Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Importance of sterilization and its guidelinesRajKumar4943
Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Every day, a number of hospitals are performing various surgical procedures. Even more number of invasive procedures are being performed in different health care facilities. The medical device or the surgical instrument that comes in contact with the sterile tissue or the mucus membrane of the patient during the various processes is associated with increased risk of introduction of pathogens into the patient's body. Moreover, there is chance of transmission of infection from patient to patient; from patient or to health care personnel, and vice versa; or from the environment to the patient through the improper sterilized or disinfected devices. Hence, medical personnel, laboratory people and the health care providers should have better knowledge regarding these techniques to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Importance of sterilization and its guidelinesRajKumar4943
Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Every day, a number of hospitals are performing various surgical procedures. Even more number of invasive procedures are being performed in different health care facilities. The medical device or the surgical instrument that comes in contact with the sterile tissue or the mucus membrane of the patient during the various processes is associated with increased risk of introduction of pathogens into the patient's body. Moreover, there is chance of transmission of infection from patient to patient; from patient or to health care personnel, and vice versa; or from the environment to the patient through the improper sterilized or disinfected devices. Hence, medical personnel, laboratory people and the health care providers should have better knowledge regarding these techniques to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
History
Definition and Terms
Materials to sterilize
Preparation
Sterilization methods and uses
Methods of sterilization
Methods of monitoring sterilization
Merits / demerits
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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4. STERILIZATION- Validated process used to render a product free of all forms of
viable microorganism. In a sterilization process, the presence of microorganism
on any individual item can be expressed in terms of probability. Although this
probability can be reduced to a very low number it can never be reduced to
zero.(CDC glossary 2008)
TERMINOLOGIES
5. DISINFECTION-Thermal or chemical destruction of pathogenic
and other types of microorganisms. Disinfection is less lethal
than sterilization because it destroys most recognized
pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial
forms (e.g., bacterial spores).(CDC glossary 2008)
High-level disinfectant
Intermediate-level disinfectant
Low-level disinfectant
6. Decontamination-According to OSHA, “the use of physical or chemical means to remove,
inactivate, or destroy blood borne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they
are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is
rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal”. In health-care facilities, the term generally
refers to all pathogenic organisms.
Cleaning-removal, usually with detergent and water or enzyme cleaner and water, of
adherent visible soil, blood, protein substances, microorganisms and other debris from the
surfaces, crevices, serrations, joints, and lumens of instruments, devices, and equipment by
a manual or mechanical process that prepares the items for safe handling and/or further
decontamination.
7. Antiseptic-Substance that prevents or arrests the growth or action of
microorganisms by inhibiting their activity or by destroying them. The
term is used especially for preparations applied topically to living
tissue.(e.g.- chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide)
Germicide-Agent that destroys microorganisms, especially pathogenic
organisms.
8. HISTORY
• 3000 BC-Tar ,pitch, resins were used as antiseptics by Egyptians in embalming
bodies
• 300 BC – Hippocrates kept wounds clean by using boiled water and wine for
disinfection
• 1800s heat sterilization was introduced
• 1885- Gaston Poupinel introduced 1st dry heat sterilization device which was being
used in many hospital
9. • 1860-Louis Pasteur French chemist and
microbiologist gave germ theory and later developed
the method of pasteurization
• 1867- Jospeh Lister “Father of Antiseptic Surgery”.
Used carbolic acid solution to disinfect operating
area
10. • 1879- Robert Koch demonstrate the usefulness of steam for
sterilizing surgical instruments and dressings
• 1879- Charles Chamberland a French microbiologist developed
the Chamberland filter which led to the invention of autoclave
device
11. METHODS OF STERLIZATION AND DISINFECTION
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
SUNLIGHT HEAT RADIATION FILTRATION
DRY HEAT MOIST HEAT NON IONIZATION
IONIZATION
EARHTENWARE
ASBESTOS
SINTERED GLASS
MEMBRANE
LIQUID
GASEEOUS
INCINERTION
FLAMING
RED HEAT
HOT AIR OVEN
BELOW100
AT 100
ABOVE 100
ALCOHOL
ALDEHYDE
HALOGEN
PHENOLS
ETHYLENE OXIDE
FORMALDEHYDE
PLASMA
12. PHYSICAL AGENTS
1.HEAT- The most reliable method of sterilization. Factors influencing heat sterilization
• Nature of heat
• Time and temperature
• Number of micro organism
• Characteristics of organism
• Type of material to be sterilized
Dry heat – Mechanism of action can be due to
• Protein denaturation
• Oxidative damage
• Toxic effect of elevated electrolyte levels
1. Flaming
2. Red heat
3. Incineration
4. Hot air oven
13. • PRINCIPLE- Works on the principle of conduction. The heat is
absorbed by the outer surface of the item and then moves to
the centre, layer by layer. The item will eventually reach the
temperature required for sterilization. Most damage is done
by oxidizing molecules. Essential cell constituents are
destroyed and organisms die.
