Lister developed aseptic techniques in the mid-1800s to prevent contamination of surgical wounds from nosocomial infections. Prior to this, 10% of surgeries and 25% of hospital births resulted in death due to infection. The document then discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization including physical methods using heat, radiation, filtration, freezing; chemical methods using liquids, gases, and solids; and natural methods using sunlight and air. It provides details on each method such as required temperatures and exposure times to achieve sterilization versus disinfection. Classification of items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical is also mentioned based on infection risk.
This document discusses sterilization methods for infection control in medical offices. It states that instrument sterilization is an important part of infection control. The main sterilization methods discussed are steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide gas. It provides details on cleaning, packaging, and monitoring instruments to ensure effective sterilization. Biological indicators that test for microbial kill are emphasized as the ultimate criteria for verifying sterilization.
The document discusses various terms related to sterilization and disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, asepsis, and decontamination. It describes different methods of sterilization including physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration and drying as well as chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, and phenols. Heat sterilization methods like moist and dry heat are explained in detail, noting the factors that influence sterilization and the appropriate temperatures and times required.
This document discusses cleaning and disinfection of medical instruments. It notes that cleaning is the first step to remove visible and non-visible soils before sterilization. Proper cleaning is important to reduce the microbial load and prevent transmission of infection. The document outlines the cleaning process and highlights the importance of promptly cleaning instruments after use to prevent bacterial growth. It also discusses the different classifications of medical devices based on infection risk and appropriate disinfection or sterilization methods.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
This document discusses various terms and methods related to sterilization. It defines sterilization as making a substance free from all microorganisms, and discusses different related terms such as disinfection, antisepsis, and decontamination. It then describes various sterilization methods including thermal or heat methods using dry heat or moist heat, radiation, filtration, and gaseous methods. Specific sterilization tools and processes are explained, such as autoclaving, hot air ovens, and the use of ethylene oxide gas. The key advantages and disadvantages of different sterilization methods are also summarized.
Steam sterilization is conducted using an autoclave, which exposes items to high temperature steam between 121-134°C for 10-60 minutes to kill microorganisms including bacteria and spores. It is commonly used in hospitals to sterilize reusable devices. The autoclave removes air and circulates steam to penetrate all surfaces. Effectiveness is monitored using biological indicators containing bacterial spores. Precise temperature, pressure, and exposure time must be followed to reliably kill microbes depending on the material.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and surgical scrubbing. It notes that during the 19th century, surgical hand preparation involved washing hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, often using a brush. Proper hand washing, especially in hospital settings, is an effective infection control measure that can prevent the spread of microorganisms. The document outlines the steps for surgical scrubbing, which includes soaping and vigorously scrubbing the hands and arms for 5-10 minutes using circular motions and getting under fingernails and jewelry. The goal is to remove bacteria to prevent transmission of infections to patients or oneself.
This document discusses sterilization methods for infection control in medical offices. It states that instrument sterilization is an important part of infection control. The main sterilization methods discussed are steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide gas. It provides details on cleaning, packaging, and monitoring instruments to ensure effective sterilization. Biological indicators that test for microbial kill are emphasized as the ultimate criteria for verifying sterilization.
The document discusses various terms related to sterilization and disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, asepsis, and decontamination. It describes different methods of sterilization including physical methods like heat, radiation, filtration and drying as well as chemical methods using agents like alcohol, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, and phenols. Heat sterilization methods like moist and dry heat are explained in detail, noting the factors that influence sterilization and the appropriate temperatures and times required.
This document discusses cleaning and disinfection of medical instruments. It notes that cleaning is the first step to remove visible and non-visible soils before sterilization. Proper cleaning is important to reduce the microbial load and prevent transmission of infection. The document outlines the cleaning process and highlights the importance of promptly cleaning instruments after use to prevent bacterial growth. It also discusses the different classifications of medical devices based on infection risk and appropriate disinfection or sterilization methods.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
This document discusses various terms and methods related to sterilization. It defines sterilization as making a substance free from all microorganisms, and discusses different related terms such as disinfection, antisepsis, and decontamination. It then describes various sterilization methods including thermal or heat methods using dry heat or moist heat, radiation, filtration, and gaseous methods. Specific sterilization tools and processes are explained, such as autoclaving, hot air ovens, and the use of ethylene oxide gas. The key advantages and disadvantages of different sterilization methods are also summarized.
Steam sterilization is conducted using an autoclave, which exposes items to high temperature steam between 121-134°C for 10-60 minutes to kill microorganisms including bacteria and spores. It is commonly used in hospitals to sterilize reusable devices. The autoclave removes air and circulates steam to penetrate all surfaces. Effectiveness is monitored using biological indicators containing bacterial spores. Precise temperature, pressure, and exposure time must be followed to reliably kill microbes depending on the material.
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and surgical scrubbing. It notes that during the 19th century, surgical hand preparation involved washing hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, often using a brush. Proper hand washing, especially in hospital settings, is an effective infection control measure that can prevent the spread of microorganisms. The document outlines the steps for surgical scrubbing, which includes soaping and vigorously scrubbing the hands and arms for 5-10 minutes using circular motions and getting under fingernails and jewelry. The goal is to remove bacteria to prevent transmission of infections to patients or oneself.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
Note decontamination of equipment & unitBabitha Devu
The document discusses the process of decontaminating medical equipment and units. It defines decontamination as removing or destroying contamination to prevent microorganisms from reaching susceptible sites. The decontamination process involves cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization depending on the item's risk level and intended use. Effectively decontaminating equipment requires following proper procedures and is important for preventing transmission of infections to both patients and staff.
The document discusses surgical asepsis and sterile technique. It defines key terms like asepsis, sterile technique, and principles of sterile technique. It explains that surgical asepsis aims to maintain very low microbial counts during invasive procedures through strict adherence to sterile technique. This includes using sterile supplies and equipment, surgical hand antisepsis, patient skin preparation, sterile gowns and gloves, and maintaining a sterile field. The operating room environment separates sterile versus non-sterile areas and personnel.
