This document provides information about control and coordination in plants and animals. In plants, control and coordination are brought about by phytohormones, the main ones being auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. In animals, the nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate functions. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and peripheral and central nervous systems. The endocrine system includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions.

1. CONTROL AND COORDINATION
CLASS- XTH
TOPIC:- CONTROL AND CORDINATION
TEACHER :- ER. TARUN KUMAR
SCHOOL:- J.D PUBLIC SCHOOL, MANESAR

2. CONTROL AND CORDINATION
CONTROL AND
CORDINATION IN
PLANTS
• STIMULI
• PHYTOHORMONES
• TROPISM AND ITS TYPES
• PHOTOTROPISM
• GEOTROPISM
• CHEMOTROPISM
• HYDROTROPISM
THIGMOTROPISM/THIGMONASTY
• NASTIES/NASTIC MOVEMENT
• PHOTONASTY AND
FUNCTIONS
CONTROL AND
CORDINATION IN
ANIMALS/HUMANS
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• RECEPTORS
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• SPINAL CORD
• NEURONS
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

3. CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS
All the movements in response to various stimuli are controlled and coordinated. The various organs of
an organism interact to bring about control and coordination. In plants, the control and coordination are
brought about by phytohormones and in animals, it is brought about by the nervous and endocrine
systems.
•Stimulus:- A detectable change happens in the environment.
•Receptors: The receptor convert environmental stimuli into electrical nerve signals
•Neurons: The nerve signals are transferred to the central nervous system via neurons
•Effectors: Effectors produce a response as a result of the stimulus. Effectors are muscles or glands
•Sensory Neurons: They transmit signals from receptors to the central nervous system
•Relay Neurons: They transmit signals within the central nervous system as part of the decision-making process
•Motor Neuron: Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles or glands)
to initiate a response.
•EXAMPLES OF STIMULUS:- (EXTERNAL)- pain and touch, vision, taste, smell,sound, balance. / (INTERNAL)- blood
pressure, homeostasis.

4. PHYTOHORMONES
Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-ordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.
Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are
•Auxin: (Synthesized at shoot tip).
Function: Helps in growth.
Phototropism: more growth of cells towards the light.
•Gibberellin: Helps in the growth of the stem.
•Cytokinins: Promotes cell division.
Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves. (Stress hormone) .

5. COORDINATION IN PLANTS :-
IN PLANTS CONTROL AND COORDINATION IS DONE
BY CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES CALLED PLANT HORMONES OR
PHYTOHORMONES.
THERE ARE FIVE MAIN TYPES OF PLANT HORMONES.
THEY ARE :-
AUXINS, GIBBERILLINS, CYTOKININS, ABSCISIC ACID
AND
ETHYLENE.
I) AUXINS :- HELP IN CELL DIVISION, CELL
ELONGATION AND
GROWTH.
II) GIBBERILLINS :- HELP IN GROWTH OF STEM AND
BRANCHES.
III) CYTOKININS:- HELP IN CELL DIVISION, FORMATION
OF FRUITS AND
SEEDS.
IV) ABSCISIC ACID :- INHIBITS GROWTH AND AFFECTS
WILTING OF
LEAVES.
VI) ETHYLENE :- HELPS IN FLOWERING AND RIPENING
OF FRUITS.
• .

6. MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS
• Movements in plants are of two main types. They are :-Tropic movements and Nastic movements.
• a) Tropic movements :- are directional movements towards or
• away from the stimulus and it depends on growth. They are of
• different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
• Hydrotropism etc.
•
i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is
• towards light, it is called positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of
• shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is called negative
• phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light.
•
ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If it is
• towards gravity it is called positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward
• growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative
• geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot.
•
iii) Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical
• stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule.
•
iv) Hydrotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to water.
• Eg :- Growth of roots towards water.
•

7. PHOTOTROPISM GEOTROPISM CHEMOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM

8. NASTIC MOVEMENTS :- ARE NON DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENTS WHICH
ARE NEITHER TOWARDS OR AWAY FROM THE STIMULUS AND IT
DOES NOT DEPEND ON GROWTH.
EX. :- IF WE TOUCH THE LEAVES OF THAT PLANT, ITS LEAVES FOLD
UP AND DROOPS DOWN IMMEDIATELY DUE TO THE CHANGE IN THE
AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE LEAVES. DEPENDING UPON THE AMOUNT
OF WATER IN THE LEAVES, IT SWELLS OR SHRINKS.
hormone.