• Most common temperatures used- 170 for 30mins
160 for 60mins
150 fro 110mins
PARTS OF HOT AIR OVEN
HOT AIR OVEN
14. • Precautions to be taken-Not be overloaded
Not be crowded
Glassware should be wrapped and dry
Cooled slowly before opening
• Materials sterilised-glassware, swabs, liquid paraffin, dusting powder, fat and grease, scissors,
scalpels, glass syringes
• Quality Controls- Chemical- Browne’s tube
Physical-Thermocouple
Biological-paper strips containing 106 spores of Clostridium tetani
15. 1. Temperature below 1000C
• Pasteurisation- Usually used for food like milk.
Non sporing bacteria like mycobacterium, salmonella destroyed
• Vaccine Bath- 600C for 1 hour
Water bath used to sterilize vaccines
2. At 1000C
• Boiling- Means of disinfection.
Not used for surgical instruments
• Tyndallisation/intermittent sterilization – Steam at atmospheric pressure
used to sterilize culture media
3. Above 1000C
• Autoclave
Moist Heat
16. Autoclave
Steam under pressure used.
Principle-
• Water boils when vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
• When pressure inside closed vessel increases the temperature at
which water boils increases.
• The steam produced condenses to water on cool surfaces giving out
latent heat.
• Steam has high penetrative power.
• Process continues till temperature of surfaces rises to that of steam.
17. Common operating parameters-
TEMPERATURE TIME PRESSURE
121 15mins 15psi
126 10mins 20psi
130 3min 25psi
Several steps involved in sterilization process
• Instrument reception
• Pre cleaning disinfection
• Pre sterilization cleaning
• Packing
• Autoclaving
• Drying
• Storage
19. Types of autoclaves useful for dental surgeries
1. Displacement autoclave-Utilize superheated steam to displace air downwards and out of
the chamber
Used for sterilization of unwrapped instruments.
Typically small bench units
2. Vacuum autoclaves - Pump air from the chamber before entry of super heated steam
Preferred for porous load.
Larger and more costly units
20. Advantage
• Absolute sterility
• Short cycle time
• Loose or bagged instruments are
acceptable
• Good penetration of steam
• Ability to process a variety of
material
• Readily monitored
Disadvantage
• Corrosion of materials
• Cutting edges may dull
• Damage heat sensitive
materials
• Wrapped items remain wet
without drying cycle
• Wrapped items need longer
cycle
21. Errors in effective use of autoclave
• Human error- Inadequate cleaning, improper packaging, over loading, incorrect
choice of cycle, items not dried after, improper storage, manual alteration of cycle
• Equipment factors-Clogged filters, leaking door gaskets, faulty timer, out of
calibration of sensors, low water level, controller malfunction
Quality control
Physical- Monitoring gauges and Thermocouples
Chemical- Browne’s tube
Biological- Strips or tapes of Bacillius stearothermophillus
22. Filtration
Help remove bacteria from heat labile liquids
ASBESTOS FILTER
SINTERED GLASS FILTER
CANDLE FILTER
MEMBRANE FILTER
23. Radiation
2 types radiation
• Ionising
• Non ionising
• Ionising radiation- Gamma, X ray
o Short wavelength
o Cold sterilization ,as no temperature increase
o High penetrating power damages DNA and other cell
components
o Sterilization of implants ,sutures ,swabs, plastics
24. • Nonionizing- UV radiation ,Infrared
• UV has bactericidal action at 240-280nm
o Long wavelength
o Low penetrating power
o Germicidal radiation
o Breaks down chemical bond and disrupts
DNA,RNA and proteins
o Used for surface sterilization, syringes,
catheters, operating rooms
25. Ultrasonic and sonic cleaning
• Vibrations used fro cleaning instruments
• More effective than manual cleaning
• Used before autoclaving
• Removes plaque, calculus and other dental materials from the
surfaces
of instruments
• Minimises handling of contaminated instrument
• Instruments are submerged in ultrasonic solution
26. Chemical agents
Ideal requisites
• Wide spectrum of action
• Active in the presence of organic material
• Speedy action
• Effective in acid and alkaline environment
• High penetrating power
• Stable
27. • Compatible
• Non irritating and non allergic
• Non toxic
• Inexpensive
Methods of action
• Protein coagulation
• Disruption of cell membrane
• Remove free sulfhydryl groups
• Substrate competition
28. ALCOHOL
• Commonly used ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol
• Acts by denaturing proteins
Used as
• Skin antiseptic
• Surface disinfectant
• Hand sanitizer
Disadvantages
• Inflammable
• Irritant
• Promotes rusting
29. ALDEHYDE
FORMALDEHYDE
• Aqueous and gaseous form
• Bactericidal and sporecidal
Liquid-
• 37% formaldehyde solution, water based- FORMALIN
Mode of action-
• Inactivates microorganism by alkylating the amino and
sulfhydryl groups of proteins and ring nitrogen atoms of
purine bases , alter RNA ,DNA ,protein synthesis
30. Gaseous-Fumigation
• 150gms of KMNO4 in 280 ml of formalin for 1000cu. feet
room volume
• Operation theatres labs and wards
• Doors should be left sealed for 48hrs.
