Biodiversity refers to all the living organisms that make up the web of life on Earth. High levels of biodiversity are important for clean air, food, fresh water, clothing, energy, and medicine for humans. However, human activities like pollution, overconsumption, climate change, and habitat loss are threatening biodiversity and causing a mass extinction. Conservation efforts aim to protect threatened species and restore damaged ecosystems, but protecting biodiversity will require individual actions like reducing waste, planting native plants, and choosing sustainable options.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Species diversity introduction, types and importance, examples of species diversity, threats and conservation to species diversity, Biodiversity conservation.
M.SC (BOTANY) 2nd Year
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Species diversity introduction, types and importance, examples of species diversity, threats and conservation to species diversity, Biodiversity conservation.
M.SC (BOTANY) 2nd Year
This is the 6th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This is the 6th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Is water a limiting factor for population growth in South Australia?University of Adelaide
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#scichallenge2017
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The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity.
The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth.
Appropriate conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach to preserving biodiversity. Almost all cultures have their roots in our biological diversity in some way or form.
Declining biodiversity is therefore a concern for many reasons.
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play.
For example,
A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops
Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms
Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.
And so, while we dominate this planet, we still need to preserve the diversity in wildlife.
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A healthy biodiversity offers many natural services
Ecosystems such as the Amazon rainforest are rich in diversity. Deforestation threatens many species such as the giant leaf frog, shown here.
(Images source: Wikipedia)
A healthy biodiversity provides a number of natural services for everyone:
Ecosystem services, such as
Protection of water resources
Soils formation and protection
Nutrient storage and recycling
Pollution breakdown and absorption
Contribution to climate stability
Maintenance of ecosystems
Recovery from unpredictable events
Biological resources, such as
Food
Medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs
Wood products
Ornamental plants
Breeding stocks, population reservoirs
Future resources
Diversity in genes, species and ecosystems
Social benefits, such as
Research, education and monitoring
Recreation and tourism
Cultural values
That is quite a lot of services we get for free!
The cost of replacing these (if possible) would be extremely expensive. It therefore makes economic and development sense to move towards sustainability.
A report from Nature magazine also explains that genetic diversity helps to prevent the chances of extinction in the wild (and claims to have shown proof of this).
To prevent the well known and well documented problems of genetic defects caused by in-breeding, species need a variety of genes to ensure successful survival. Without this, the chances of extinction increases.
And as we start destroying, reducing and isolating habitats, the chances for interaction from species with a large gene pool decreases.
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2. The BBC found that the
majority of people believe
biodiversity is a type of
laundry detergent…
3. Our Biosphere…
• The biosphere describes our living world,
from the upper areas of the atmosphere to
the depths of the ocean.
• Biodiversity is a term to describe all the
living organisms that make up the web of
life on Earth. From a microscopic bacteria
to a naked mole rat!
5. We need high levels
of biodiversity for
clean air, food, fresh
water, clothes,
energy, and for
medicine.
Without biodiversity
life for humans
would be both dull
and dangerous!
6. The biosphere is far too big
for scientists to study,
so we study smaller things
called ecosystems!
7. Ecosystems
• Any group of living (biotic) and non-
living (abiotic) things that are
connected together in a self-
sustaining way are called ecosystems.
• An ecosystem can be as large as a
desert or a lake or as small as a tree
or a puddle!
9. Abiotic and Biotic factors in an
ecosystem…
What are the major parts of an ecosystem?
All living parts of an ecosystem are known as
BIOTIC. For example a bush or lizard
All non-living components of an ecosystem are
ABIOTIC. For example a rock or humidity.
Sort the following ecosystem parts into abiotic
and biotic components.
Soil, kangaroo, atmosphere, cactus, sunlight,
water and bacteria.
10. Habitats
Ecosystems are made up of habitats and
micro-habitats. A habitat is the place
where an organism lives.
A habitat will provide the organism with
the resources it needs for survival.
11. Populations and Communities
A population is a group of organisms of
the same kind that live in the same area.
Like a population of bees.
A community can be described as
different species interacting in the same
area. Like bees, ants and daisies.
12. We can show how organisms
connect through food chains
and food webs…..
