The document discusses the endocrine system and chemical messengers. It begins by comparing the nervous and endocrine systems, noting that the endocrine system uses slower chemical messengers. It then discusses the evolution of these messengers in single-celled organisms and their conservation over hundreds of millions of years. The document outlines the five major types of chemical messengers - local, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones, and pheromones - and provides examples of each. It also examines the endocrine systems of various invertebrate phyla and how hormones regulate functions like growth, reproduction, and molting in these groups.
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
The active principles of the endocrine glands are called hormones.
Hormones are specific chemical substances discharged directly into the blood.
The blood distributes the hormones through out the body.
The Endocrine System and Chemical Messenger.pdfHassanhameed33
Animal Form and Function-1
COMMUNICATION_III
The Endocrine System and Chemical Messenger
Lecture Content:
1-Introduction of chemical messenger
2-Chemical Messengers
3-Biochemistry of hormones
4-Characteristics of hormones
5-Feedback control of hormone secretion
6-Mechanism of hormone action (I,II)
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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3. Introduction
The nervous and sensory systems work together to rapidly
communicate information and maintain homeostasis in an
animal’s body.
In addition, many animals have a second, slower form of
communication and coordination—the endocrine system with
its chemical messengers.
Evolution of Chemical Messenger:
Some scientists suggest that chemical messengers may
initially have evolved in single-celled organisms to coordinate
feeding or reproduction.
As multicellularity evolved, more complex organs also
evolved to govern the many individual coordination tasks, but
control centers relied on the same kinds of messengers that
were present in the simpler organisms.
4. Chemical messengers have an ancient origin and must
have been conserved for hundreds of millions of years
“old” messengers are adapted to new purposes. For
example, some ancient protein hormones are in species
ranging from bacteria to humans
One key to the survival of any group of animals is proper
timing of activity so that growth, maturation, and
reproduction coincide with the times of year when
climate and food supply favor survival.
It seems likely that the chemical messengers regulating
growth and reproduction were among the first to appear.
These messengers were probably secretions of neurons.
.
5. Later, specific hormones developed to play
important regulatory roles in molting, growth,
metamorphosis, and reproduction in various
invertebrates.
Chemical messengers and their associated secretory
structures became even more complex with the
appearance of vertebrates
6. A chemical messenger is a substance secreted by a cell or
tissue and it regulate activities of body functions.
Types of Chemical Messengers:
There are five major types of Chemical
messengers;
1. Local Chemical Messenger (LCM)
2. Neurotransmitters
3. Neuropeptides
4. Hormones
5. Pheromones
7. 1. Local Chemical Messenger (LCM)
Many cells secrete chemicals that alter physiological
conditions in the immediate vicinity
Autocrine agents :Most of these chemicals act on
the same cell or adjacent cells
Vertebrate examples include some of the chemicals
called lumones that the gut produces and that
help regulate digestion.
In a wound, mast cells secrete a substance called
histamine that participates in the inflammatory
response.
8. 2. Neurotransmitters.
neurons secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
(e.g., nitric oxide and acetylcholine) that act on
immediately adjacent target cells
These chemical messengers reach high
concentrations in the synaptic cleft, act quickly, and
are actively degraded and recycled.
9. 3. Neuropeptides or Neurohormones
Some specialized neurons (called neurosecretory
cells) secrete neuropeptides (neurohormones).
The blood or other body fluids transport
neuropeptides to nonadjacent target cells, where
neuropeptides exert their effects
In mammals, for example, certain nerve cells in the
hypothalamus release a neuropeptide that causes the
pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin,
which induces powerful uterine contractions during
the delivery of offspring.
10. 4. Hormones
Secretions of endocrine glands that are released into
the blood to be transported to a target organ to show
its effect.
Example : Insulin
5. Pheromones.
Pheromones are chemical messengers released to the
exterior of one animal that affect the behavior of
another individual of the same species
14. HORMONES AND THEIR FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
What are hormones?