This document provides guidelines for proper hand washing techniques. It emphasizes that hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection. It defines hand washing as vigorously rubbing all surfaces of hands lathered with soap and rinsed with water. It lists the World Health Organization's "Five Moments for Hand Hygiene" which indicate when hand washing should occur. These include before and after contact with patients. It also lists other situations that require hand washing such as before handling medicines or invasive devices. The document describes the steps to properly wash hands with soap and water as well as using alcohol-based hand rubs. It stresses the nurse's responsibility to role model and teach proper hand washing.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The Safe Handling and Disposal of Sharps.pptxAhmad Thanin
Sharps include needles, blades, and broken glass that may cut or pierce skin. Sharps should be disposed of in puncture-resistant containers labeled for sharps disposal. When full, sharps containers should be sealed, labeled, and taken for proper disposal according to local guidelines. Safe sharps handling and disposal prevents injuries and protects waste workers and the community.
The document summarizes sterilization using an autoclave. It explains that an autoclave uses high pressure and high temperature steam to kill microorganisms. It works by raising the boiling point of water when under pressure, allowing it to reach temperatures high enough to kill bacteria, viruses and fungal spores. The document outlines the main components of an autoclave, including the heating element, temperature controller and pressure sensor. It describes the working process where steam is generated and raises the temperature and pressure to 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes to effectively sterilize materials. Different types of autoclaves and sterilization methods, both dry and wet, are also summarized.
Surgical asepsis refers to procedures used to keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. The principles of surgical asepsis include always facing the sterile field, keeping sterile equipment above waist level, not speaking over sterile fields, and avoiding contact between sterile and non-sterile items. Procedures like surgical hand scrubbing, donning sterile gowns and gloves aim to eliminate pathogens. The surgical hand scrub involves washing arms and hands with antimicrobial soap for 5 minutes using specific techniques. Donning a sterile gown involves unfolding the gown without touching the floor and inserting arms while keeping hands above elbow level. Applying and removing sterile gloves is done using closed techniques to maintain sterility and prevent contamination.
This document defines and describes various methods of disinfection. It begins by defining disinfection as the process of killing infectious agents outside the body using chemical or physical means. It then discusses different types of disinfecting agents like disinfectants, detergents, antiseptics, and deodorants. The document also describes the three main types of disinfection - precurrent, concurrent, and terminal disinfection. Finally, it discusses various disinfection methods including natural methods like sunlight and air, physical methods like burning and hot air, and various chemical disinfecting agents like phenols, alcohols, iodine, and bleach.
This document discusses hand hygiene and proper hand washing techniques for healthcare workers. It begins by defining various types of hand hygiene and outlines the normal bacterial flora found on hands. It then explains how pathogens can be transmitted between patients via healthcare workers' hands if hand hygiene is not properly performed. The document provides guidelines for proper hand washing and surgical hand preparation. It stresses that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it discusses various strategies that can be used to promote and monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
This document discusses the processes of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment. It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and provides the decreasing order of resistance of microorganisms. The document emphasizes that cleaning is the most important first step to remove organic matter and soil. It then describes the risks of infection from equipment and categorizes them as low, intermediate, or high risk to determine the appropriate level of disinfection or sterilization needed.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
This document discusses the importance of a hygienic barrier laundry system in healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infection. A barrier laundry uses a wall to separate dirty linen from clean linen, avoiding cross-contamination. The soiled linen is loaded into barrier washers on one side of the wall and clean linen is unloaded on the other side. Planning is required to properly layout the soiled and clean areas divided by the wall. Steam, automatic chemical dispensers, and water recycling systems help ensure hygienic processing and efficiency while protecting the environment. Both heavy and delicate items can be laundered with different wash programs.
This document discusses sterilization and maintaining a sterile environment in operating theatres. It covers the history of sterilization practices dating back to Joseph Lister in the 1800s. It also discusses the importance of proper ventilation, sources of infectious agents, and different ventilation systems used in operating rooms. Further, it summarizes various sterilization methods like fumigation using formaldehyde and newer non-toxic compounds. The roles and best practices of the central sterile supply department and microbiology department are also highlighted.
This document provides guidelines for proper hand hygiene. It explains that hand hygiene includes handwashing with soap and water, use of alcohol-based hand rub, and surgical antisepsis. Regular hand hygiene is important for removing dirt, transient bacteria, and preventing the spread of infection. The guidelines list 10 situations that require hand hygiene and describe a 14 step procedure for proper handwashing technique, including using friction to clean all hand surfaces thoroughly and drying hands completely. Maintaining clean hands and nails is emphasized.
This document discusses sterilization methods used in dentistry, focusing on autoclaves. It describes how autoclaves use steam under pressure and high heat to sterilize instruments in 15-20 minutes. Two main types are discussed: downward displacement and vacuum. Proper use requires loading, pressurizing to 15 PSI and heating to 121 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes to effectively kill microbes. Autoclaves provide rapid and effective sterilization but items must be heat tolerant and safety precautions like protective equipment are important when using the high pressure and temperature equipment.
Surgical asepsis aims to eliminate all microorganisms and spores from surgical procedures. To maintain sterility, an object can only be touched by other sterile objects and only sterile items may be placed in the sterile field. Sterile objects or fields can become contaminated through contact with contaminated surfaces, prolonged air exposure, or if fluid or objects from below the waist come into contact.
The document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization. It describes physical methods like dry heat which uses techniques like hot air ovens at 160°C for 1 hour to sterilize items. Moist heat methods are also discussed, which use steam under pressure to sterilize at temperatures above 100°C. Chemical methods involve the use of liquid disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes and halogens or gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. The different classifications of items based on sterility requirements - critical, semi-critical and non-critical are also mentioned.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding, which occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz. It notes that lower GI bleeding is one of the most common symptoms encountered in outpatient departments, accounting for about 20% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, with the colon most often involved and the small intestine accounting for only 5% of cases. It also mentions that lower GI bleeding has a male predominance and increases in incidence with the age of the patient.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
Note decontamination of equipment & unitBabitha Devu
The document discusses the process of decontaminating medical equipment and units. It defines decontamination as removing or destroying contamination to prevent microorganisms from reaching susceptible sites. The decontamination process involves cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization depending on the item's risk level and intended use. Effectively decontaminating equipment requires following proper procedures and is important for preventing transmission of infections to both patients and staff.