13. Food webs/chains…
• The arrow shows the flow of
nutrients. The arrow points to where
the energy goes too.
Trophic level
14.
15. Threats to Biodiversity
Humans have been damaging our biosphere
and ecosystems, which is effecting our
biodiversity!
What has happened in these pictures below?
16. Since European settlement, we have achieved the worst
record of mammal extinction in the world! We are
fragmenting the connections in our ecosystems.
In Australia we are famous for our marsupials, but now
almost half of them are either extinct or threatened with
extinction!
17. The Sixth Mass Extinction
• Many scientists believe that that we are
in a period of mass extinction caused
by humans.
• Globally, humans have caused the
extinction of a total of 86 flora and 723
fauna.
18. The International Union for
Conservation of Nature
(ICUN) Red List is a global
list of threatened species.
It divides up animals into
categories such as:
•Vulnerable
•Endangered
•Critically Endangered
•Extinct in the wild
•Extinct
19. Although humans have been changing the Australian
landscape for 50,000 years or more, the changes in the last
200 years have caused terrible loss of soil, vegetation and
biodiversity.
This sounds bad! What on earth are we humans doing to
cause all this?
20. Human Changes
• Pollution: Pollution of our
oceans, our air, our rivers
and our land. Pollution from
cars, industries, energy
production, and
manufacturing.
• Over-fishing in our oceans
has drastically reduced fish
stocks, to the point of
extinction in some cases.
21. • Feral plants and animals
continue to cause devastation
to native plant and animal
communities, including those
in our oceans.
• Over-consumption:
We’re simply buying and
eating and consuming too
much stuff!
• Climate change will potentially
cause further problems and
threats to biodiversity.
22. • Habitat loss: We’ve been clearing or damaging the natural
environment to make way for all the stuff that we need
(like building houses, grazing sheep and cows, and
growing food) that there aren’t many healthy habitats left
for our native plants and animals.
THEN NOW
23. • This can start to sound a lot like very bad news. But
don’t worry; it’s not all bad. There are things that you
can do to help stop the damage to biodiversity.
• And there are lots of people who are already working
hard to help protect and restore our biodiversity. But
they do need your help. In fact, they need the help of
everybody!
• So what can you do?
24. Tips for helping biodiversity
• Use less stuff!
• Plant native plants in your garden - good for the birds, butterflies
and bees, and good for the soil!
• Pollute less by driving less, buying less and wasting less and
thinking about what you’re flushing down the drain!
• Buy organic fruit and veggies if you can - these haven’t been
sprayed with chemicals that can harm biodiversity!
• Lock up your pets at night - the night belongs to native animals!
• Donate some time to vegetating or cleaning up a local wildlife
park!
• Choose sustainably harvested fish to have with your chips!
• Spread the word!
• For more tips and more information on biodiversity visit the Our
Cool Australia site.
Editor's Notes
This is a problem!
Get your students to record the definitions (words in bold print) into their writing books.
Activity: Discuss this image with your students. How would life be without plants and animals? Would it be like the picture or would it be different? How would our lives be different? The theme to communicate to your students is that everything is interconnected.
Activity: Bundled Words. Ask students to think of and mark on the board 5 plants that you can eat, 5 plants that smell good, 5 animals you can eat.
Stress to your students that the definition of ecosystem is “A groups of living things (biotic) and non-living things (biotic) interacting together in a community.” Students get confused between the definitions of environment, ecosystems, community, population and habitat.
Get your students to identify from the list of ecosystem parts the abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic: Soil, atmosphere, water, sunlight Biotic: Kangaroo, cactus, bacteria The abiotic and biotic factors rely on each other.
Activity: Get your students to think of a local animal and list all the resources it needs to survive. Some factors include food, water, shelter and mates.
Get your students to record the definitions of population and community.
Activity: Get your students to draw a simple food chain. Ensure the arrow points in the direction of energy flow. A good example is: grain chickens fox
When drawing a food web, each new level represents a new tropic level. Teachers can expand on this concept and teach students about consumers, producers and decomposers.
