The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cleaning of rotary ni ti endodontic instruments / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Sterilization and disinfection in prosthodonticsNishu Priya
Routinely dental care professionals are at an increased risk of crossinfection while treating patients. This occupational potential for disease transmission becomes evident initially when one realizes that most human microbial pathogens have been isolated from oral secretions. Because of repeated exposure to the microorganisms present in blood and saliva, the incidence of certain infectious diseases has been significantly higher among dental professionals than observed for the general population.
Disinfection and sterilization In DentistryDrOsamaMushtaq
A brief presentation on the topic of disinfection and sterilization for dental students. in this presentation, we tried to cover the Disinfection process, disinfectants, antiseptic solution, sterilization techniques, cross-infection control, and management of needle stick injury.
sterilisation in Dentistry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants
Prepared media plate sterilization methodsScott Bradley
Prepared and non-prepared petri dishes can be sterilized by several different methods. This short presentation takes a look at the different methods of plate sterilization, how they "do their thing," and which we're most likely to use in the lab.
Cleaning of rotary ni ti endodontic instruments / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Sterilization and disinfection in prosthodonticsNishu Priya
Routinely dental care professionals are at an increased risk of crossinfection while treating patients. This occupational potential for disease transmission becomes evident initially when one realizes that most human microbial pathogens have been isolated from oral secretions. Because of repeated exposure to the microorganisms present in blood and saliva, the incidence of certain infectious diseases has been significantly higher among dental professionals than observed for the general population.
Disinfection and sterilization In DentistryDrOsamaMushtaq
A brief presentation on the topic of disinfection and sterilization for dental students. in this presentation, we tried to cover the Disinfection process, disinfectants, antiseptic solution, sterilization techniques, cross-infection control, and management of needle stick injury.
sterilisation in Dentistry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants
Prepared media plate sterilization methodsScott Bradley
Prepared and non-prepared petri dishes can be sterilized by several different methods. This short presentation takes a look at the different methods of plate sterilization, how they "do their thing," and which we're most likely to use in the lab.
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
The process of pasteurization was named after Louis Pasteur (1960S) who discovered that spoilage organisms could be inactivated in wine by applying heat at temperatures below its boiling point. The process was later applied to milk and remains the most important operation in the processing of milk.
Pasteurization made milk safer and the United State Food and drug Administration or FDA in the 1906-2006.
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Copy of asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. ASEPSIS STERILIZATION AND
INFECTION CONTROL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. • Sterilization: Complete destruction of all
micro-organisms on an inanimate object or
instrument.
• Disinfection : The destruction of
organisms in the non-sporing or vegetative
state.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. INTRODUCTION
• The concept of asepsis and its role in the prevention of
infection was put forward nearly
• Two centuries ago. The general principles for asepsis
were laid down by Hungarian abstetrician, Ignaz
semmelweiss in europe in early 1850’s and Oliver
Holmes in USA. These principles were accepted after
Joseph Lister’s studies on prevention of wound infection
carried out between 1865-91. Lister, working on
antisepsis, initially used phenol (dilute carbolic acid) for
contaminated wounds, later applied it in all surgical
wounds, also in operating room by nebulization of the
solution. Further developments occurred with the
introduction of steam sterilization surgical masks, sterile
gloves, sterile gowns and drapes etc.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
• ASEPSIS: It is the avoidance of pathogenic organisms from
coming in contact with the wound and other sites and
ensuring that only sterile objects and fluids come into contact.
• STERILIZATION: It is a process by which articles are freed
of all microorganisms both in vegetative or spore state.
• *DISINFECTION: It is a process, which reduces the number
of viable microorganisms to an acceptable level, but may not
in activate some viruses and bacterial spores.
• CDC Dental Guidelines For Sterilization Instruments -As
with other medical and surgical instruments, dental
instruments are classified into three categories - critical, semi
critical, or no critical - depending on their risk of transmitting
infection and the need to sterilize them between uses.
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5. CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS
OF STERILIZATION
•
• A. PHYSICAL
• Sun Light
• Drying
•
• Heat
– Dry
– Moist
• Filtration
• Gas
• Irradiation
• Ultra sonic cleaning
• Oil
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. PHYSICAL METHODS
• Sunlight : Most old & still effective. It possesses
appreciable bactericidal activity. The action is due to
ultra violet rays. This is one of the natural methods of
sterilization in case of water in tanks, rivers and lakes.
• Drying : It air has deleterious effect on many bacteria.
Spores are unaffected by drying. Hence it is very
unreliable method.