The document discusses surgical asepsis and sterile technique. It defines key terms like asepsis, sterile technique, and principles of sterile technique. It explains that surgical asepsis aims to maintain very low microbial counts during invasive procedures through strict adherence to sterile technique. This includes using sterile supplies and equipment, surgical hand antisepsis, patient skin preparation, sterile gowns and gloves, and maintaining a sterile field. The operating room environment separates sterile versus non-sterile areas and personnel.
This document provides guidelines for proper hand washing techniques. It emphasizes that hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection. It defines hand washing as vigorously rubbing all surfaces of hands lathered with soap and rinsed with water. It lists the World Health Organization's "Five Moments for Hand Hygiene" which indicate when hand washing should occur. These include before and after contact with patients. It also lists other situations that require hand washing such as before handling medicines or invasive devices. The document describes the steps to properly wash hands with soap and water as well as using alcohol-based hand rubs. It stresses the nurse's responsibility to role model and teach proper hand washing.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The Safe Handling and Disposal of Sharps.pptxAhmad Thanin
Sharps include needles, blades, and broken glass that may cut or pierce skin. Sharps should be disposed of in puncture-resistant containers labeled for sharps disposal. When full, sharps containers should be sealed, labeled, and taken for proper disposal according to local guidelines. Safe sharps handling and disposal prevents injuries and protects waste workers and the community.
The document summarizes sterilization using an autoclave. It explains that an autoclave uses high pressure and high temperature steam to kill microorganisms. It works by raising the boiling point of water when under pressure, allowing it to reach temperatures high enough to kill bacteria, viruses and fungal spores. The document outlines the main components of an autoclave, including the heating element, temperature controller and pressure sensor. It describes the working process where steam is generated and raises the temperature and pressure to 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes to effectively sterilize materials. Different types of autoclaves and sterilization methods, both dry and wet, are also summarized.
Surgical asepsis refers to procedures used to keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. The principles of surgical asepsis include always facing the sterile field, keeping sterile equipment above waist level, not speaking over sterile fields, and avoiding contact between sterile and non-sterile items. Procedures like surgical hand scrubbing, donning sterile gowns and gloves aim to eliminate pathogens. The surgical hand scrub involves washing arms and hands with antimicrobial soap for 5 minutes using specific techniques. Donning a sterile gown involves unfolding the gown without touching the floor and inserting arms while keeping hands above elbow level. Applying and removing sterile gloves is done using closed techniques to maintain sterility and prevent contamination.
This document defines and describes various methods of disinfection. It begins by defining disinfection as the process of killing infectious agents outside the body using chemical or physical means. It then discusses different types of disinfecting agents like disinfectants, detergents, antiseptics, and deodorants. The document also describes the three main types of disinfection - precurrent, concurrent, and terminal disinfection. Finally, it discusses various disinfection methods including natural methods like sunlight and air, physical methods like burning and hot air, and various chemical disinfecting agents like phenols, alcohols, iodine, and bleach.
This document discusses hand hygiene and proper hand washing techniques for healthcare workers. It begins by defining various types of hand hygiene and outlines the normal bacterial flora found on hands. It then explains how pathogens can be transmitted between patients via healthcare workers' hands if hand hygiene is not properly performed. The document provides guidelines for proper hand washing and surgical hand preparation. It stresses that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it discusses various strategies that can be used to promote and monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
This document discusses the processes of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment. It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and provides the decreasing order of resistance of microorganisms. The document emphasizes that cleaning is the most important first step to remove organic matter and soil. It then describes the risks of infection from equipment and categorizes them as low, intermediate, or high risk to determine the appropriate level of disinfection or sterilization needed.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
This document discusses the importance of a hygienic barrier laundry system in healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infection. A barrier laundry uses a wall to separate dirty linen from clean linen, avoiding cross-contamination. The soiled linen is loaded into barrier washers on one side of the wall and clean linen is unloaded on the other side. Planning is required to properly layout the soiled and clean areas divided by the wall. Steam, automatic chemical dispensers, and water recycling systems help ensure hygienic processing and efficiency while protecting the environment. Both heavy and delicate items can be laundered with different wash programs.
This document discusses sterilization and maintaining a sterile environment in operating theatres. It covers the history of sterilization practices dating back to Joseph Lister in the 1800s. It also discusses the importance of proper ventilation, sources of infectious agents, and different ventilation systems used in operating rooms. Further, it summarizes various sterilization methods like fumigation using formaldehyde and newer non-toxic compounds. The roles and best practices of the central sterile supply department and microbiology department are also highlighted.
This document provides guidelines for proper hand hygiene. It explains that hand hygiene includes handwashing with soap and water, use of alcohol-based hand rub, and surgical antisepsis. Regular hand hygiene is important for removing dirt, transient bacteria, and preventing the spread of infection. The guidelines list 10 situations that require hand hygiene and describe a 14 step procedure for proper handwashing technique, including using friction to clean all hand surfaces thoroughly and drying hands completely. Maintaining clean hands and nails is emphasized.
This document discusses sterilization methods used in dentistry, focusing on autoclaves. It describes how autoclaves use steam under pressure and high heat to sterilize instruments in 15-20 minutes. Two main types are discussed: downward displacement and vacuum. Proper use requires loading, pressurizing to 15 PSI and heating to 121 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes to effectively kill microbes. Autoclaves provide rapid and effective sterilization but items must be heat tolerant and safety precautions like protective equipment are important when using the high pressure and temperature equipment.
Surgical asepsis aims to eliminate all microorganisms and spores from surgical procedures. To maintain sterility, an object can only be touched by other sterile objects and only sterile items may be placed in the sterile field. Sterile objects or fields can become contaminated through contact with contaminated surfaces, prolonged air exposure, or if fluid or objects from below the waist come into contact.