Disadvantage
• Can be fatal to health
• Skin irritation and respiratory disorders on long term use.
GLUTARALDEHYDE
• 2.4% Cidex
• Less toxic
• High level disinfectant and chemical sterilant
31. HALOGEN
Chlorine Compounds
• Hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite(0.5%-1%)
• Most commonly used for canal irrigation and antiseptic
• Antimicrobial activity by reacting with fatty acid and amino acids
• Unaffected by water hardness and do not leave toxic residue
• Should be prepare daily because of its instability
32. Iodine
• Povidone iodine
• Antimicrobial action
• Used as mouth rinse (2%,5%),surgical scrub(7.5%,10%),
antiseptic for wound dressing
• Iodine penetrates cell membranes and interact with
proteins, nucleotides and fatty acids
33. PHENOL
• Used as germicide
• Penetrating and disrupting cell wall and precipitating cell
protein
• Used as surface disinfectants and for non critical item
• LISTERINE Mouth was contains phenolic compounds
34. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• Germicidal effect
• Active against wide range of organisms
• Destructive hydroxyl free radicals released that attacks DNA and other cell components
• 3% used as canal irrigant, flushing debris,antiseptic
ETHYLENE OXIDE GAS
• Reacts with DNA and RNA and has alkylating effect
• Highly inflammable and explosive long cycle time, cost, potential occupational hazard
• Used to sterilize critical and semi critical items that are heat sensitive and cannot he sterilized by heat
35. RECENT ADVANCES
Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma
• Generated in a closed chamber under deep vacuum using radiofrequency or microwave to
excite gas molecules and produce large molecules which are in the form for free radicles
• Free radicals interact with essential cell components and disrupt them
• Used for materials that are not heat stable, plastics, electrical devices corrosion susceptible
metal alloys
OZONE
• Low temperature sterilization method
• Stainless steel instruments compatible
• Cycle time 4.5 hours
36. Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Disinfection and Sterilization
• Number and location of microorganisms
• Innate resistance
• Concentration and potency of disinfectant
• Physical and chemical factors
• Organic and inorganic matters
• Duration of exposure
• Biofilms
37. Sterilization And Disinfection In Dental Clinics
• To determine the type of method used for disinfection or sterilization Spaulding classified the instruments into
CRITICAL
• Those that entre tissue and vascular
system
• Infection transmission maximum
• Heat sterilization followed
• Surgical instruments, scalpels, scaler,
implants
SEMI-CRITICAL
• Come in contact with mucous membrane and
non intact skin
• If heat stable sterilized by heat and if heat
sensitive high level disinfectant used
• Dental mouth mirror, amalgam condenser,
impression trays, dental hand pieces
NON CRITICAL
• Contact intact skin
• Chances of transmitting infection least
• Disposable barrier protection can be used
• Radiograph head, blood pressure cuff, pulse
oximeter, other environmental surfaces
38. STERILIZATION OF DENTAL OPRATORY
1. DENTAL CHAIR
• Control unit should be covered by disposable plastic covers and disinfected using
formaldehyde or alcohol based disinfectant
• Tubes connecting water pipes , air and water syringes and scaler units also serve as
reservoir for microorganisms
• Water units should be maintained and monitored
• Discharge water and air syringe for a minimum for 20-30 seconds after each patients
• Use anti retraction valve or one way flow check valve to prevent backflow
• Use bacterial filters and chemical disinfection
39. 2. DENTAL RADIOGRAPH
• Gloves should be worn
• Heat tolerant accessories available should be heat
sterilized
• Films should be dried and disposable towels should be
used
• Digital sensors can be disinfected and plastic barriers can
be used
• Plastic attachments disinfected using chlorhexidine
solution
• X ray tube and head buttons cleaned with detergent
40. 3.ULTRASONIC SCALERS
• Hand piece is disinfected
• The inserts are removed and cleaned of all debris with water and then
disinfected and places in cassettes or pouched and autoclaves
5.ROTARY INSTRUMENT
• Diamond carbide bur-0.2% Gluteraldehyde and sodium
phenate for 10mins
• Autoclave or dry heat
• Steel burs- Glass bead sterilizer 230 degree for 20-30 mins
41. 4.DENTAL HANDPIECE CONTAMINATION CONTROL
• Run under water
• Scrub
• Clean fibre optic surface with alcohol
• Lubricate and run hand piece
• Place in sterilization pouch
• Autoclave
42. INFECTION CONTROL
• Transmission of infection within the dental clinic can occur from
• Infection control begins at taking a proper case history and making sure all protective
measures are in place
