PowerPoint Presentation on the Topic - "Control and Coordination". For class - 10th Made By - NehaRohtagi1 This presentation will help the students to clear their concepts and learn many new things. Thank you!

1. Control And Coordination
Class – 10

2. What Is Control And Coordination?
Control is the power of restraining and regulation by which something can be
started, slowed down or stopped.
Co-ordination is the working together of various agents of the body of an organism
in a proper manner to produce an appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called
coordination.
Both Control and Coordination are necessary in living organisms because:-
• A system of control and coordination is essential in living organism to maintain
Homeostasis as well as to respond to various stimuli.
In animals, control and coordination is done by the Nervous System and
Endocrine System.

3. Animals – Nervous System
In animals, control and coordination are provided by
Nervous and Muscular Tissues.
The Nervous System is composed of specialized
tissues, called Nervous Tissue. The Neuron is the
functional unit of the nervous system.
Functions of the nervous system:-
• Nervous system receives information from the
surrounding.
• To receive the information from the various
receptors.
• To act according to through muscles and glands.

4. Structure Of Neuron
Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is responsible
for the transmission of nerve impulses.
The neuron consists of the following parts:-
• Cyton (Cell Body): The Cell Body is star-shaped with
many hair like structures coming out.
• Axon: This is the tail of the neuron. The Axon
Terminals relay nerve impulses.
• Dendrites: This Branching Fiber increases the
surface area available for receiving incoming
information.
• Synapse: It is the Chemical Junction between the
terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another

5. Neuromuscular Junction
Neuromuscular Junction refers to the synaptic gap between a motor nerve and an
effector muscle (skeletal muscle). This connects and conveys messages from the
nervous system to the muscular system.

6. Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the most
important unit in an organism as it is the ‘center’
or the hub which instigates information,
commands and coordinates and also influences
all the other activities within a body. Thus it is
often called ‘the central processing unit of the
body’.
The Central Nervous System comprises of two
parts:
• Brain
• Spinal cord

7. The Human Brain
The Brain is the main coordinating center of the body. It is located inside the Cranium
and surrounded by Cerebro-Spinal Fluid. The brain is covered by a three-layered
system of membranes, called Meninges.
The human brain consists of three parts that include:
• Forebrain – It is the ‘main thinking part of the brain’. It has regions which receive
sensory impulses from various receptors.
• Midbrain – It is composed of Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland and is responsible
for release of hormones.
• Hindbrain – It is composed of Pons, Medulla and Cerebellum and is responsible for
controlling involuntary actions and maintaining posture and balance of the body.

8. The Human Brain

9. The Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord is a part of the central nervous system. It
is a long pipe-like structure arising from the medulla
oblongata. The Vertebral Column (Backbone) is
responsible for the protection of the backbone.
Functions of Spinal Cord are:
• Forms a connection between the Brain and the PNS
• Provides structural support and builds a body posture
• Facilitates flexible movements
• Coordinates reflex actions
• Receives sensory information from receptors and
approaches towards the brain for processing.

10. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
The involuntary movement which occurs in a voluntary organ is known as Reflex
Action.
For example:- When your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away
your hand in a jerk.
The path through which electrical impulse travels during a reflex action is called
the Reflex Arc.
• The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc:

11. The Reflex Arc

12. Muscular Movements
Muscle Tissues have special filaments, called Actin and Myosin. When a muscle
receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions
enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each
other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement
in the related organ.
• How do muscle cells change their shape?
Ans. Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses. When this
happens, new arrangements of these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form.

13. Limitations Of Nervous System
Electrical impulses are an excellent means for transportation of information from
one organ to another. But there are limitations to the use of electrical impulses.
• Firstly, they will reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue, not
each and every cell in the animal body.
• Secondly, once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the
cell will take some time to reset its mechanisms before it can generate and
transmit a new impulse.

14. Endocrine System
A ductless gland is called Endocrine Gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product
directly into the bloodstream. Hormones (non – nutrient chemical compounds
responsible for controlling and regulating the activities of certain cells and organs) are
produced in the endocrine glands.
Several endocrine glands come together to form Endocrine System.
The various endocrine glands in human body are:-
• Pituitary Gland – Growth Hormone
• Pancreas – Insulin
• Testes (in males) – Testosterone
• Ovaries (in females) – Oestrogen
• Hypothalamus – Releasing
Hormones
• Thyroid – Thyroxine
• Adrenal Gland – Adrenaline

16. Control and Co-ordination in Plants
Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for
control and coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of
movements in plants.
Movements in plants can be divided into two main types :
• Tropic movement
• Nastic movement
The plants use Electro-Chemical Conduction to convey the information from cell to
cell. Plant Cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them (swelling or
shrinking) and therefore in changing shapes.

17. Tropic Movements
The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are
called Tropic Movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a
plant part in a particular direction.
There are four types of tropic movements:
• Hydrotropism
• Chemotropism
• Geotropism
• Phototropism

18. Hydrotropism
The movement of a plant in response to the
concentration of water is known as Hydrotropism.
When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow
towards the nearest source of water.
• Design an experiment to show hydrotropism in
plants.
Ans. Procedure: Take two beakers A and B. In A,
add moist soil and sow a seed. In B, fill dry soil and
at the corner place porous pot and sow a seed. Let
them grow.
Result: In beaker A, due to the presence of moist
soil, plant grows normally and roots are straight. In

19. Chemotropism
Plant movement in reaction to chemical stimuli
is known as Chemotropism. The growth
response is positive chemotropism when it is
directed toward the stimulus.
For example:- The growth of pollen tubes
towards ovules.

20. Geotropism
The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is
called Geotropic Movement. Roots usually show
positive geotropic movement and stems show negative
geotropic movement.
• Design an experiment to show geotropism in plants.
Ans. Procedure: Take a healthy potted plant and keep
it laterally inverted carefully. Observe it after 3 days.
Results: After 3 days, we will notice that the roots
bend towards the earth and shoots bend away from it.
This shows that roots are positively geotropic.

21. Phototropism
The growth in a plant part in response to light is called
Phototropic Movement. Stems show positive phototropic
movement and roots show negative phototropic
movement.
• Design an experiment to show phototropism in plants.
Ans. Procedure: Take a potted seedling of a plant. Place
it in the heliotropic chamber. Close the top of the
chamber. Keep it in a position that allows light to pass
through the hole. Observe it after 3 days.
Results: After 3 days, we will notice that bending
(curvature) of the stem towards the hole (direction of light
stimulus). This response is positive phototropism.

22. Nastic Movements
The movement which do not depend on the direction
from the stimulus acts are called Nastic Movement.
For example:- When a person touches the leaves of
mimosa, the leaves droop.
The drooping is independent of the direction from
which the leaves are touched. Such movements
usually happen because of changing water balance in
the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the
cells in the leaves lose- water and become flaccid,
resulting in drooping of leaves.

23. Phytohormones
Plant hormones also known as Phytohormones, are the non – nutrient chemical
compounds which help to co-ordinate growth, development and responses to the
environment in plant body.
Various types of Phytohormones are:-
• Auxin
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinin
• Abscisic Acid
• Ethylene

25. THANK
YOU!