The document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization. It describes physical methods like dry heat which uses techniques like hot air ovens at 160°C for 1 hour to sterilize items. Moist heat methods are also discussed, which use steam under pressure to sterilize at temperatures above 100°C. Chemical methods involve the use of liquid disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes and halogens or gaseous agents like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. The different classifications of items based on sterility requirements - critical, semi-critical and non-critical are also mentioned.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding, which occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz. It notes that lower GI bleeding is one of the most common symptoms encountered in outpatient departments, accounting for about 20% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, with the colon most often involved and the small intestine accounting for only 5% of cases. It also mentions that lower GI bleeding has a male predominance and increases in incidence with the age of the patient.
This document discusses disinfection in healthcare facilities. It defines disinfection as destroying nearly all pathogenic microorganisms on an inanimate surface using chemical or heat processes. This is different from sterilization which eliminates all microorganisms. The document outlines factors that impact the effectiveness of disinfectants like moisture, dilution, and contact time. It also discusses matching the appropriate level of disinfection like high, intermediate, or low to the intended use and risk level of devices based on the Spaulding Classification System. Finally, it provides details on common chemical disinfectants like alcohols, phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, halogens, glutaraldehyde and their characteristics and appropriate uses.
This document provides guidelines and best practices for high-level disinfection (HLD) of flexible endoscopes. It discusses the importance of cleaning prior to HLD to remove debris, and identifies the Spaulding Classification system for classifying medical devices based on infection risk. Critical and semi-critical devices that contact sterile tissues or mucous membranes must be sterilized or undergo HLD. The document outlines the HLD process, including pre-cleaning, leak testing, manual cleaning with brushes, rinsing, HLD with chemical agents, rinsing again, drying and storing. It emphasizes that cleaning is the most important step to remove debris before disinfection.
This document discusses the transport of contaminated medical equipment from areas of use to the decontamination area. It outlines three main goals of transport: preparing items to avoid damage, transporting without cross-contamination, and ensuring safety. Sources of contaminated items are listed. Methods of transport include dedicated lifts, carts, and hand delivery. User departments should have holding areas marked with biohazard signs. Point-of-use preparation helps prolong equipment life by removing soil before it dries. Guidelines for point-of-use cleaning and transport safety are provided.
Oxygen administration is used to treat conditions causing low oxygen levels in the body. It works to relieve shortness of breath, reduce low blood oxygen, and alleviate struggling to breathe. Oxygen can be provided through wall outlets or oxygen cylinders. When administering oxygen, nurses must follow the prescribed rate and percentage to avoid dangers like over-oxygenation. They must also take safety precautions like posting no smoking signs and ensuring the oxygen equipment is working properly. Common devices for oxygen administration include nasal cannulas, simple face masks, and nasal catheters.
The patient care team model became common following World War II and was influenced by wartime experiences. It aimed to create a team of care providers led by a professional nurse with an emphasis on effective communication and delegation. Today, patient care teams can include an RN and paramedic working cohesively together under the RN's leadership to provide excellent patient care through ongoing communication and utilizing each member's skills.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques used to eliminate microorganisms. It defines key terms and outlines various methods for sterilizing instruments and disinfecting surfaces, including heat, chemicals, gases, and filtration. Effective sterilization and disinfection requires understanding the microbial characteristics and selecting the appropriate process for different medical equipment, environments, and situations.
This document discusses guidelines for cleaning and decontamination in a healthcare setting. It covers factors that impact the cleaning process like facility design, environmental controls, and staff safety. It also describes selection and use of cleaning agents like water, detergents, and enzymes. Manual and mechanical cleaning methods are explained including cleaning of different instrument types. Procedures for managing infectious waste and staff training are also outlined.
Early civilizations used various physical methods like salting, smoking, and sunlight exposure to control microbial growth in food and clothing. In the mid-1800s, Semmelweis and Lister helped develop aseptic surgical techniques, reducing nosocomial infection rates from 10% to 25% down to lower levels. Physical methods of microbial control include heat, filtration, radiation, and various chemical disinfectants. The effectiveness of sterilization and disinfection depends on factors like the type and number of microbes present, environmental conditions, temperature, and time of exposure.
The document provides information on first aid treatment for different types and degrees of burns. It discusses the common types of burns including thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation burns. It describes how to classify burns as first, second, or third degree. First degree burns involve only the outer layer of skin, while second degree burns involve the outer two layers and third degree burns go deeper. The document outlines steps for managing different degrees of burns, including cooling the area, protecting it from infection, treating for shock, and knowing when to seek medical help.
Oxygen administration is used to treat conditions causing hypoxia by delivering higher than normal levels of oxygen. It aims to relieve shortness of breath, reduce low blood oxygen levels, and alleviate struggling to breathe. Oxygen can be provided from wall outlets or oxygen cylinders through nasal cannulas, simple face masks, or nasal catheters. When administering oxygen, nurses must carefully follow the prescribed flow rate and concentration and educate patients on safety issues like avoiding smoking around oxygen.
This document provides information on first aid for bleeding. It defines types of bleeding such as hemorrhage, arterial bleeding, venous bleeding, and capillary bleeding. It describes signs of internal bleeding and how to monitor and treat internal bleeding. It discusses applying direct pressure, elevating wounds, and using dressings and bandages to control external bleeding. It provides steps for treating bleeding of an extremity, including applying a tourniquet as a last resort. It also covers cleaning and dressing different types of open wounds.
There are several types of traumatic brain injuries that can result from head trauma:
1. Epidural hematoma occurs when a skull fracture ruptures a meningeal artery, resulting in blood accumulating between the dura and skull. It appears as a biconvex mass on CT scan.
2. Subdural hematoma occurs when bridging veins are damaged, resulting in blood accumulating between the dura and arachnoid. It appears as a crescent-shaped mass on CT scan.
