This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as a process that removes all microorganisms from a surface or medium, while disinfection destroys or removes pathogens. Various physical sterilization methods are outlined, including heat, radiation, filtration, as well as chemical methods using alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and other agents. Autoclaving using moist heat is described as the most widely used and effective sterilization method. The document also briefly discusses the history of sterilization and provides classifications of sterilization methods.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
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Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
5. • Today is the age of modern technology
coupled with medical challenges.
• Dental professionals are not only at risk
themselves but also pose a pathway of
transmission of infection.
INTRODUCTION
5
6. • Sterilization –
• A process by which surface or medium is
freed of all the micro organisms either in
vegetative or spore state.
• Disinfection-
• Destruction or removal of all pathogenic
organisms or organisms capable of giving
rise to infection.
Definitions
6
7. • Disinfectants are chemical solutions used to
clean inanimate objects.
Germicides are chemicals that can be
applied to both animate (living) and
inanimate objects for the purpose of
eliminating pathogens.
Antiseptics are formulated for application to
living tissue.
7
8. • Infection is the invasion of a host organism's
body tissues by disease-causing agents, their
multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to
these organisms and the toxins they produce.
• Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible
diseases or communicable diseases, comprise
clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical
signs and/or symptoms of disease) resulting from
the infection, presence and growth
of pathogenic biological agents in an
individual host organisms
8
9. • Contamination is the presence of a minor and
unwanted constituent, contaminant
or impurity in a material, physical body, natural
environment, workplace, etc.
• Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-
causing contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites) or, preventing contact with
microorganisms.
9
10. • Italian physician Girolamo Fracastorious
first recognized tiny living particles that
cause “catching ” of disease in 1546
• “the golden age of Microbiology”-mid to
late 1800
• lord J Lister –demonstrated boiling of
instruments, washing hands & surgical
linen with phenol reduces complication.
HISTORY
10
11. • Modern infection control recommendations
& sterilization guidelines were stated by
Centre for Disease Control in 1973
• Comprehensive guidelines for infection
control came into effect in Dec.1991
11
12. It encompasses following steps:
transport of contaminated instruments.
cleaning of instruments.
instrument examination & care.
packaging.
sterilization methods.
STERILIZATION PROTOCOL
12
13. • There should be a designated area for
instrument reprocessing.
• Single use instruments should be
segregated from multi use instruments.
1. Presoaking:
• Keeps the instruments wet until a thorough
cleaning can occur.
• prevents blood and saliva from drying on
the instruments, facilitating actual
cleaning.
I)Transport of instruments
13
14. 2. Transport:
Instruments transported in a tray or cassette
to the designated area.
Sharp instruments should be handled
carefully by:
Use of utility gloves.
14
15. Reduces the number of microbes
present
Two types-
1. hand scrubbing
2. mechanical cleaning - ultrasonic
cleaner , instrument washer.
II)CLEANING
15
16. HAND CLEANING
Advantage: a very effective method of
removing debris
Disadvantage :
it requires maximum direct contact
with contaminated instruments
16
17. Mechanisms of action-
Ultrasonic energy produces
billion of tiny bubbles in a
cleaning solution that collapse
and create high turbulence at
the surface of instruments
which dislodges the debris.
Ultrasonic cleaning
17
18. safest & most efficient
way to clean sharp
instruments.
PROCEDURE
• wear protective utility
gloves
• Place the instruments
in cassettes.
18
19. • Sonication of loose instruments should be
carried out for 8-10minutes and the period
doubled(15-20 minutes) for instruments in
cassettes.
19
20. • Clean instruments should be dried thoroughly
in order to prevent them from rusting.
• A rust inhibitor can also be sprayed on the
instruments.
• Instrument to be processed through steam
sterilizer should at least be shaken to remove
excess water
III) INSTRUMENT EXAMINATION & CARE
20
21. IV) PACKAGING
•Includes :
paper pouches
plastic pouches
sterilization cassettes
•Packaging should allow
penetration of heat , steam,
chemical vapour etc
21
25. SUNLIGHT
Bactericidal activity - spontaneous
sterilization under natural conditions.
Action - by ultraviolet rays & heat rays
Sterilizing power varies
25
26. DRYING
Moisture is essential for bacterial growth.
80% of body weight of bacteria is water.
Drying - deleterious effect on bacteria.
Viruses and spores are unaffected
Unreliable method.
26
27. HEAT
Heat - most reliable method & method
of choice unless contraindicated.
The factors influencing sterilization by
heat are:
Nature of heat- dry heat or moist heat.
Temperature & time.
Number of microorganisms present.
Characteristics of the organisms.
Type of material to be sterilized.
27
28. • Thermal death time (TDT) is the length of time
required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture
at a given temperature.
• Thermal death point (TDP) is the lowest
temperature at which all bacteria in a liquid
culture will be killed in 10 minutes.