• Protective coverings, hand protection, immunisation of operator, protective shields,
instrument sterilization helps control infections
PATIENT
OPERATOR
OTHER
PERSONAL
48. Principles And Procedure For Handling And Cleaning Instruments After Treatment
• Receiving
• Cleaning
• Decontamination
• Preparation
• Packaging
• Sterilization
• Storage
49. INFECTION CONTROL AS PER COVID PROTOCOL
Zones and Dental clinics
• Containment zone- Closed
• Red zone-Emergency procedure
• Orange and green- Emergency and urgent treatment consults
Phase1- Preparatory Phase
Doctors and other health care workers
• Testing and prophylaxis should be taken before resuming work
• Proper training should be given, use of N95 masks, proper donning and doffing of PPE,
hand hygiene should be practiced
50. Dental clinics
• Ventilation and air circulation should be checked
• Fan should not be used while performing procedure
• Window ac filter should be cleaned regularly
• Strong exhaust should be used
• Visual alters and instructions should be displayed
• Sanitizer and masks should be provide to the patient
51. • Distant waiting chairs should be placed- 1m apart
• Consultation should be based on appointments spaced out properly
• Cashless or contactless payment
• Changing area for PPE donning and doffing
• Dedicated areas for sterilization
52. Equipment and instruments
• Fumigation system in place
• High volume suction
• Hand piece with anti retraction valve
• Indoor air cleaning system
• Environmental surfaces disinfected using 1%sodium hypochlorite for 10 mins
• Delicate electronics alcohol based disinfectant used
53. Phase2-Implentation phase
• Telconsult
• Protocols to handle patients in clinic area
• For consultation- 3 layered mask, face shield and gloves
• For procedure- N95 and PPE used
• Rubber dams should be used and practice non aerosol generating procedures
• Patients draped
• Patient made to rinse mouth with 10ml 0.5% povidone iodine
• Patient discharge- drape removed, patient made to wash hands
• Procedure and prescription recorded after doffing PPE
• Disinfection done
• Hand piece washed under water
54. • Forced ventilation using high efficiency particulate air filter
• 3 way syringe run for 30-40sec and flushed with disinfectant solution
• Remove water container and disinfect with 1%sodium hypochlorite, refill
• Disinfect chair and auxiliary parts within 3 feet with 1% sodium hypochlorite
• Fogging-hydrogen peroxide 11% solution stabilized with 0.01% silver nitrate 20% working
solution prepared. 1000 ml per 100 cu feet. Time 45 mins, after procedure close room for
half an hour.
Phase 3-
• Patient follow up
• Patient contacted with 24hrs and 1 week to know if he has developed and symptoms.
55. WASTE MANAGEMENT
• The collection ,transport , recovery and disposal of waste including the supervision of such operations
and after care of disposal sites
• Biomedical waste- Any waste generated during diagnosis , treatment or immunisation of human
beings or animals or research activities.
CLASSIFICATION
• Infectious waste
• Sharps
• Pharmaceutical waste
• Chemical waste
• Heavy metal waste
• Pressurized containers
• Radioactive waste
56.
57. CONCLUSION
With the increase in number of transmissible diseases and
increasing hospital acquired diseases ,the risk of infection
increases for both the patient and health care workers.
Hence it is important to follow high standards of infection
control for the safety of the patients and the dental health
care workers
58. REFERENCES
1. Text book of microbiology, Anantanarayan 9thed.
2. CDC Recommendations from the guidelines for infection control in dental health care
settings-2003
3. CDC Guidelines of infection control in dental clinics
4. COVID19 Pandemic: What changes for dentists and oral medicine experts? A narrative
review and novel approaches to infection containment, Maria Elenora Bizzoca et al,
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020,17,3793
5. WHO recommendation for hand hygiene procedure
59. 6. Government of India Guidelines for dental professionals in covid19
pandemic situation-2019
7. Sterilization protocols in dentistry-A review, Lakshya Rani and Dr
Pradeep, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.vol.8(6),
2016,558-564
8. CDC guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities,
William A Rutala et al,2008
9. The use of autoclaves in dental surgery, N W Savage and L J Walsh,
Australian Dental Journal 1995;40(3):197-200
10. Google images
Editor's Notes
LLLL
MICROORGNS PRESENT EVERY WHERE
PATHOLOGICAL ORGAS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTAMINATION infection decay
Aim to remove or destroy them from materials or surfaces
hot air bad conductor of heat Inner poor conductor, outer metallic layer, heated with electricity, heating elements in the wall, fan to ensure air distribution