3. Contusions and lacerations are bruises and tears of brain tissue that appear as low-density regions on CT scan.
Proper aseptic technique and administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis are essential for preventing surgical site infections. The document discusses the history and evolution of aseptic techniques, including the use of sterile instruments and dressings. It provides detailed steps for surgical hand scrubbing and gloving using aseptic technique. The timing and appropriate selection of antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis is important to reduce infection risks according to several studies discussed.
This document discusses various staffing and nursing care delivery models. It describes patient classification systems used to categorize patients according to care needs. Several classic nursing care models are outlined including total patient care, functional nursing, team nursing, primary nursing, and case management. The document also discusses factors to consider when selecting and evaluating nursing care delivery models.
Nursing service aims to satisfy patient and community nursing needs. Placement involves assigning specific jobs, ranks, and responsibilities to candidates based on job requirements and qualifications. This improves employee outcomes like morale and turnover. Patient care is organized through assignment and delegation of duties among nursing personnel. Factors like patient characteristics and organizational support affect assignment patterns. Various nursing care delivery models distribute direct and indirect patient care functions among different roles.
This document provides information on basic first aid for bleeding. It discusses the different types of bleeding (capillary, venous, arterial), common causes of bleeding (trauma, medical conditions, medicines), and treatment for severe bleeding. The treatment section outlines steps to address severe bleeding such as applying direct pressure to stop the bleeding, elevating the injured body part, and seeking emergency medical help when bleeding is under control or continuing to wait for assistance. Military and civilian first aid approaches are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses oxygen therapy, including its definition, types, purposes, administration, and complications. Oxygen therapy delivers oxygen at concentrations greater than 21% to increase oxygen saturation in tissues. It is used to treat various respiratory conditions. Administration involves nasal cannulas, face masks, venturi masks, and other devices. Potential complications include oxygen toxicity, retrolental fibroplasia, and absorption atelectasis. Careful monitoring is needed with oxygen therapy.
The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) processes reusable medical devices for hospitals by cleaning, disinfecting, packaging, and sterilizing items. The CSSD area is divided into four sections - a dirty area for decontamination, a clean area for packaging and preparation, a linen packaging area, and a sterile storage area. The centralized CSSD model ensures staff are trained specifically for processing devices, the department is properly equipped, and quality control is maintained, improving safety.
Dr. Swapnaneel Pradhan's document discusses sterilization and related terms. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms from an object through physical or chemical processes. It distinguishes sterilization from disinfection and asepsis. Various sterilization methods are described, including heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and chemicals. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes is commonly used. Proper loading and cycle parameters are important for effective sterilization.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis. It describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods like ethylene oxide and other disinfectants. Heat-based methods include moist heat sterilization using autoclaving and dry heat sterilization using ovens or flaming. Proper monitoring of sterilization methods is important to ensure effectiveness. The ideal characteristics of disinfectants are also discussed.
Sterilization is important to prevent contamination and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. The goal of sterilization is to remove or destroy all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include dry heat sterilization using hot air ovens at temperatures over 160°C, and moist heat sterilization using autoclaves above 100°C, which is more effective at killing both vegetative cells and bacterial spores. Autoclaves apply high-pressure steam to sterilize materials for over 15 minutes at 121°C. Sterilization is crucial in healthcare, pharmaceutical, food and other industries to prevent infection and spoilage.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as a process that kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection eliminates most pathogens but not spores. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation and filtration. Heat sterilization can be achieved through moist heat methods like autoclaving or dry heat methods like hot air ovens. Radiation sterilization uses ionizing or non-ionizing rays. The document also discusses various chemical disinfectants and differences between related processes like sanitization, asepsis and antisepsis.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as a process that kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection eliminates most pathogens but not spores. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation and filtration. Heat sterilization can be achieved through moist heat methods like autoclaving or dry heat methods like hot air ovens. Radiation sterilization uses ionizing or non-ionizing rays. The document also discusses various chemical disinfectants and differences between related processes like sanitization, asepsis and antisepsis.
The document discusses various methods for sterilization and disinfection. It begins by explaining that most medical devices are heat sterilized using steam, but some materials like plastics require low-temperature sterilization. It then describes several physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration. It also outlines some common chemical disinfecting agents like alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and dyes. The document provides details on sterilization techniques like autoclaving and their mechanisms of action.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces microorganisms to non-harmful levels. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation, filtration and ozone. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and halogens. Autoclaving uses high-temperature steam under pressure to reliably kill microbes on materials like instruments and media. Proper temperature and time are needed for effective sterilization.
This document defines various terms related to sterilization and disinfection. It states that sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens but not spores. Decontamination removes microbes through sterilization or disinfection. Sanitization and asepsis reduce microbes to safe levels. Various physical and chemical methods for achieving sterilization and disinfection are described, including heat, radiation, filtration and chemical disinfectants. An ideal disinfectant is said to have several desirable properties.
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. Sterilization aims to remove all microorganisms through physical or chemical means. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Heat sterilization can be achieved through dry heat methods like flaming or hot air ovens, or moist heat methods like autoclaving, boiling, or steaming. Chemical sterilization uses disinfectants like phenols, alcohols, or dyes to kill microbes. Disinfection aims to reduce microbe numbers and cannot kill all organisms like bacterial spores or some viruses. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like the method used, concentration, microbe type, exposure time and temperature.
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
This document discusses various physical sterilization methods including heat, radiation, filtration, and sunlight. Heat-based methods involve dry heat using ovens or flaming, and moist heat using autoclaving, boiling, or tyndalization. Radiation methods use ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation like x-rays. Filtration removes microbes using membrane filters or HEPA filters. Each method aims to eliminate all microbial life through mechanisms like oxidation, coagulation of proteins, or removal of particles above a certain size.