• Decimal reduction time (DRT) is the length of
time in which 90% of a bacterial population
will be killed at a given temperature
(especially useful in canning industry).
APPLICATION OF HEAT
28
30. FLAMING
A simple &
effective method.
Loops or wires,
glass slides, cover
slips
Instruments held
on a Bunsen flame
till red-hot.
30
31. INCINERATION
In the past, bodies of disease victims
were burned to prevent spread of
infection.
This is an excellent method for safely
destroying contaminated materials.
31
32. HOT AIR OVEN
This is the most widely used method of
sterilization by dry heat.
Penetrating power is low, so
long periods of exposure to high
temperatures needed- 160˚C (320 ˚ F) – 1
hr
Arrange instruments to allow proper contact
Fan fitted to distribute air evenly.
32
37. 1.Pasteurization –
The material is heated at
Holder method - 630C for 30 minutes
Flash process - 720C for 15-20 sec
followed by sudden cooling 130C or
lower.
All non-sporing pathogens such as
mycobacteria, brucellae & salmonellae
are destroyed.
37
38. II.BOILING
Boiling is highly unreliable as a
sterilization technique; not recommended
for sterilizing surgical instruments.
Vegetative bacteria killed almost
immediately at 90-1000C, but sporing
bacteria require prolonged periods of
boiling.
38
39. A minimum exposure period of 30min. is
recommended to kill vegetative bacteria.
Sodium bicarbonate 2% conc. is added to
increase the efficiency of process.
39
40. • Means intermittent exposure at 1000C
• Principle : that one exposure kills
vegetative organisms, between heatings
the spores being in a favorable nutrient
medium become vegetative forms which
get killed during subsequent heating.
• Used for gelatin media, media containing
sugars.
TYNDALLIZATION
40
41. • Saturated steam under pressure.
• Cheap & nontoxic
• Penetrates fabric
• Method of choice for all items except those
which are moisture or heat sensitive.
41
42. • 4 parameters of importance
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Time
• Steam
42
43. PRINCIPLE
• Water boils when its
vapour pressure
equals that of
surrounding
atmosphere.
• When pressure inside
the closed vessel
increases, the temp at
which water boils also
increases.
43
44. • When steam comes in contact with a
cooler surface it condenses to water and
gives up its latent heat to that surface
and moisture which together denature
microbial proteins.
MECHANISM
44
45. AUTOCLAVES
A variety of materials such as dressings,
instruments,
laboratory wear, media & pharmaceutical
products can be sterilized.
45
46. • AUTOCLAVES
– 1150C, for 45 min
– 1210C, for 15-20 min
– 1340C, for 3 min
STERILIZATION TIMES
46
47. USES
• Culture media
• Aqueous solutions
• Empty bottles and
impervious containers
• Surgical instruments
• Wrapped dry goods
and dressings
47
48. • Items containing solvents, volatiles or
corrosive chemicals
• Radioactive material
What should not be autoclaved?
48
50. Add water & load the chamber.
Turn on the unit.
Air is pushed out by steam.
Set temperature is reached.
1. Heat up cycle
50
51. Begins after the desired temp is reached.
Sterilizer maintains temperature for the
set time.
At the end of sterilization cycle,
depressurization cycle begins.
2. Sterilizing cycle
51
52. Steam is slowly released.
Decrease in temperature & pressure.
At the end of this cycle items are wet
3. Depressurization cycle
52
53. To remove the moisture content from the
material sterilized.
Achieved either by vaccum cycle or
automatic open door dying cycle.
4. Drying cycle
53
54. • Hospital type of sterilizer consists of large
chamber which is connected to a steam line
which eliminate the need to generate its own
steam
• These have a vacuum system for air removal
such that when the steam enters it has better
chance of coming in contact with every thing in
the chamber
• Require the temperature of 2500 F 54
55. Advantages-
• Short efficient cycle
• Most rapid
Disadvantages-
• Corrosion of carbon steel instrument
• Possibly destruction of heat sensitive
instrument
Advantages and disadvantages of
steam autoclave
55
56. NON-IONISING
I R Rays
U V Rays
IONISING
Gamma Rays
High Energy Electrons
V)Sterilization by radiation
56
57. MECHANISM OF ACTION-GENERATION OF HEAT
IR RAYS
for rapid mass sterilization of
syringes
UV RAYS
for storage of sterilized instruments
NON-IONISING RADIATION
57
58. X-rays and gamma rays have wave length
shorter than UV light.
As these rays can pass through microbial
molecules, they force electrons out of their
shells, thereby causing ionization.
Used for syringe,swab,catheter sterilization.
Ionising radiation
58
59. • Like CO2,ARGON etc.
• Time contact is very less upto 35 sec.
• Not commonly used due to cost factor
involved.