A hormone (Gr. hormaein, to set in motion or to spur
on) is a specialized chemical messenger that an
endocrine gland or tissue produces and secretes.
Hormones circulate through body fluids and affect
the metabolic activity of a target cell or tissue in a
specific way.
By definition, a target cell has receptors to which
chemical messengers either selectively bind or on
which they have an effect
15. Endocrinology :The study of endocrine glands and
their hormones is called endocrinology
Biochemistry of Hormones:
16. Amount of Hormones:
Hormones are effective in extremely small amounts.
Only a few molecules of a hormone may be enough to produce
a dramatic response in a target cell. In the target cell
Working of Hormones:
Hormones influence cellular functions byaltering rates of
biochemical processes intarget cells
Change membrane permeability to increase or decrease the
diffusion rate of a substance
Affect enzyme synthesis and activity to alter cell metabolism
Stimulate release of hormones from other glands
This is a dynamic process that must be regulated, not just
activated
20. MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
Hormones modify the biochemical activity of a target cell or
tissue.
Two basic mechanisms are involved.
The first, the fixed-membrane-receptor mechanism,
applies to hormones that are proteins or amines
Because they are water soluble (hydrophilic) and cannot
diffuse across the plasma membrane, these hormones initiate
their response by means of specialized receptors on the
plasma membrane of the target cell.
The second, the mobile-receptor mechanism, applies to
steroid hormones.
These hormones are lipid soluble (lipophilic) and diffuse
easily into the cytoplasm, where they initiate their response by
binding to cytoplasmic receptors
25. The first hormones were probably neurosecretions.
1. Porifera
The porifera (sponges) do not have classical endocrine
glands. Because sponges do not have neurons, they also
do not have neurosecretory cells
2. Cnidarians
The nerve cells of Hydra contain a growth-promoting
hormone that stimulates budding, regeneration, and
growth.
For example, when the hormone is present in the
medium in which fragments of Hydra are incubated,
“head” regeneration is accelerated. This so-called “head
activator” also stimulates mitosis in Hydra.
26. 3. Platyhelminthes
Neurosecretary Cells
Cerebral ganglion
Neuropeptides: regeneration, asexual reproduction, and
gonad maturation
Example: neurosecretory cells in the scolex of some
tapeworms control shedding of the proglottids
4. Nemerteans
Nemerteans have more cephalization than
platyhelminthes and a larger brain, composed of a dorsal and
ventral pair of ganglia connected by a nerve ring.
The neuropeptide that these ganglia produce appears to
control gonadal development and regulate water balance
27. 5. Nematodes
No classical endocrine system
Only neurosecretory cells
Control ecdysis or moulting
The neuropeptide is released after a new cuticle is
produced and stimulates the excretory gland to
secrete an enzyme (leucine aminopeptidase) into
the space between the old and new cuticles. The
accumulation of fluid in this space causes the old
cuticle to split and be shed
28. 6. Molluscs
The ring of ganglia that constitutes the central
nervous system of molluscs is richly endowed with
neurosecretory cells.
The neuropeptides that these cells produce help
regulate heart rate, kidney function, and
energy metabolism. The intestines of some
bivalves have been found to produce insulin,
which may have a carbohydrate-regulating role
similar to that of insulin in vertebrates
29. In certain gastropods, such as the common land snail
Helix, a specific hormone stimulates spermatogenesis;
another hormone, termed egg-laying hormone,
stimulates egg development; and hormones from the
ovary and testis stimulate accessory sex organs.
In all snails, a growth hormone controls shell growth
In cephalopods, such as the octopus and squid, the
optic gland in the eyestalk produces one or more
hormones that stimulate egg development, proliferation
of spermatogonia, and the development of secondary
sexual characterists
30. 7. Annelids
A well-developed and cephalized nervous system, a
well-developed circulatory system, and a large
coelom demands well developed endocrine system
The various endocrine systems of annelids are
generally involved with morphogenesis,
development, growth, regeneration, and gonadal
maturation.