Sterilization and Disinfection
Sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens excluding spores. Dry heat sterilizes through protein denaturation and moisture damage, while moist heat is more effective through coagulation and protein denaturation. Autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes is the most effective sterilization method. Membrane filtration below 0.45 μm is used to remove microbes from heat-labile liquids. Disinfectants like alcohol, aldehydes, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide and halogens are used to disinfect surfaces, with alcohols and aldehydes being
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms and lists factors that affect the efficacy of sterilization. It describes the decreasing order of microbial resistance and then explains different sterilization methods like heat, filtration, radiation, and chemicals. Heat methods include dry heat (flaming, oven) and moist heat (boiling, autoclaving). Chemical methods discussed are alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and halogens. The document also covers different disinfectants and factors influencing their activity. Finally, it lists examples of hospital disinfection methods.
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This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization. It begins by describing the contributions of Ignatz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister in introducing antisepsis through hand washing and wound treatment. It then defines various sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis terms. The remainder of the document details various physical and chemical sterilization methods such as heat, radiation, filtration and their mechanisms and appropriate uses.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of microorganisms, while disinfection removes or destroys pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Chemical methods use alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and other agents. Proper sterilization is important in surgery and other medical fields to prevent infection. The history of infection control involved early advances like Lister introducing antiseptic techniques. Common pathogens in medical settings are also listed.
Decontamination, Disinfection and sterilisationbhavinikrishnan
This document discusses various methods for decontamination, sterilization, and disinfection important for laboratory biosafety. It defines key terms like sterilization, which aims to eliminate all microbial life, versus disinfection, which aims to eliminate pathogens but not bacterial spores. Various physical methods for sterilization are covered, including heat/thermal methods like autoclaving, radiation methods, and filtration. Specific sterilization techniques using heat, chemicals, and gases are then described in more detail. The document emphasizes the importance of choosing the appropriate sterilization or disinfection method based on the level and type of contamination present.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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2. In mid 1800s Lister developed
Aseptic techniques to prevent
contamination of surgical
wounds. Prior to this
development:
•Nosocomial infections caused
death in 10% of surgeries.
•Up to 25% mothers delivering
in hospitals died due to
infection.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
3. INTRODUCTION
• Microorganisms are the agents of
contamination, infection, and decay.
• Hence it becomes necessary to remove
them from materials and areas.
• Early civilization practiced salting,
smoking, pickling (Preserving) and
exposure to sunlight .Sachin Chauhan
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4. DISINFECTION & STERILIZATION
STERILIZATION
Process of complete
destruction of all
microbes or micro-
organisms & their
bacterial endospores /
spores on a substance
by exposure to
physical or chemical
agents.
DISINFECTION
Process of reducing or
removing microbes or
micro-organisms
except bacterial
endospores but kills
vegetative forms of
bacteria.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
5. Disinfectant - Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants. Should be applied to
inanimate (lifeless) objects.
Decontamination is the process of removal of contaminating pathogenic microorganisms
from the articles by a process of sterilization or disinfection.
Antibiotics are substances produced by one microbe that inhibits or kills another microbe.
Sanitization is the process of chemical or mechanical cleansing. It reduces microbes on
eating utensils to safe, acceptable levels for public health.
Asepsis is the techniques (such as usage of gloves, air filters, uv rays etc) to achieve microbe-
free environment.
Antiseptic is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or mucus membranes devoid of
pathogenic microorganisms. applied to living tissue, Some can be used as both.
Bacteriostatic is a condition where the multiplication of the bacteria is inhibited without
killing them.
Bactericidal is that chemical that can kill or inactivate bacteria.
Sporicide: An agent that kills spores.
TERMINOLOGY
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6. Types of Disinfection
1) Concurrent Disinfection:
Immediate process of removing microorganisms. Eg. Linen
contaminated with blood, stool, urine, vomitus etc.
2) Terminal Disinfection:
Removal of microorganisms from contaminated objects at
convenient time. Eg. Bed, locker, mattress, IV stand, suction
& BP apparatus etc.
3) Prophylactic Disinfection:
As a preventive measure to prevent the spread of infection.
Eg. Boiling of water, pasteurization of milk, hand washing,
chlorination of water etc.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
7. Levels of disinfection
• High-level disinfection: can be expected to destroy all
microorganisms, with the exception of large numbers
of bacterial spores.
• Intermediate disinfection: inactivates Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and
most fungi; does not necessarily kill bacterial spores.
• Low-level disinfection: can kill most bacteria, some
viruses, and some fungi; cannot be relied on to kill
resistant microorganisms such as tubercle bacilli or
bacterial spores. Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
10. Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
(1) Natural (D)
a) Sun Light
b) Air
(2) Physical (by temperature)
A. Dry Heat
i) Burn or Red Heat (D/S)
ii) Flaming (D)
iii) Ironing (D)
iv) Hot Air Oven (D/S)
v) Incineration (S)
vi) Infra Red Conveyor Oven (S)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
11. Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
B. Moist Heat
i) Below 100o
C (Pasteurization @ 60 -72o C) (D)
ii) At 100o
C (Boiling) – 15 to 20 minutes (D)
iii) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ low pressure (D)
iv) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ low pressure with Formaldehyde (S)
v) Above 100o
C (Steaming) @ high pressure (S)
C) Vibration (D)
D) Radiation
i) Ionizing (S): Electromagnetic, Cathode & Gamma Rays
ii) Non – Ionizing (D): UV Rays
E) Filtration (D)
i) Candle filters
ii) Asbestos filters
iii) Sintered glass filter
iv) Membrane filters
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
16. Natural Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
Sunlight:
The microbicidal activity of sunlight is mainly due to the presence
of ultra violet rays in it. This method used to disinfect hospital
furniture's like Chair, Tables, Locker, Coat, Mattresses. It can be
done every 15 days to 2 months by keeping the things for 3 hours
at least.
Air:
It is an natural disinfectant. It will disinfect the room by keeping
them well & cross ventilated. The windows & doors should be kept
open for enough light & air.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
18. Action of Dry Heat:
Dry heat acts by protein denaturation, damage the toxic
effects of elevated levels of electrolytes.
Action of Moist Heat:
The moist heat acts by coagulation and denaturation of
proteins. Moist heat is superior to dry heat in action.
Temperature required to kill microbe by dry heat is more than
the moist heat.