• Heat : Is the most common and one of the most
effective methods of sterilization. Factors influencing
sterilization by heat are : -
– Nature of heat
• Dry
• Moist
– Temperature & time
– No of organism present
– Whether organism has sparing capacity
• Type of material from which organism is to be eradicatedwww.indiandentalacademy.com
8. • DRY HEAT
• Killing is due to :
• Protein denaturation
• Toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes
• a. Red Heat : It is used to sterilize metallic objects by holding them in
flome bill they are red hot. Example : inoculating wires, needles, forceps
etc.
• b. Flaming : The article is passed over flame without allowing it to
become red hot. Example : Glass plates, Cotton wool plays and glass
slides.
• c. Hot Air Oven: It is used to sterilize items, which do not get damaged by
high temp. such as laboratory glass wave, flasks, scissors, impression trays
(metal), all stainless steel instruments with sharp cutting edges, (preferred)
B.P. handles, Dapen dishes, mouth mirrors and poles. Hot air is poor
conductor of heat and poor penetrating capacity. So grease, oils, powders
plastics, rubber-containing substances should be sterilized by other
methods. High temp. can damage fabrics or melt them.
• Temp. & Time: The sterilization is complete if these two factors are
achieved throughout the load.
• Temp. Time (Min.)
• 160oC 320oF - 120/60
• 170oC 340oF - 60
• 150oC 300oF - 150
• 140oC 280oF - 180
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. • Precautions
• The heat should be uniformly distributed in side the
oven.
• All the instruments must be clean of dry prior to
wrapping.
• It should not be over loaded.
• Oven must be allowed to cool for about 2 hours before
opening other wire glass will crack.
•
• Sterilization Control of Hot Air Oven
• Detectors as spores of non-pathogenous strains of
clostridium tetani are used to test dry heat efficiency.
• Browne’s tube (green spot) is available for checking
sterilization by dry heat. A green color is produced after
60 min. at 160oC.
• Thermocouples may be used.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. • GLASS BEADS STERILIZER:
• This method employs a heat transfer device.
The media used are glass beads, molten metal
and salt. The temperature achieved is of 220oC.
The method employs submersion of small
instruments such as endodontic files and burs,
into the beads; and are sterilized in 10 seconds
provided they are clean. A warm-up time of at
least 20 minutes is recommended to ensure
uniform temperatures in these sterilizers.
• Some hand piece can be sterilized by dry
heat. The hand pieces should be carefully
cleaned and lubricated with special heat
resistant oils.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. •
• MOIST HEAT:
• Effective by denaturation and coagulation of
proteins.
•
• a. Temperature below 100oC.
– Pasteurization – milk by Hold Method and Flash Method.
– Vaccine bath – for vaccines
– Inspissation
•
•
• b. Temperature at 100oC
• Tyndallization
• Boiling
• Steam Baths
•
• c. Temperature above 100oC
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12. • AUTOCLAVE
• These are three major factors required for effective
autoclave ; Pressure, temperature and Time.
• Pressure: It is expressed in pressure (Pounds) pre
square inch and it is 15-PSI pressure.
• Temperature: To achieve required pressure, the
temp. must be reached and maintained at 121oC with
the increase in temperature and pressure super heated
steam is formed and removed Air from chamber and this
brings about sterilization.
• Time: Wrapped loads require a minimum of 20 min.
after reaching full temperature
• and time cycle, a wide variety of materials can be
sterilized by this method.
• Example: Diagnostic and prognostic Instruments, plastic
filling Instrument, impression trays, laboratory
equipments, surgical instruments etc. Higher
temperature and greater pressure shorter the time
required for sterilization.www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. •
• also varies with the amount of material for
the thickness of the wrap.
Pressure Temperature Time (Min.)
15psi 121oC 15
20 psi 126oC 10
20 psi 134oC 3
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14. . IRRADIATION
• Radiation used for sterilization is of two
types
• Ionizing radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma
rays, and high speed electrons and
• Non-ionizing radiation, e.g. ultraviolet light,
and infrared light. These forms of
radiation can be used to kill or inactivate
microorganisms
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15. • It is effective for heat labile items.
Bellamy (1959) reported that it has great
penetrating properties. It is commonly
used by the industry to sterilize disposable
materials such as needles, syringes and
swabs.
Ionizing Radiation
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16. Ultraviolet
• It is absorbed by proteins and nucleic acids
and kills microorganisms by the chemical
reactions it sets up in the bacterial cell. It has
low penetrating capacity and its main application
is purification of air in operating rooms; viz, to
reduce the bacteria in air, water and on the
contaminated surfaces. All forms of bacteria
and viruses are vulnerable to ultraviolet rays
below 3000 atmospheric pressure. Excessive
exposure of skin can produce serious burns.
Care must be taken to protect the eyes while
using U-V radiation for sterilization.
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17. ULTRASONIC CLEANING
• Several studies have shown that, when
performed correctly, ultrasonic cleaning
will remove dried serum, whole blood,
plaque, zinc phosphate cement, and
polycarboxylate cement from instruments,
metal surfaces and dentures. It has been
found to be more effective than manual
cleaning.
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18. ULTRASONIC CLEANERS AND
SOLUTIONS
• The Clinical Research Associates (CRA)
recommended the following ultrasonic
cleaners:
• BIOSONIC – Whaledent
• T33C – Health Sonics Group
• CLOSTER 3 – Provides ultrasonic clean,
rinse and dry, but is noisy
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19. OIL
• Hot oils baths have been used for
sterilization of metallic instruments. At a
temperature of 175oC, submersion for 15
minutes is required for sterilization. The
disadvantages of using oil include; poor
penetration, poor sporicidal activity, presents a
fire hazard, and is difficult to remove from
instruments such as hand pieces without
recontamination. It should not be used for
hypodermic syringes or needles because of the
danger of oil embolization
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20. CHEMICAL METHODS
• ALDEHYDE COMPOUNDS
• Aqueous solution of formaldehyde
(formalin) and
• Glutaraldehyde (cidex) are effective
disinfectants
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21. ALCOHOLS
• Ethanol and isopropyl alcohols are frequently
used as antiseptic. Alcohols possess some
antibacterial activity, against some Gram-
positive and negative bacteria, and especially
against M tuberculosis. Alcohols act by
denaturing proteins. They are not effective
against spores and viruses.
• The alcohols do not function as disinfectants
when instruments, hand pieces, or other
equipment are simply wiped with them, since
they evaporate quickly
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22. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
• Phenol itself toxic to skin and bone
marrow. The phenolic compounds were
developed to reduce their side effects but
are still toxic to living tissues. These
compounds, in high concentration, are
protoplasmic poison, and act by
precipitating the proteins and destroy the
cell wall.
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23. AQUEOUS QUARTERNARY
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
• Benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) is
the most commonly used antiseptic. Its
spectrum of activity is primarily Gram-
positive bacteria. It is well tolerated by
living tissues. It is not widely used
because of its narrow spectrum of activity
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24. IODOPHOR COMPOUNDS
• These compounds are effective against most
bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi. These are
the most commonly used surface disinfectants
along with hypochlorite. Concentrated solutions
have less free ioidine. Iodine is released as the
solution is diluted. An appropriate dilution is 1 :
2 : 3 parts of iodophor and distilled water,
respectively.
• Advantages are
• Low toxicity.
• Prolonged residual effect
• Inexpensive and
• Odorless.
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26. GLOVES
• PRACTICAL POINTS ESSENTIAL FOR
GLOVE USE
• Wash hands before doing gloves
• Choose a glove that fits tightly
• Replace gloves immediately if born
• Ensure chair side assistants wear gloves
• Wash hands immediately after glove removal.
• Treat gloves as surgical waste and dispose of
them accordingly.
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27. • OSHA ADVISE THE FOLLOWING
CONCERNING GOWNS
• 1.The clinic attire should be worn only in
the dental environment and should be
changed at the end of the treatment
schedule. 2. The day should begin with
freshly laundered garments and the
garments should be changed immediately
it soaked or spattered with blood or other
contaminants.3. Clinic attire should be
handled separately from family laundry.
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28. MASKS
• PROPER MASK SHOULD BE
• Fit comfortably
• Not look air out the sides
• Fit around the entire periphery of the face
• Not touch lips or nostrils
• Not irritate skin
• Provide breath ability
• Not cause jogging or protective eyewear.
• Not have an object able odor.
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29. • PROTECTIVE EYE WEAR
• Protective eyewear in combination with
a mask must be worn to protect the eye
when spatter and splash of body fluids is
anticipated and a fan shield is not used
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30. ANTISEPTICS USED IN HAND
WASHING
• Chlorhexidine: i.e. 2-4% Chlorhexidine gluconate
with 4% isopropyl alcohol in a detergent solution with
a pH of 5.0 to 6.5.
• Povidone iodine: 7.5 to 10% Povidone iodine (3
minutes duration)
• Phenolic compound: Hexachlorophene (it is toxic if
the blood concentration rises with repeated exr.)
Parachlorometexylenol (is bactericidal and fungicidal
at 2% concentration).
• Alcohols: Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol used
in 70% concentration
•
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31. • FOOTWEAR
• A pair of smooth, ship on shoes should be
kept exclusively for use in the surgery. These
should be cleaned at the end of each clinical
session.
• HEAD COVERS
• Head covers provide an effective barrier.
They are recommended during invasive dental
procedures, which are likely to involve extensive
blood splatter.
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32. • DRAPING THE PATIENT
• The purpose of draping a patient is to
isolate the field of surgery from other parts
of body that have not been prepared for
surgery, and also from non-sterile
equipment and equipment.
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33. DISINFECTION OF
IMPRESSIONS
• Immersion disinfection has been preferred to
spraying. This is based on the assumption that
immersion is more likely to assure exposure of
all surfaces of the impression to the disinfectant
for the recommended time.
• Spraying disinfectants onto the surface of the
impression reduces the chance of distortion,
especially in the case of alginate, hydrocolloid,
and polyether materials, but may not adequately
cover areas of undercut. Two studies have
indicated that there is no difference in accuracy
of casts obtained by spraying with or immersion
in recommended disinfectants.
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34. • Thorough rinsing of the impression is
necessary before and after disinfection.
Rinsing before re moves the bioburden
present, which may exposure of the
surface to the disinfectant. Rinsing after
disinfection removes residual disinfectant,
which may affect the stone surface after
casting.
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35. • ADA recommended disinfectants must be
used.
• Chlorine compounds
• Iodophors
• Combination synthetic phenolics
• Glutaraldehydes
• Distortion of impressions following
disinfection is determined by the brand of
impression material and the disinfectant
used.
• When an alginate is disinfected the choice
of product is very important.www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. POLYSULPHIDES AND
ADDITION-CURED SILICONES
• Addition-cured silicone materials appear to
be able to withstand damage by
disinfectants, exception of neutral
glutaraldehyde.
• Alternative disinfectant: iodophore
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37. Immersion of alginate
• Immersion of alginates in disinfectants is very much
dependant on the product used.
• Algioplast and New Kromopan may be immersed in
sodium hypochlorite solution (1:10) for 10 minutes
without distortion.
• Jeltrate Plus may be immersed in iodophor (wesco-
dyne) for 10-15 minutes, or for 10 minutes in sodium
hypo chlorite, without distortion.
• It is strongly recommended that alginate impressions are
cast as soon as possible after disinfection. This is
possible if the dental office has its own laboratory, but
difficult if commercial laboratories are employed.
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38. IMPRESSION TRAYS
• If plastic disposable trays are used, the handle
is removed and heat sterilized.
• If aluminum or chrome-plated trays are used,
routine examination of the trays is essential to
monitor corrosion if sodium hypochlorite is
used. If corrosion occurs, use an alternative
disinfectant.
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39. CHOICE OF DISINFECTANT
• METAL DENTURES
• Some concern has been expressed over the use
dilute sodium hypochlorite on metal dentures.
Recent research indicates that the use of
sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes will not
damage denture base metals. One study
recommends 2% hypochlorite 1: 5 for 5 minutes,
as 1% does not remove all micro-organisms
• Iodophor or 1:10 diluted sodium hypochlorite be
used for single or infrequent disinfection cy
However, both disinfectants should be used :;are
as either can be corrosive with repeated or
prolonged exposure
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40. ACRYLIC DENTURES
• Sodium hypochlorite is recommended for
disinfection of complete acrylic dentures.
Glutaraldehyde with phenolic buffer (Sporacidin)
should not be used.
• “In-office” adjustments
• Care must be taken with in-office adjustments.
Use sterilized rag wheels and unit doses of
pumice and polishing compounds. These will
prevent cross contamination of prostheses and
the need for multiple disinfections when repeat
try-ins are necessary
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41. BURS
• Steel Burs:- Single use. Dispose of these
in Sharps bin
• Diamond Burs
• Clean with bur brush.
• Place in ultrasonic bath.
• Dry, bag and autoclave.
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42. DISPOSAL OF WASTES
• Contaminated sharp disposable objects, (broken
glass, disposable sharp blades), must be
handled with extreme care to avoid injuries.
They must be placed in a rigid impervious
container which can be sealed prior to disposal.
• Liquid wastes should be disposed of by carefully
pouring into the mains drainage system followed
by a free flow of running water.
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43. • CONCLUSION
• Prevention is better than cure. The main way
of control is by discarding all the contaminated
instruments and materials and try to use as much
as disposable items. The dentist and assistant
should take proper vaccination in proper time. It
should be done any treatment with minimal
instruments using.
• The material, which is sent to the
laboratory, should be disinfected before the
technician contact it should be kept in a separate
room for disinfection, for all the patients’
work, which is sent. For each patient the material
used should be separate or it should be
discarded after each patient work or disinfect it
before use of it. www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. • The dentist should not think only their
health, they should consider the
environment also when the dispose of the
used materials. They should be
discarded in sturdy, impervious plastic
bags to minimize human contact. Blood
and disinfectants be carefully poured into
a drain connected to a sanitary sewer
system. Sharp instruments should be
paced in puncture resistant containers
marked with the bio hazard label.
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45. Thank you
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