For example, in polychaetes, juvenile hormone
inhibits the gonads and stimulates growth and
regeneration
31. Another hormone, gonadotropin, stimulates the
development of eggs, whereas the hormone
annetocin (related to vertebrate oxytocin) elicits
egg-laying behavior.
In leeches, a neuropeptide stimulates gamete
development and triggers color changes.
Osmoregulatory hormones have been reported in
oligochaetes, and a hyperglycemic hormone that
maintains a high concentration of blood glucose has
been reported for the oligochaete Lumbricus.
32. 8. Arthropods:
The endocrine systems of crustaceans and insects
are excellent examples of how hormones regulate
growth, maturation, and reproduction.
Much is known about hormones and their
functioning in these animals
The endocrine system of a crustacean, such as a
crayfish, controls functions such as ecdysis
(molting), sex determination, and color changes.
33. X-Organ: X-organs are neurosecretory tissues in the
crayfish eyestalks
Associated with each X-organ is a sinus gland that
accumulates and releases the secretions of the X-organ.
Y -Organ:
Other glands, called Y-organs, are at the base of the
maxillae
Mechanism of Ecdysis:
X-organs and Y-organs control ecdysis as follows. In the
absence of an appropriate stimulus, the X-organ
produces molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), and the
sinus gland releases
36. The target of this hormone is the Y-organ. When
MIH is present in high concentrations, the Y-organ is
inactive.
Under appropriate internal and external stimuli,
MIH release is prevented, and the Y-organ releases
the hormone ecdysone, which leads to molting
37. Control of Ecdysis (Molting) and
Development (Metamorphosis) in an Insect.
The sequence of events in insects is similar to that of
crustaceans, but it does not involve a molt-inhibiting
hormone.
The presence of an appropriate stimulus to the central
nervous system activates certain neurosecretory cells (pars
intercerebralis) in the optic lobes of the brain
These cells secrete the hormone ecdysiotropin, which
axons transport to the corpora cardiaca (a mass of
neurons associated with the brain). The corpora
cardiaca produces thoracotropic hormone, which is
carried to the prothoracic glands, stimulating them to
produce and release ecdysone, which induces molting —in
particular, the reabsorp tion of some of the old cuticle and
the development of a new cuticle.
38. Bursicon Hormone:
Other neurosecretory cells in the brain and nerve
cords produce the hormone bursicon. Bursicon
influences certain aspects of epidermal development,
such as tanning (i.e., hardening and darkening of the
chitinous outer cuticle layer).
Tanning is completed several hours after each
molting.
39.
40.
41. Juvenile hormone (JH):
Another hormone, juvenile hormone (JH), is also involved in
the morphological differentiation that occurs during the
molting of insects.
Just behind the insect brain are the paired corpora allata
These structures produce JH. High concentrations of JH in
the blood of an insect inhibit differentiation. In the absence of
an appropriate environmental stimulus, the corpora allata
decrease JH production, which causes the insect larva to
differentiate into a pupa.
The pupa then forms a cocoon to overwinter. In the spring, a
final surge of ecdysone, in the absence of JH, transforms the
pupa into an adult moth.
42. 9: Echinoderms:
Because echinoderms are deuterostomes, they are more closely
allied with chordates than the other invertebrates.
However, the endocrine systems of echinoderms provide few
insights into the evolution of chordate endocrine systems, because
echinoderm hormones and endocrine glands are very different from
those of chordates.
the radial nerves of sea stars contain a neuropeptide called
gonad-stimulating substance. When this neuropeptide is
injected into a mature sea star, it induces immediate shedding of the
gametes, spawning behavior, and meiosis in the oocytes.
The neuropeptide also causes the release of a hormone called
maturation inducing substance, which has various effects on
the reproductive system