Physical Methods of
Disinfection/Sterilization
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19. 1) Burn or Red heat (D/S):
Articles such as bacteriological loops, straight wires, tips of forceps
are sterilized by holding them in Bunsen flame till they become red hot and
article like kidney tray, bowl, sputum mug are sterilized by pouring spirit &
making fire. This is a simple method for effective sterilization of such
articles, but is limited to those articles that can be heated to redness in flame.
2) Flaming(D):
This is a method of passing the article over a Bunsen flame, but not
heating it to redness. Articles such as scalpels, mouth of test tubes, flasks, glass
slides and cover slips are passed through the flame a few times. Even though
most vegetative cells are killed, there is no guarantee that spores too would die
on such short exposure.
This method too is limited to those articles that can be exposed to
flame. Cracking of the glassware may occur.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
21. 3) Ironing (D):
it is an old method and no more in use. By this method we can
disinfect the bandages, OT clothes, draping clothes and other
linen materials.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
22. 4) Hot air oven (D/S):
This method was introduced by Louis Pasteur.
Articles to be sterilized are exposed to high
temperature (160o C) for duration of one hour in an
electrically heated oven. Since air is poor conductor of
heat, even distribution of heat throughout the chamber
is achieved by a fan. The heat is transferred to the article
by radiation, conduction and convection. The oven
should be fitted with a thermostat control, temperature
indicator, meshed shelves and must have adequate
insulation.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
23. Sterilisation By Dry Heat:
Hot Air Oven
• Kills by oxidation effects
•The oven utilizes dry heat to
sterilize articles
• Operated between 50oC to
250/300oC.
•A holding period of 160oC for
1 hr is desirable.
• There is a thermostat
controlling the temperature.
•Double walled insulation
keeps the heat in and
conserves energy,
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
25. 5) Incineration (S):
This is a method of destroying contaminated material by
burning them in incinerator. Articles such as soiled dressings;
animal bodies, pathological material and bedding etc should be
subjected to incineration.
This technique results in the loss of the article, hence is
suitable only for those articles that have to be disposed.
Burning of polystyrene materials emits dense smoke, and hence
they should not be incinerated.
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
28. 5) Infra Red Conveyor Oven (S):
Similar to other electrical conveyor ovens, the infra red conveyor
oven utilizes short wave infra red lamp element to achieve
maximum heat.
Specification :-
• It is similar to Electrical belt Conveyor Oven but it has infrared
heating elements instead of other heating media.
• Temperature control: Automatic-Electronic
• Increases Production.
• Better quality of Product.
• Less process time.
• Less electric consumption as compared to
• other convection belt conveyor ovens
Dry Heat
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
30. 1) Pasteurization (D):
Process of killing of pathogens in the milk but does not sterilize it .
Milk is heated at 63oC for 30 mins.
(HOLDER METHOD)
At 72oC for 15-20 Sec. Rapid cooling to 13oC
(FLASH PROCESS)
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
31. 2) Hot Water Bath (D):
• To inactivate non sporing bacteria for the preparation of
vaccines - Special vaccine bath at 60oC for one hour is
used
• Serum or body fluids containing coagulable proteins can
be sterilized by heating for 1 hr at 56oC in a water bath
for several successive days.
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
33. 3) Inspissator (D):
Sterilizes by heating at 80-85oC for half an hour
for 3 successive days
Used to sterilize media such as Lowenstein-Jensen
& Loefller’s serum
Moist Heat
Below 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
35. 2) Boiling(D):
Kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling
Moist Heat
At 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
36. 3) Steaming at Low Atmospheric Pressure (D):
Steam is generated using a steamer (Koch/ Arnold)
Consists of a Tin cabinet Has a conical lid to enable the drainage of condensed
steam Perforated tray above ensures materials are surrounded by steam.
For routine sterilization exposure of 90 mins is used.
4) Steaming at Low Pressure with Formaldehyde (S):
Instruments like scopes, plastic & anesthetic equipment's should be sterilized
by steaming at low pressure with formaldehyde.
The drawback of this method is the cycle time is about 2 hours at 80o
C & it
irritates the living tissues, if formaldehyde remains in an articles.
Moist Heat
Above 100o C
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37. Steaming at Low or Atmospheric Pressure
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38. 5) Steaming at High Pressure - Autoclave (S):
Works on the principle of Steam under pressure
Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
Autoclave machine is made up of metal body & consists of a vertical or a
horizontal cylinder.
One end has an opening which is meant for keeping materials to be
sterilised.
The lid is provided with a Pressure gauge, to measure the pressure
A safety valve is present to permit the escape of steam from the
chamber
Articles to be sterilised are placed in the basket provided.
Sterilisation is carried out under pressure at 121º for 15 mnts.
Moist Heat
Above 100o C
Sachin Chauhan
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39. Steaming at High Pressure - AutoclaveSachin Chauhan
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40. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
Bactericidal
Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity, hence no practical value
in sterilisation and disinfection.
Vibration (D)
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41. 1) Non – Ionizing (D):
Absorbed as heat
Can be considered as hot air sterilisation
Used in rapid mass sterilisation of pre packed Syringes and
catheters
Eg: UV rays & Infrared Rays
Radiation
Sachin Chauhan
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42. ICU – ISOLATION ROOM
SINGLE CLOSED CUBICLE
CASES – OPEN TB , ANTHRAX, MRSA etc…
UV LIGHT FOR DISINFECTION
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43. 2) Ionizing (S):
Electromagnetic, Cathode, X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
High penetrative power
No appreciable increase in the temperature – COLD
STERILISATION
Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters, grease fabrics metal foils
Radiation
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44. Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat labile liquids such as
sera and solutions of sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
1. Candle filters
2. Asbestos filters
3. Sintered glass filter
4. Membrane filters
Filtration (D)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
45. CANDLE FILTERS
• Widely used for purification of water
Two types
(a) Unglazed ceramic filter – Chamberland
filter
(b) Diatomaceous earth filters – Berkefeld
filter
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
51. MEMBRANE FILTERS
• Made of cellulose esters or other
polymers
Uses
• Water purification & analysis
• Sterilization & sterility testing
• Preparation of solutions for parenteral
use Sachin Chauhan
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53. In this method temperature should be kept at -4O
C which stops
the growth of micro-organism but this process will not able to kill
them. For eg. Refrigerators
Cold/Freezing (D)
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
58. Chemical agents act by
• Protein coagulation
• Disruption of the cell membrane
• Removal of Sulphydryl groups
• Substrate competition
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
59. 1) ALCOHOLS
• Ethanol /Isopropyl alcohol are frequently
used
• No action on spores
• Concentration recommended 60-90% in
water
Uses
• Disinfection of clinical thermometer.