Activity: Discuss the images on this slide. Ask your students: what has happened in these pictures (drought, dying coral reefs, deforestation)? How do these pictures make your students feel? Where dp you think these pictures were taken (Murray River region, Coral Sea reef, Northern Australia)? How can these issues be repaired? Can they be repaired?
Activity: What are these animals? See the information below. Before telling your students what these animals are, ask them to think about what sorts of animals they think these are, where they might have lived and what they might have eaten. As homework or for further activities you could ask students to research these animals in more detail, or pick another extinct or endangered Australian bird or animal to research. 1. Pig Footed Bandicoot: The Pig-footed Bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus) was a small, mostly herbivorous bandicoot of the arid and semi-arid plains of inland Australia, in NSW, NT, SA, VIC, WA. About the size of a kitten, in form, it was almost bilby-like on first sight, having long, slender limbs, large, pointed ears, and a long tail. On closer examination, however, it became apparent that the Pig-footed Bandicoot was very unusual for a marsupial. The forefeet had two functional toes with hoof-like nails, rather similar to a pig or deer. The hind feet had an enlarged fourth toe with a heavy claw shaped like a tiny horse's hoof, with the other toes being vestigial: only the fused second and third toes being useful, and that not for locomotion but for grooming. It was distributed through a wide range of habitat types: from grassy woodland and grassland plains to spinifex country. 2. White-footed Rabbit-rat: The White-footed Rabbit-rat (Conilurus albipes) is an extinct species of rodent, which was originally found in woodlands from Adelaide to Sydney, but became restricted to south-eastern Australia. It was kitten-sized and was one of Australia's largest native rodents. It was nocturnal and lived among trees. It made nests filled with leaves and possibly grass in the limbs of hollow eucalyptus trees. The last specimen was recorded at about 1845, but some were reported in 1856-57 and perhaps in the 1930s. Rats may have transmitted disease or competed directly with the white-footed rabbit rat. Cats may have been predators, while the demise of Aboriginal firestick farming, which maintained woodland, may have doomed the rabbit rat and its habitat. 3. Lesser Stick-nest Rat: The Lesser Stick-nest Rat or White-tipped Stick-nest Rat (Leporillus apicalis) lived in Southern inland Australia in NSW, NT, SA, VIC, WA. It accumulated large mounds of sticks to construct its nests, which were up to three metres long and a metre high. It was easily tamed, sometimes climbing onto tables to get sugar. It was also eaten by people. There is a possibility that a Lesser Stick-nest Rat was seen in a cave in Western Australia in 1970, and in 2008 IUCN Status for the Lesser Stick-nest Rat, has interestingly 'downgraded' their status from Extinct to Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), owing to the very slight possibility that a very small population may still exist in yet to be surveyed remote lands of the Australian interior. 4. Tasmanian Tiger: The Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus) became extinct on the Australian mainland thousands of years before European settlement of the continent, but it survived on the island state of Tasmania along with several other endemic species, including the Tasmanian Devil. Intensive hunting encouraged by bounties is generally blamed for its extinction, but other contributory factors may have been disease, the introduction of dogs, and human encroachment into its habitat. Despite its official classification as extinct, sightings are still reported. 5. Gould's Mouse: The Gould ’s Mouse (Pseudomys gouldii) lived in eastern inland Australia in NSW, QLD, SA, VIC, WA. It was slightly smaller than a black rat, and quite social, living in small family groups that sheltered by day in a nest of soft, dry grass in a burrow. It usually dug burrows at a depth of 15 cm under bushes. Gould's mouse was common and widespread before European settlement, but disappeared rapidly after the 1840s, perhaps being exterminated by cats. Alternatively, it may have been out-competed by the introduced rats and mice, succumbed to introduced diseases or been affected by grazing stock and changed fire regimes. The last specimens were collected in 1856-57, and it is presumed to be extinct.
Get your students to log onto the ICUN Red List website
Activity: Ask your students to work in pairs or small groups to think of all they things that they can that harm our biodiversity. Allow several minutes, and then ask the class to share what they thought of, marking what the results on the board.
Activity: Ask your students to work in pairs or small groups to think of all they things that they can that help our biodiversity. Allow several minutes, and then ask the class to share what they thought of, marking what the results on the board.