Converting agricultural waste for useful purposes
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Vermicompost ppt ramesh
The document discusses vermicomposting, which is a method of composting using earthworms. It describes the nutrient content of vermicompost and explains that it has higher nutrient levels than farmyard manure or bacterial compost. The document also outlines the process for preparing vermicompost, including using organic materials like leaves and manure in layers, maintaining proper moisture and temperature conditions, and harvesting the finished compost after several weeks. Vermicompost provides various benefits for plants such as disease resistance and enhanced nutrient availability.
Vermicompost
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process of composting organic wastes using earthworms. Certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the waste conversion process and produce a better quality compost. Red earthworms are commonly used as they efficiently convert organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days through their burrowing, castings and intestinal secretions. Vermicompost contains more nutrients in readily available forms compared to traditional compost and improves soil health, structure, fertility and plant growth.
Physical properties of soil
This document summarizes several key physical properties of soil: soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay and is estimated using feel or sedimentation methods; soil structure describes how primary particles are aggregated and affects properties like aeration; soil density measures bulk density and particle density which impact water and air movement; porosity refers to pore space between particles and influences moisture and gas exchange; consistence describes soil cohesion at different moisture levels; and soil color provides clues about drainage conditions and chemical processes from hue, value, and chroma measured using a Munsell chart.
FARMYARD MANURE- COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST
Organic matter.
They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil
They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil
They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil
Vermicompost and vermicomposting
This presentation is about vermicompost and its advantages, nutrient content, preparation procedures and precautions about its use.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a method of using earthworms to convert organic wastes like crop residues into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicompost. Earthworm species like Eisenia foetida and Erudrilus evegeniae are commonly used. The earthworms physically aerate, crush, and mix the materials while chemically degrading and biologically stimulating decomposition. Vermicompost contains higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than traditional composts. The vermicomposting process involves layering organic materials and bedding in a pit or heap, maintaining suitable moisture, temperature, and aeration conditions for the earthworms to feed and produce castings, which
Vermicomposting Overview
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste and vermicast (worm castings or worm manure, is the fecal matter of an Earthworm).
Vermicomposting is very economic friendly and very useful for the growth of crops.
Less expensive than chemical fertilizer as well as other fertilizers. It can be used for several times.
Recommended
Vermicompost ppt ramesh
The document discusses vermicomposting, which is a method of composting using earthworms. It describes the nutrient content of vermicompost and explains that it has higher nutrient levels than farmyard manure or bacterial compost. The document also outlines the process for preparing vermicompost, including using organic materials like leaves and manure in layers, maintaining proper moisture and temperature conditions, and harvesting the finished compost after several weeks. Vermicompost provides various benefits for plants such as disease resistance and enhanced nutrient availability.
Vermicompost
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process of composting organic wastes using earthworms. Certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the waste conversion process and produce a better quality compost. Red earthworms are commonly used as they efficiently convert organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days through their burrowing, castings and intestinal secretions. Vermicompost contains more nutrients in readily available forms compared to traditional compost and improves soil health, structure, fertility and plant growth.
Physical properties of soil
This document summarizes several key physical properties of soil: soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay and is estimated using feel or sedimentation methods; soil structure describes how primary particles are aggregated and affects properties like aeration; soil density measures bulk density and particle density which impact water and air movement; porosity refers to pore space between particles and influences moisture and gas exchange; consistence describes soil cohesion at different moisture levels; and soil color provides clues about drainage conditions and chemical processes from hue, value, and chroma measured using a Munsell chart.
FARMYARD MANURE- COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST
Organic matter.
They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil
They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil
They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil
Vermicompost and vermicomposting
This presentation is about vermicompost and its advantages, nutrient content, preparation procedures and precautions about its use.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a method of using earthworms to convert organic wastes like crop residues into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicompost. Earthworm species like Eisenia foetida and Erudrilus evegeniae are commonly used. The earthworms physically aerate, crush, and mix the materials while chemically degrading and biologically stimulating decomposition. Vermicompost contains higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than traditional composts. The vermicomposting process involves layering organic materials and bedding in a pit or heap, maintaining suitable moisture, temperature, and aeration conditions for the earthworms to feed and produce castings, which
Vermicomposting Overview
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste and vermicast (worm castings or worm manure, is the fecal matter of an Earthworm).
Vermicomposting is very economic friendly and very useful for the growth of crops.
Less expensive than chemical fertilizer as well as other fertilizers. It can be used for several times.
Soil health an overview
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Green manuring
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
Composting ppt of Amandeep Singh Marahar, Student of Mata Gujri College Fateh...