• Disinfection of the skin – Venupuncture
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
60. 2) ALDEHYDES
• Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde are
frequently used
• Formaldehyde is bactericidal, sporicidal &
has a lethal effect on viruses.
• Glutaraldehyde is effective against
Tubercle bacilli, fungi and viruses
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
61. USES
FORMALDEHYDE
• To preserve anatomical specimens
• Destroying Anthrax spores in hair and wool
• 10% Formalin+0.5% Sodium tetra borate is used to
sterilise metal instruments
GLUTARALDEHYDE
• Used to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes,
Face masks, Plastic endotracheal tubes, Metal
instruments and polythene tubingSachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
62. 2% GLUTARLDEHYDE
Sterilization Disinfection
8-10 Hrs used for :- Pneumatic
circuits. i.e.- ventilator tubing
O2 masks ventury devices
nebulizer chamber
15-30 Mts used for dis
infecting endoscopes
Respiratory tubing's
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
63. PHENOLS
• Obtained by distillation of coal tar
• Phenols are powerful microbicidal
substances
• Phenolic derivatives have been widely
used as disinfectants for various purposes
in hospitals
• Eg: Lysol, cresol
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
64. USES
• Various combinations are used in the
control of pyogenic cocci in surgical &
neonatal units in hospitals.
• Aqueous solutions are used in treatment
of wounds
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
66. SUCTION TRAYS
o TO BE CHANGED EVERYDAY
o SUCTION CUPS
-CHANGED AFTER EACH USE
- IMMERSED IN 7% LYSOL FOR 1Hr
- WASHED WITH SOAP &WATER
- SENT FOR AUTOCLAVING
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
67. HALOGENS
• Iodine in aqueous and alcoholic solution
has been used widely as a skin
disinfectant
• Actively bactericidal with moderate
against spores
• Chlorine and its compounds have been
used as disinfectants in water supplies &
swimming pools
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
68. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS AND
METALLIC SALTS
Substances which reduce the surface tension –
Surface active agents
• Cations are widely used in the form of quaternary
ammonium compounds.
• Markedly bactericidal, active against Gram positive
organisms.
• No action on spores, tubercle bacilli, viruses
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69. METALLIC SALTS
• The salts of silver, copper and mercury are
used as disinfectants.
• Act by coagulating proteins
• Marked bacteriostatic, weak bactericidal and
limited fungicidal activity
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
74. Sterilium (80% Ethanol)
(Hand Disinfectants)
• The classic among rub-in hand disinfectants for hygienic and
surgical hand disinfection
• best peer-reviewed hand-disinfectant – quality since 1965
• possesses an excellent immediate effect
• provides very good residual effect
• excellent skin tolerability even with long-term use
• Areas of application
For hygienic and surgical rub-in hand disinfection – independent
of washbasin and water. For all areas that are relevant to
hygiene.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
76. DYES
Two groups of dyes are used
Aniline dyes
Acridine dyes
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
77. ANILINE DYES
• Are Brilliant green, Malachite green &
Crystal violet
• Active against Gram positive bacteria
• No activity against tubercle bacilli
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
78. ACRIDINE DYES
• Acridine dyes in use are orange in colour
• Effective against Gram positive than Gram
negative
• Important dyes are Proflavine,
Acriflavine,Euflavine
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
80. GASES
Ethylene Oxide
–Colourless ,Highly penetrating gas
with a sweet ethereal smell.
–Effective against all types of
microorganisms including viruses
and spores
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
81. ETHYLENE OXIDE(EO)
Used for polythene and plastic items
E.g.:- Ambu bag, Baines circuit, Domes, Biopsy Needle,
Electric items, Rubber items
Pre-caution:-
Thorough cleanliness and dryness
Adequate aeration at least 12Hrs
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
82. USES
• Specially used for sterilising heart-lung
machines,respirators,sutures,dental
equipments, books and clothing.
• Also used to sterilise Glass, metal and
paper surfaces ,plastics, oil,some foods
and tobacco.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
83. FORMALDEHYDE GAS
• Widely employed for fumigation of
operation theatres and other rooms
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
84. Eco Shield
Eco Shield (Hydrogen Peroxide 11% with
Diluted Silver nitrate 0.01%) - used for
fumigation of OT/ICU/BB/OPD/Clinic/Lab
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
85. BETA PROPIOLACTONE
• Used in fumigation
• For sterilisation 0.2% BPL is used
• Has a rapid biocidal activity
• Very effective against viruses
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
89. The level of disinfection achieved depends on several factors:
• Contact Time & Temperature
• Items must be thoroughly cleaned before processing, because
organic material (e.g., blood and proteins) may contain high
concentrations of microorganisms. Also, such organic material
may inactivate chemical germicides and protect
microorganisms from the disinfection or sterilization process.
• Some disinfectants gradually loss their effectiveness after
diluting with water.
• Use of same solution for long time, loses their effectiveness.
Also it is prone to grow micro-organisms.
• This method is only used for non boilable, scopes & sharp
instruments.
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com
91. Actions
Spirit:
• General skin disinfectant constricts your skin,
preventing dirt and stain from infecting the skin.
• Also can be used as a rub to harden the skin of the
hands and feet.
• It prevents bleeding while giving injection due to
constriction of blood vessels.
Sachin Chauhan
sachu.chauhan@gmail.com