VI)LASERS
59
60. • Cells of all types killed by intense ultrasonic & sonic
vibrations
• Limited practical significance for sterilization
• Valuable in instrument cleaning
VII)ULTRASONIC & SONIC VIBRATIONS
60
61. • Forced passage of liquids through a filter of
porosity small enough to retain any
microorganism contained in them.
• A positive or negative pressure is necessary to
draw the fluid through the filter into a sterile
container e.g.. A filtering flask
• Used for sterilizing sera, solutions of sugars,
vaccines, antibiotics used for culture media.
VIII)FILTRATION
TECHNIQUE
61
64. • Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are most
frequently used.
• Act by denaturing bacterial proteins.
• Concentration required : 60-90% in water.
• Protein slows its action,1%mineral acid or alkali
enhances it.
• Effective against both gram+ve and –ve bacteria, not
sporicidal.
1. ALCOHOLS
64
65. • Isopropyl alcohol is preferred as it is better fat
solvent, more bactericidal and less volatile
• Flammable.
• Methyl alcohol is effective against fungal
spores and used for treating cabinets and
incubators affected by them.
65
66. • FORMALDEHYDE
–Active against the amino group of protein
molecule.
–Markedly bactericidal, sporicidal and
virucidal
–Commercial formalin is 40% solution of
formaldehyde in water with 10% methanol
to prevent polymerization.
2. ALDEHYDES
66
67. –Borax formaldehyde solution with 0.5%sodium
tetraborate and 4%formaldehyde in water is used to
disinfect clean metal instruments.
– For gaseous disinfection,eg. For fumigating wards,
sick rooms etc the atmosphere should have high
relative humidity, over 60% and temp of atleast 18’c.
67
69. –Ability to penetrate organic material is poor.
–Less corrosive.
–Can be used to disinfect cytoscopes,endoscopes,
corrugated rubber tubes, face masks, metal
instruments,polythene tubes.
69
70. • Obtained by distillation of coal tar between
temp 170-270C.
• active against gram+ve and –ve
bacteria,mycobacteria,but little activity
against spores and viruses.
• Act by causing cell membrane damage,
releasing cell contents and causing lysis
3. PHENOLS
70
71. • Resistant to inactivation by organic matter
• Phenolic products like Lysol and cresol are
good general disinfectants but are toxic to
humans.
• Related products chlorophenols and
chloroxyphenols are less toxic, less irritant but
inactive against pseudomonas.
71
72. - LYSOL is used to disinfect linen
- 3%lysol,0.5% phenol or 0.1% p-chloro-m-cresol
is used for preserving sera and vaccines.
72
73. • IODINE
–Aqueous and alcoholic solutions used as
skin disinfectants
–Actively bactericidal, virucidal,and fairly
active against spores
–It inhibits protein synthesis
5. HALOGENS
73
74. Chlorine is used in free, hypochlorite as well
as chloramine form
• Kills vegetative bacteria
Kills viruses like HIV,HBV
–It is very effective against HBV and HIV
viruses, therefore its use is recommended
at 1:10 dilution for disinfection of blood
spills
CHLORINE
74
75. • ANILINE DYES
–Brilliant green, malachite green and crystal
violet
–React with acid groups in cell
–More active against gram+ve than gram-ve
bacteria, no activity against tubercle bacilli
–Non irritant,non toxic
–Inhibited by organic material.
6. DYES
75
77. 7. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
–Alter energy relationship at interfaces
producing a reduction of interfacial tension.
–4 groups: cationic, anionic, nonionic and
amphoteric.
77
78. 8. QUARTENARY AMMONIUM
COMPOUNDS
Surface active cationic
compounds.
Bactericidal, but not sporicidal
Effective against Gram +ve
bacteria.
Examples
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium.
bromide (cetavlon or cetrimide) 78
79. Only chemical sterilant
Cidal action against
bacteria,spores & viruses.
It is an excellent sterilizer of heat
sensitive items.
specially used for sterilizing -
sutures, dental equipments,
clothing, fiber endoscopes, heart-
lung machines, respirators.
9. ETHYLENE OXIDE GAS
79
80. It is highly toxic, irritant, mutagenic & potentially
carcinogenic
It is highly flammable, but when mixed with
CO2 this danger is minimized.
Advantages
• can be used at a lower temperature
• leaves no residue
• heat sensitive items can be sterilized.
80
81. Disadvantages
high cost of equipment.
toxicity of the gas.
explosive & inflammable.
longer period of aeration.
81
83. SPAULDING’S CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL PROCESS MATERIALS
Critical Sterilization
Autoclave
Chemiclave
Dry heat
Immersion in
full strength
glutraldehyde
Items that are used in
surgery which are pierce
burs, extraction forceps
elevators
needles
files,
Bone rongeurs,.
83
84. SPAULDING’S CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL PROCESS MATERIALS
Semi-
Critical
Sterilization
Autoclave
Chemiclave
Dry heat
Immersion in full
strength
glutraldehyde
Items that do not
necessarily penetrate soft
and hard tissues but which
cross the vermilion border
into the oral cavity-mouth
mirrors
hand piece,
anesthetic syringes,
impression trays.
84
85. SPAULDING’S CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL PROCESS MATERIALS
Non-
Critical
Surface Disinfection
-Phenolics
-Iodophors
-Quaternary
Ammonia compounds
Items used in dentistry
which do not cross the
vermilion border or
penetrate the oral tissues-
chair light handles,
instrument trays,
bracket tables
chair controls,
Air/water syringes ,
hoses
dental chairs. 85
86. • To ensure that the sterilization is complete
various monitoring indicators are there:
• 1.biologic indicators
• 2. chemical indicators
• 3.physical indicators
STERILIZATION MONITORING
86
87. Most reliable method
Bacillus stearothermophilus spores for steam
or chemical vapor sterilization
Bacillus stearothermophilus,a thermophile
that requires to be cultivated 55-60˚C.Its
spores are killed at 121˚C in 12min. Culture
grown aerobically on nutrient agar for 5days is
suspended in sterile water to a concentration
of one million spores per ml. Small strips of
filter paper soaked in the suspension are dried
at room temp and packed in envelopes.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
87
88. • After autoclaving, envelope is cut with a
sterile scissors and strip transferred to a
recovery medium,eg.thioglycolate broth with
strict precautions against contamination. Tube
incubated for 7 days at 55˚C and examined for
growth. An unautoclaved spore strip is used as
positive control and uninoculated tube of
medium as negative control. Results in terms
of degree of heat resistance of preparation
used.
88
89. Chemical monitoring
• BROWNE’S STERILIZER has red solution which
turns green when heated at 115˚C for
25min(type 1),or 15min(type 2), or at 160˚C
for 60min(type 3) Stored at 20˚C to avoid pre
mature color change
• Bowie-Dick autoclave tape test for steam
penetration
89
90. • Involves observing the gauges and displays on
the sterilizer and recording the temperature,
pressure and exposure time.
PHYSICAL MONITORING
90
91. SOME CAUSES OF STERILIZATION FAILURE
• Improper cleaning of instruments
• Improper temperature
• Improper loading of sterilizer
• Improper Timing
• Improper Packaging
• Improper Method of Sterilization
91
92. Sterilization of the instruments
• Diagnostic instruments such as mouth
mirror, explorer and probe:
sterilized by dry heat, chemical vapour
ethylene oxide or steam autoclave.
• Rubber dam, stainless steel clamps and
frame - compatible with all methods.
STERILIZATION OF SPECIFIC
MATERIALS
92
93. DENTAL HANDPIECES-
Steps :–
External disinfection using 100% isopropyl alcohol.
Remove the bur.
Internal cleaning and lubrication with pressurized
spray can.
Place hand piece in a bag prior to sterilization.
Sterlize in an autoclave.
93
94. Dental burs
Dry heat and ethylene oxide and chemical
vapor sterilization.
Sterilization of endodontic instruments
Endodontic instruments should first be clean of
debris.
94
95. • Absorbent points , broaches , files and other
root canal instruments - sterilized immediately
before use in hot bead sterilizer.
• Endodontic instruments - sterilized by
exposure for 3 sec. to laser beam.
• Dappen dish sterilized by swabbing
thoroughly with tincture of thimerosal
followed by alcohol.
95
96. • Long handle instruments - sterilized by dipping the
working point on alcohol and flaming twice.
• Gutta percha cones- sterilized by immersing it in
5.2% sodium hypochloride for 1 min than rinse the
cone with hydrogen peroxide and dry it between
the two layers of sterile gauge.
96
97. • Carry sterilized instruments in proper
containers.
• Used instruments usually sterilized by
boiling at camp site.
• Instruments can also be cold sterilized
using chemical solutions such as
glutaraldehyde.
• Maintainence of proper asepsis using
universal precautions.
Sterilization & disinfection at camp site
97
98. • There are numerous microorganisms in
our environment which are potential
cause of infection.
• It is therefore essential for us to protect
ourselves & the patients from cross
infection.
• Thus, a deeper knowledge of sterilization
& disinfection is of paramount importance
for us being dentists.
CONCLUSION
98
99. • Ananthnarayan ,Paniker.Textbook of
microbiology.6th edition.
• Kapoor Vinod,Textbook of oral & maxillofacial
surgery.2nd edition
• Samaranayak l.p.Essentials of microbiology for
dentistry,2nd edition
References
99
100. • Bhatia Rajesh,Essentials of medical
microbiology,2nd edition
• Baweja C.P.Textbook of microbiology,3rd
edition
• Textbook of Microbiology:by Surinder Kumar
1st Edition
100