Composting is the natural process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. It enhances the suitability of organic materials like crop residues and food waste for application to soil as fertilizer. There are different methods of composting like the Coimbatore, Indore, and Bangalore methods which involve layering organic materials in pits or trenches. Compost provides benefits like improving soil structure and nutrient retention, suppressing diseases, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. It is a rich source of organic matter that improves soil quality and sustains agricultural production.
Organic inputs for soil health
This document provides information on various organic inputs that can be used for sustainable soil health and crop production. It discusses the reduction in land availability and increasing food production needs in India. Various organic inputs like FYM, vermicompost, NADEP compost, biofertilizers, and liquid manures are described in detail including their production process and nutritional benefits. The document emphasizes the need to promote organic inputs to reduce production costs, improve soil health and maintain long term soil productivity.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process that uses worms, like red wigglers, to break down organic materials into a nutrient-rich humus known as castings or vermicompost. The document discusses the vermicomposting process, the types of worms used like red wigglers, how to care for the worms, and the benefits of the nutrient-dense vermicompost produced, which includes increasing soil fertility and plant growth when used in gardens or with potted plants. Vermicompost also contains higher concentrations of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to regular soil or compost.
Composting
Composting is a recyclable constructive way for converting organic waste materials to a more valuable product.
Green manuring
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
Soil survey and land use
This document discusses soil surveys and their use in land use planning. It describes how soil surveys are conducted by classifying soils, mapping boundaries, and predicting soil behaviors. Soil survey reports contain data on physical and chemical properties to help farmers, planners, and engineers evaluate land uses. The document also explains how soil surveys are used in land evaluation processes to guide development and preserve farmland by rating soil capabilities and limitations for different land uses.
Annual Progress Report KVK, Una 2020
Annual Progress Report Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Una Himachal Pradesh. Progress Report Period January 2020 to December 2020
MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
This document provides information about mushroom cultivation and farming. It defines what a mushroom is and describes the key parts. It explains the life cycle of a mushroom from a primordium to button to mature fruiting body. It covers the nutritional value of mushrooms and lists some common edible and poisonous types. Finally, it outlines the process for cultivating mushrooms, including requirements, spawn production, preparing and packing straw into bags, hanging the bags, and harvesting.
Determination of available nitrogen.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Compost Production from Urban Waste, By Bhanuprakash. N
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
Biofertilizer and biopesticides
This document discusses biofertilizers and biopesticides as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It notes that while chemical fertilizers boosted agriculture in the 20th century, they also caused environmental problems. Biofertilizers using beneficial microorganisms can increase yields without harm. They fix nitrogen or solubilize phosphorus. Types include Rhizobium for legumes and Azotobacter for non-legumes. Biocompost is an organic fertilizer made from sugar industry waste. Biopesticides are biochemical pesticides from natural sources like bacteria, fungi and plants. They control pests non-toxically through mechanisms like insect sex pheromones or plant extracts in traps. They are usually less
report on rawe
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
Soil health
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
A self study report on topic biocomposting
This document provides an overview of biocomposting. It describes the three phases of composting (mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing), the key organisms involved (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, earthworms), materials used, and common composting methods like the Indore and Bangalore approaches. The benefits of composting are highlighted as improving soil quality by adding nutrients, improving soil structure, and enabling plant growth. In conclusion, composting is presented as an economically and environmentally sound waste management process.
Mushroom cultivation
Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi that lack chlorophyll and reproduce via spores. While Asia provides a suitable environment for mushroom cultivation, the process involves identifying optimal growing conditions, sterilizing compost, inoculating it with mushroom spawn, and maintaining humidity and temperature as the mushrooms grow and are harvested over several months. Key steps include composting organic materials, spreading spawn to initiate mycelial growth, covering it to induce pinning and fruiting, and periodically harvesting mature mushrooms. Common varieties like white button mushrooms are cultivated indoors using these methods to produce nutritional and commercially valuable crops.
Crop diversification for Sustainable Agriculture
This document discusses crop diversification in India. It defines crop diversification as shifting from less profitable crops or systems to more profitable and sustainable ones. It notes some key benefits as increasing income, withstanding price fluctuations, and improving sustainability. Some important approaches discussed are horizontal diversification through crop substitution or intensification, and vertical diversification through crops, livestock, fisheries etc. Factors determining successful diversification include environment, infrastructure, prices and household factors. Priority areas identified include shifting from low to high value crops, single to mixed crops, and agriculture to agriculture plus processing. Constraints to diversification in India include rainfall dependence and issues around land fragmentation and input supply.
Unit 2 itk gopal
This document discusses indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used by farmers. It defines ITK and provides examples of medicinal and agricultural ITK. The importance of ITK is that it provides problem-solving strategies for local communities, especially the poor. Documenting and screening ITK is important before valuable information is lost. ITK may have scientific basis and technologies that could help other communities. The document then identifies and documents various examples of ITK related to agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, plant protection, and animal health. Not all ITK is beneficial, so practices need scrutiny before wide adoption.
Biological soil conservation methods
The document discusses biological soil conservation methods. It describes several methods such as contour farming, crop rotation, strip cropping, choice of crops, mulching, cover crops, reforestation, mixed crops, and wind breaks. These biological methods help maintain soil cover and reduce erosion by decreasing runoff, increasing infiltration, and reducing the velocity of water flow. The methods are effective because they are low cost and protect the soil through different planting techniques and crop choices that sustain soil productivity and quality over time.
benefit of agriculture waste
Agricultural waste refers to organic waste produced from farming activities, including animal excrement, plant materials, and byproducts. Benefits of utilizing agricultural waste include reducing pollution from improper disposal, maintaining soil fertility, and decreasing dependence on chemicals. Examples of productive uses of agricultural waste include turning it into animal feed or producing composite materials from palm oil waste that can be used in industries like automotive and furniture manufacturing.
Recycling of Agricultural Waste in India
This presentation was delivered at the National Conference on Botany and Agriculture and is aimed to draw the attention of the audience towards the growing problem of agri. waste management in India.
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Soil health an overview
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Green manuring
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
Composting ppt of Amandeep Singh Marahar, Student of Mata Gujri College Fateh...
Composting is the natural process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. It enhances the suitability of organic materials like crop residues and food waste for application to soil as fertilizer. There are different methods of composting like the Coimbatore, Indore, and Bangalore methods which involve layering organic materials in pits or trenches. Compost provides benefits like improving soil structure and nutrient retention, suppressing diseases, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. It is a rich source of organic matter that improves soil quality and sustains agricultural production.
Organic inputs for soil health
This document provides information on various organic inputs that can be used for sustainable soil health and crop production. It discusses the reduction in land availability and increasing food production needs in India. Various organic inputs like FYM, vermicompost, NADEP compost, biofertilizers, and liquid manures are described in detail including their production process and nutritional benefits. The document emphasizes the need to promote organic inputs to reduce production costs, improve soil health and maintain long term soil productivity.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process that uses worms, like red wigglers, to break down organic materials into a nutrient-rich humus known as castings or vermicompost. The document discusses the vermicomposting process, the types of worms used like red wigglers, how to care for the worms, and the benefits of the nutrient-dense vermicompost produced, which includes increasing soil fertility and plant growth when used in gardens or with potted plants. Vermicompost also contains higher concentrations of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to regular soil or compost.
Composting
Composting is a recyclable constructive way for converting organic waste materials to a more valuable product.
Green manuring
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
Soil survey and land use
This document discusses soil surveys and their use in land use planning. It describes how soil surveys are conducted by classifying soils, mapping boundaries, and predicting soil behaviors. Soil survey reports contain data on physical and chemical properties to help farmers, planners, and engineers evaluate land uses. The document also explains how soil surveys are used in land evaluation processes to guide development and preserve farmland by rating soil capabilities and limitations for different land uses.
Annual Progress Report KVK, Una 2020
Annual Progress Report Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Una Himachal Pradesh. Progress Report Period January 2020 to December 2020
MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
This document provides information about mushroom cultivation and farming. It defines what a mushroom is and describes the key parts. It explains the life cycle of a mushroom from a primordium to button to mature fruiting body. It covers the nutritional value of mushrooms and lists some common edible and poisonous types. Finally, it outlines the process for cultivating mushrooms, including requirements, spawn production, preparing and packing straw into bags, hanging the bags, and harvesting.
Determination of available nitrogen.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Compost Production from Urban Waste, By Bhanuprakash. N
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
Biofertilizer and biopesticides
This document discusses biofertilizers and biopesticides as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It notes that while chemical fertilizers boosted agriculture in the 20th century, they also caused environmental problems. Biofertilizers using beneficial microorganisms can increase yields without harm. They fix nitrogen or solubilize phosphorus. Types include Rhizobium for legumes and Azotobacter for non-legumes. Biocompost is an organic fertilizer made from sugar industry waste. Biopesticides are biochemical pesticides from natural sources like bacteria, fungi and plants. They control pests non-toxically through mechanisms like insect sex pheromones or plant extracts in traps. They are usually less
report on rawe
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
Soil health
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
A self study report on topic biocomposting
This document provides an overview of biocomposting. It describes the three phases of composting (mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing), the key organisms involved (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, earthworms), materials used, and common composting methods like the Indore and Bangalore approaches. The benefits of composting are highlighted as improving soil quality by adding nutrients, improving soil structure, and enabling plant growth. In conclusion, composting is presented as an economically and environmentally sound waste management process.
Mushroom cultivation
Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi that lack chlorophyll and reproduce via spores. While Asia provides a suitable environment for mushroom cultivation, the process involves identifying optimal growing conditions, sterilizing compost, inoculating it with mushroom spawn, and maintaining humidity and temperature as the mushrooms grow and are harvested over several months. Key steps include composting organic materials, spreading spawn to initiate mycelial growth, covering it to induce pinning and fruiting, and periodically harvesting mature mushrooms. Common varieties like white button mushrooms are cultivated indoors using these methods to produce nutritional and commercially valuable crops.
Crop diversification for Sustainable Agriculture
This document discusses crop diversification in India. It defines crop diversification as shifting from less profitable crops or systems to more profitable and sustainable ones. It notes some key benefits as increasing income, withstanding price fluctuations, and improving sustainability. Some important approaches discussed are horizontal diversification through crop substitution or intensification, and vertical diversification through crops, livestock, fisheries etc. Factors determining successful diversification include environment, infrastructure, prices and household factors. Priority areas identified include shifting from low to high value crops, single to mixed crops, and agriculture to agriculture plus processing. Constraints to diversification in India include rainfall dependence and issues around land fragmentation and input supply.
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This document discusses indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used by farmers. It defines ITK and provides examples of medicinal and agricultural ITK. The importance of ITK is that it provides problem-solving strategies for local communities, especially the poor. Documenting and screening ITK is important before valuable information is lost. ITK may have scientific basis and technologies that could help other communities. The document then identifies and documents various examples of ITK related to agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, plant protection, and animal health. Not all ITK is beneficial, so practices need scrutiny before wide adoption.
Biological soil conservation methods
The document discusses biological soil conservation methods. It describes several methods such as contour farming, crop rotation, strip cropping, choice of crops, mulching, cover crops, reforestation, mixed crops, and wind breaks. These biological methods help maintain soil cover and reduce erosion by decreasing runoff, increasing infiltration, and reducing the velocity of water flow. The methods are effective because they are low cost and protect the soil through different planting techniques and crop choices that sustain soil productivity and quality over time.
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benefit of agriculture waste
Agricultural waste refers to organic waste produced from farming activities, including animal excrement, plant materials, and byproducts. Benefits of utilizing agricultural waste include reducing pollution from improper disposal, maintaining soil fertility, and decreasing dependence on chemicals. Examples of productive uses of agricultural waste include turning it into animal feed or producing composite materials from palm oil waste that can be used in industries like automotive and furniture manufacturing.
Recycling of Agricultural Waste in India
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agricultural waste management
This document provides guidance on best practices for land application of manure. It discusses determining appropriate application rates based on soil and manure testing to meet crop nutrient demands. Timing applications before or during crop growth is recommended for maximum benefit. Spreading techniques like injection and mixing with soil minimize odors and runoff. Notification of neighbors and avoiding applications in poor weather can reduce nuisance from odors. Overall the goal is recycling manure nutrients while protecting crops, soil and water quality.
Crop residue management
The document discusses crop residue management techniques for disc seeders. It recommends retaining stubble in a uniform, spread out manner to provide agronomic benefits while limiting problems for disc seeders like increased handling difficulties. Specific techniques discussed include maintaining high stubble levels, inter-row sowing to minimize disc interaction with residue, and using knife rollers and spreading/chopping equipment to reduce stubble density and improve furrow closure. Crop residue cutters are designed to improve stubble handling by removing residue, improving cutting, or clearing a path, and should provide adjustability and flotation for varying conditions.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
Crop residue utilisation by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14
Crop residues include stalks, cobs, and other plant parts left after harvest which are important for protecting soil from erosion, improving soil structure, and sequestering carbon; however, crop residues can also be used as a biomass feedstock for biofuels or electricity though this must be done judiciously to maintain soil quality. There are competing uses for crop residues between returning them to fields or removing them for fuel, fiber, or feed, and it is debated whether short-term economics or long-term sustainability should determine the best use of crop residues.
Environmental management
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AGRICULTURAL WASTE
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Conversion of waste material into useful products
The document discusses various sources of waste materials that can be converted into useful products through recycling. It outlines major sources such as municipal, medical, automotive, industrial, construction, and electronic waste. It then explains the recycling process which involves collection and processing of materials, manufacturing new products from the recycled materials, and marketing the recycled products. