin it can be used for, and formulations. Moisturizers work by reducing water evaporation from the skin to keep it hydrated. They can be homemade using ingredients like aloe vera gel, almond oil, and oatmeal. The texture and properties of a lotion are influenced by factors like the emulsifier, dispersed phase (oil type and size), continuous phase (thickness from hydrocolloids), and phase volume ratio. These parameters impact attributes like thickness, spreadability, and after-feel.

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MOISTURIZING LOTION
DEFINITION Moisturizers or emollients are  complex mixtures of chemical  agents specially designed to  make the external layers of the  skin softer and more liable. 
• They increase the skin's hydration  (water content) by reducing evaporation.  Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as  well as artificial or natural oils, humictants,  emollients, lubricants, etc., may be part of the  composition of commercial skin moisturizers. • They usually are available as commercial  products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but  can also be made at home using  common pharmacy ingredients.
BENEFITS OF MOISTURIZING LOTION • These available homemade non greasy  lotions are best for moisturizing skin on  daily basis as almond or grape seed oil are  readily absorbed by the skin, without letting  it feel oily.  • They help in keeping the skin soft and  supple. 
• Lotions made using aloe vera gel are not alone  perfect for winter months, but can continue  moisturizing the skin through summer season as  well without being greasy. • Moreover, these nourishing lotions are free from  any chemicals and purely healthy for the skin.  • One would love applying it over skin again and  again, without having any fear of damaging the  skin.  • It comes at a fractional cost compared to  commercially available chemically treated  moisturizing lotions
TYPES OF SKINS • Normal Skin • Dry Skin • Oily skin • Aging Skin • Sensitive Skin
PRESERVATIVE METHODS
Normal skin • Moisturizers can be used to prevent the skin  from becoming too dry or oily, such as with  light, non-greasy water-based moisturizers.  Such moisturizers often contain lightweight  oils, such as cetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived  ingredients • Eg- cyclomethicone.
Dry skin • For treating skin dryness, the most appropriate  moisturizers are heavier, oil-based  moisturizers that contain ingredients such  as antioxidants, grape seed  oil or dimethicone. For very dry, cracked  skin, petrolatum-based products are  preferable, as they are more lasting than  creams and are more effective in preventing  water evaporation.
Oily skin • For oily skin, moisturizers can still be useful after activities causing skin dryness, such as other skin care products and washing.[1] For oily skin, water-based moisturizers that are specifically non-comedogenic are preferable, as there is less risk of comedo formation. Aging skin • Appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and well hydrated are oil-based ones that contain petrolatum as the base, along with antioxidants or alpha hydrox acids against wrinkles.
Sensitive skin On sensitive skin (which otherwise is  susceptible to skin irritations, redness,  itching or rashes), it is preferable to use  moisturizers which contain soothing  ingredients such as chamomile or aloe, and  that minimize potential allergens such as  fragrances or dyes, as well as irritants such  as acids.
FORMULATONS
ALOEVERA AND ALMOND OIL LOTION almond oil ½ cup Beeswax ¾ ounce aloe vera gel 1 cup essential oils (lime) 10 drops vitamin E oil 1 tsp
ALOEVERA AND ALMOND OIL LOTION • Use a double boiler to melt half a cup of almond oil or grape seed oil and ¾ ounce of beeswax (shredded into small pieces). • Now mix 1 cup of aloe vera gel, 10 drops of any essential oils (like geranium and lime) and 1 teaspoon of vitamin E oil in a medium sized bowl. • Pour the melted oils into blender, allowing them to cool down and to avoid oil separation.
• After oils get cooled, blend them on low speed,  while pouring aloe vera mixture slowly into it  in a continuous fashion. • Run the rubber spatula to mix all ingredients  properly and blend till mixture attains a feel  and look of a lotion. •  Alternatively, this mixing and blending step  can be performed in a mixing bowl, using a  handheld electric mixer. •  Pour the prepared non greasy lotion in  sterilized jars and store them in refrigerator,  which can then stay fine for period of 6 weeks.
OATMEAL LOTION Ground oatmeal ½ Cup Water 5tb. Sp.
OAT MEAL LOTION • Use ground oatmeal and grind it properly in a  food processor.  • Just by mixing it with minimal amount of  water will give it a slippery touch that can  then be used directly as an effective lotion.  • It not alone moisturizes the face, but also  serves as a good exfoliating agent (removes  the dead skin cells) when scrubbed gently  over the skin surface. 
• This non greasy lotion is equally useful as  primer, for putting make up every morning  and also for removing stubborn eye makeup  at end of the day. • Just put a little amount of the lotion on to  the cotton ball and clean off the face.  • The same oatmeal lotion can serve more  beneficial, if coconut and grapefruit  essential oil are also added to it. 
• Coconut oil aids in fighting off bacterial  infection of the skin and grapefruit  essential oil improves the skin clarity. •  Additionally, it adds on to the fragrance  and still remains non greasy and light  weight lotion, safe and healthy for daily  usage without making hands buttery or  greasy.
The effluence of structure of moisturizing lotion (texture parameter) on its use properties, and control of its physical properties • 1. Factors influencing the lotion physical parameter • 2. The effects on the behavior of lotion during lotion processing
Table 1. Texture profile   Primary  parameter Secondary  parameter Popular terms Mechanical  characteristics hardness   Soft→firm→hard Cohesiveness   Crumbly→crunchy→brittle viscosity   Thin→viscous elasticity   Plastic→elastic adhesiveness   Sticky→tacky→gooey Geometrical  characteristics Particle size and shape Particle shape and orientation Gritty, grainy, coarse, etc. Fibrous, cellular, crystalline, etc. Other  characteristics Moisture  content   Dry→moist→wet→watery Fat content Oiliness greasiness oily greasy
Table 2. texture profile parameter used in the skin care product evaluation Stage of  evaluation Skin care product attribute and  definite Texture profile  parameter PICK-UP, product  removed from  container, product  poured or  squeezed from  bottle onto  fingertips, or  product lifted  from jar with  forefinger THICKNESS-perceived  denseness of product. Evaluated  as force required to squeeze  between thumb and forefinger.  Rated as thin-medium-thick. Or:  CONSISTENCY-perceived  structure of product. Evaluated as  resistance to deformation and  difficulty of lifting from  container.   Rated as light- medium heavy. Viscosity for lotions
RUB-OUT  (application),  spread of product  over and into skin  with fingertips  using gentle  circular motion at a  rate of two rub per  second for a  specified period of  time, depending on  the product. SPREADABILITY-ease of moving  product from point of application  over rest of face. Evaluated as  resistance to pressure. Rated or  described as: ‘slips’-very easy to spread ‘glides’-moderated easy ‘drag’-difficult to spread   ABSORBENCY-Rate at which  product is perceived to be absorbed  into skin. Evaluated by noting  changes in character of product and  in amount of product remaining  (tactile and visual) and by changes  in skin surface. Rated slow- moderate-fast. Viscosity, cohesiveness,  springiness, gumminess,  adhesiveness Other characteristics –(oil  and water content of  product)
AFTER-FEEL  (and appearance),  evaluation of skin  surface with  fingertips, visually  and kinesthetically  immediately after  product  application and  possible at varying  intervals  thereafter. AFTER-FEEL – Type and  intensity of product residue left on  skin; changes in skin feel/ Product  residue is described by type, i.e.  film(oily or greasy), coating(waxy  or dry), flaky or powdery  particles; the amount of such  residue is identified as slight- moderate-large. Skin feel is described as dry (taut,  pulled, tight); moist (supple,  pliant), oily(dirty, clogged). Other sensations are also noted  and identified where applicable,  i.e. clean, stimulated, irritated, etc. Other characteristics- (oil and water content)   Geometrical  characteristics-(gritty,  powdery, etc.)
1. Factors influencing the lotion physical parameter • (1). THE EMULSIFIER The emulsifier frequently is  the most important role in the emulsion in producing the  characteristic flow properties. In dilute emulsions this is  more evident because when the concentration of emulsifier  is varied, the effects of change in particle size and particle  size distribution of the disperse phase on the viscosity of  the emulsion are not as big as the change in the viscosity  of the continuous phase brought about by the emulsifier.  Mixed emulsifiers can provide desirable flow properties  (used to thicken lotion, see also table 2) and to reduce  cream of lotion.
(2) THE DISPERSE PHASE • There are many parameters related to the disperse phase or  internal phase that exert rheological changes in emulsions,  including: nature of the oil; viscosity of the oil; particle  size; particle size distribution; and particle shape. Particle  size and particle size distribution also depend on the  emulsifier concentration. • The nature of the oil in O/W emulsion exerts its effect on  the emulsion via its interaction with the emulsifier. The  viscosity of the aqueous medium and the particle size  distribution are related to differences in the state of  aggregation of the globules.
(2) THE DISPERSE PHASE  • The mean particle size and particle size  distribution can exert profound effects on the  rheological parameters of an emulsion. The  viscosity of dilute O/W emulsions are influenced  by mean particle size variation of 3 to0.7 microns,  but in concentrated emulsions the product of  relative viscosity and mean particle size did not  change if the distribution  of particle size about the  mean value was not very wide. 
(3) THE CONTINUOUS PHASE • The rheological behavior of a lotion is most often  determined by the rheology of the continuous  phase. The rheological behavior of the continuous  phase of O/W emulsions is frequently controlled  by the use of hydrocolloids, which have been  already been discussed. The rheological behavior  properties of the emulsion, in turn, are dependent  on the stability of the hydrocolloidal system 
(4) PHASE VOLUME RATIO • The rheological patterns of dilute emulsions are often  markedly different than those for concentrated emulsions.   Therefore, it is useful to have information concerning the  viscosity dependence on the phase volume ratio in both  areas. Generally, it has been found that the rheological  parameters of an emulsion increase with crease in the  phase volume ratio. It is expected that the limit of φ before  inversion occurs will vary depending on the characteristics  of the system and, in particular, the nature of the  emulsifying agent and its solubility in the continuous  phase of the emulsion 
2. The effects on the behavior of lotion during lotion processing • (1) Mixing • (2) Heating and cooling • (3) Shearing • (4) Homogenizing
(1) Mixing • Mixing is a basic step to the compounding and processing of lotion in the cosmetic industry. Mixing is necessary to blend a water phase and oil phase into an emulsion, but consider the potential effect of the degree of mixing on the product viscosity. First of all, a minimum of energy must be used to evenly mix the two phases and other additives. A high amount of mixing energy, however, can decrease the particle size of the dispersed phase and hence affecting the emulsion viscosity.
• In case of heat transfer, viscous lotions are usually handled with a contrarotating agitator. • Mixing is so basic to the formation of the lotion and can have such an important effect on product rheology that the smart formulator will learn to work with it in achieving the desired end properties instead of fighting against it in a dogmatic scaleup from benchtop to plant. Cosmetic lotion may be shear sensitive to some degree and mixing can be used as a tool in achieving the desired product viscosity by properly manipulating the mixing variables.
(2) Heating and cooling • Heating is generally less of a problem in cosmetic processing because the product or phase is usually fluid at elevated temperatures (viscosity being inversely proportional to temperature for emulsions commonly encountered in the cosmetic industry). The rate of heating is not usually considered an important parameter, assuming that the desired end point is not overshot.
• Cooling is more commonly a problem with cosmetic emulsion because it generally increases product viscosity greatly. • In summary, a lotion is usually heated after it has been formed to reduce its viscosity for filling. Cooling has a more important relationship to final product viscosity because of its effect on crystallite size and dispersion, and because of the interrelationship of work input and product viscosity.
(3) Shearing • Many lotions are shear-thining. In a typical operation, a finished lotion is cooled to room temperature in a compounding vessel, and then pumped through a filter to a storage tank where it is held for filling. The viscosity of lotion will have been reduced by this step. Then the product may be pumped to the filling line. The product usually has a chance to build a network of bonds. A portion of these bonds, if broken, are sometimes permanently destroyed
(4) Homogenizing • Homogenization, or the reduction of particles to a small and uniform size and their even distribution in a medium, is related to shearing in that frequently used to create the particle breakdown. • The cosmetic industry usually resorts to homogenization for dispersing solids and insoluble liquids in a liquid phase and reducing the dispersed particles to a minimum size.
• The reasons for doing this are numerous and include the desire to increase stability by minimizing globule size and hence decrease the chances of coalescence, to reduce particle size of the disperse phase so as to inhibit settling, and to increase viscosity by forming a finer emulsion. • If while the emulsion is hot and both phases still liquid, homogenization will tend to reduce the disperse phase to a minimum size distribution which will impart certain properties (such as increased stability) to the final product when it is cooled down and packaged.
• If the product is homogenized after some cooling has taken place and viscosity has already started to build, however, the viscosity of the finished product may be permanently reduced. • Timing and process step must be considered in developing a process to make a product with the desired end properties.
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