9. THIGMO/THERMO
MOVEMENT
Photonastic movement :It can be defined as the movement of plant or parts of a plant in response to
light. For example growth of flowers in response to sunlight. Flower grows towards the sunlight direction.
• 2.) Thigmonasty movement :This kind of movement in response to the stimuli such as touch. The
plants will response in non directional way. It has no effect whether the stimulus from which side. It will
not make positive or negative movement, but will give response to touch in non directional way.
• 3.)Thermonastic movement :Thermo = temperature and nastic = non directional movement. When
plant gives response in order to temperature. The leaves will give response to high or low temperature.
During the high temperature, the leaves of plant will fall off and flowers will close their petals.

10. CONTROL AND CORDINATION
IN ANIMALS
• In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system
• and endocrine system.
• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• RECEPTORS :- are the sense organs which receive the stimuli and
• pass the message to the brain or spinal cord through the sensory
• nerves.
• Eg :- Photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light.
• Phonoreceptors in the ears to detect sound.
• Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell.
• Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect taste.
• Tangoreceptors in the skin to detect touch.
• b) Effectors :- are the muscles and glands which respond to the
• information from the brain and spinal cord through the motor nerves.
• c) Sensory nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the
• receptors (sense organs) to the brain and spinal cord.
• d) Motor nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the brain
• and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands)
• The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other.They’re responsible for almost every cell,
organ, and function in your body.
• If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress.You also might gain
weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.

11. ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN
HUMAN BEINGS/ANIMALS
• The endocrine glands also help in control and coordination. The endocrine
• glands produce chemical substances which help to control and coordinate
• various activities in the body.
• The endocrine glands in our body are :- pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary,
• thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testes and ovary.
• Examples of coordination by endocrine glands :-
• i) When we are frightened or angry, the adrenal glands produce more adrenalin hormone which is sent through the blood to the heart,
rib muscles and diaphragm. This increases breathing rate to supply more oxygen to the muscles to prepare the body to either run away
or fight with the enemy.
•
ii) Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins and helps in proper growth. If the diet is deficient in iodine it causes goitre.
•
iii) The pituitary gland produce growth hormones. Deficiency of this hormone in childhood causes dwarfism. Excess of this hormone
causes tall growth.
•
iv) The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar level. Increase in blood sugar level causes diabetes. A
diabetic patient has to take insulin injections to control his blood sugar level.
•
v) The testes in males produces the hormone testosterone which controls the production of sperms and changes during puberty.
• The ovary in females produces the hormone oestrogen which controls the production of eggs and changes during puberty.

12. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
YOUR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
MAKES HORMONES THAT
CONTROL YOUR MOODS,
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT, METABOLISM
ORGANS, AND
CONTROLS HOW YOUR
HORMONES ARE RELEASED
SENDS THOSE HORMONES
YOUR BLOODSTREAM SO
CAN TRAVEL TO OTHER
PARTS.

13. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system or the neural system is a complex network of neurons specialized to carry messages. The complexity of the nervous system
increases as we move towards higher animals.
• For instance, cnidarians such as jellyfish have relatively simple nerve nets spread throughout their body. Crabs have a more complicated nervous
system in the form of 2 nerve centers called dorsal ganglion and ventral ganglion.
• As we move further up the ladder, higher organisms such as vertebrates have a developed brain. Moreover, it is one of the most complicated
structures in the animal kingdom, containing billions of neurons, all intricately connected.
• In the human body, the neural system integrates the activities of organs based on the stimuli, which the neurons detect and transmit. They transmit
messages in the form of electrical impulses and convey messages to and from the sense organs. Thus, the nervous coordination involves the
participation of the sense organs, nerves, spinal cord, and brain.
• One of the most complex organ system to ever evolve, the human nervous system consists of two parts, namely:
1. Central Nervous System (consists of the brain and spinal cord)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (includes all the nerves of the body)

14. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) IS OFTEN CALLED THE CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT OF THE BODY. IT CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.
BRAIN
THE BRAIN IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT, LARGEST AND CENTRAL ORGAN OF
THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT IS THE CONTROL UNIT OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM, WHICH HELPS US IN DISCOVERING NEW THINGS, REMEMBERING AND
UNDERSTANDING, MAKING DECISIONS, AND A LOT MORE. IT IS ENCLOSED WITHIN
THE SKULL, WHICH PROVIDES FRONTAL, LATERALAND DORSAL PROTECTION. THE
HUMAN BRAIN IS COMPOSED OF THREE MAJOR PARTS:-
FOREBRAIN: THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE BRAIN, CONSISTS OF CEREBRUM,
HYPOTHALAMUS AND THALAMUS.
MIDBRAIN: THE SMALLER AND CENTRAL PART OF THE BRAINSTEM, CONSISTS OF
TECTUM AND TEGMENTUM
HINDBRAIN: THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE BRAIN, COMPOSED OF CEREBELLUM,
MEDULLAAND PONS.

15. PERIPHERALNERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Spinal Cord
• The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissues enclosed within the spine and connect all parts of the body to the brain. It begins in continuation with
the medulla and extends downwards. It is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column and surrounded by membranes called meninges. The spinal cord is concerned with
spinal reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the lateral part of the nervous system that develops from the central nervous system which connects different parts of the body with the CNS.
We carry out both voluntary and involuntary actions with the help of peripheral nerves.
• Also refer: Peripheral Nervous System
• PNS includes two types of nerve fibers:
1. Afferent nerve fibers – These are responsible for transmitting messages from tissues and organs to the CNS.
2. Efferent nerve-fibers – These are responsible for conveying messages from CNS to the corresponding peripheral organ.
• Classification of the peripheral nervous system:
• Somatic neural system (SNS): It is the neural system that controls the voluntary actions in the body by transmitting impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle cells. It consists of the
somatic nerves.
• Autonomic neural system (ANS): The autonomic neural system is involved in involuntary actions like regulation of physiological functions (digestion, respiration, salivation, etc.).
It is a self-regulating system which conveys the impulses from the CNS to the smooth muscles and involuntary organs (heart, bladder and pupil). The autonomic neural system can
be further divided into:
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system

16. A NEURON IS A STRUCTURED AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND UNLIKE OTHER CELLS, NEURONS ARE
IRREGULAR IN SHAPE AND ABLE TO CONDUCT ELECTROCHEMICAL
SIGNALS. THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A NEURON ARE DISCUSSED
BELOW.
DENDRITE STRETCHES OUT FROM THE CELL BODY OF A NEURON,
AND IT IS THE SHORTEST FIBRE IN THE CELL BODY.
AXON IS THE LONGEST THREAD ON THE CELL BODY OF A NEURON
AND HAS AN INSULATING AND PROTECTIVE SHEATH OF MYELIN
AROUND IT.
CELL BODY CONSISTS OF CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS.
SYNAPSE IS THE MICROSCOPIC GAP BETWEEN A PAIR OF ADJACENT
NEURONS OVER WHICH NERVE IMPULSES PASS, WHEN MOVING
FROM ONE NEURON TO THE OTHER.

17. NERVES
• Nerves are thread-like structures that emerge from the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for carrying messages to all the
parts of the body. There are three types of nerves. Some of these neurons can fire signals at speeds of over 119 m/s or
above 428 km/h.
1. Sensory nerves send messages from all the senses to the brain.
2. Motor nerves carry messages from the brain to all the muscles.
3. Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor nerves.
Cranial nerves begin from the brain as these nerves carry impulses to start from the central nervous system. Certain cranial
nerves belong to the group of mixed nerves while certain ones fall under sensory nerves. Spinal nerves originate from the spinal
cord. All the spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the central nervous system and these are part of mixed nerves. The
above nervous system diagram depicts the various nerves arising from various parts of the body.

18. REFLEX ACTION
REFLEX ACTION IS A SUDDEN, UNCONCIOUS AND INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE OF THE EFFECTORS TO A
STIMULUS.
EG :- WE SUDDENLY WITHDRAW OUR HAND IF WE SUDDENLY TOUCH A HOT OBJECT.
IN THIS REFLEX ACTION, THE NERVES IN THE SKIN (RECEPTOR) DETECTS THE HEAT AND PASSES
THE MESSAGE THROUGH THE SENSORY NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD. THEN THE INFORMATION
PASSES THROUGH THE MOTOR NERVES TO THE MUSCLES (EFFECTOR) OF THE HAND AND WE
WITHDRAW OUR HAND

19. THE PATHWAY OF A REFLEX ACTION IS CALLED REFLEX ARC. IN A REFLEX ARC THE STIMULUS IS RECEIVED BY
THE RECEPTORS (SENSE ORGANS) AND IT PASSES THROUGH THE SENSORY NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.
FROM THE SPINAL CORD THE INFORMATION PASSES THROUGH THE MOTOR NERVES TO THE EFFECTORS
(MUSCLES/GLANDS) FOR THE RESPONSE.

20. RECEPTORS/HUMAN BRAIN , NERVOUS SYSTEM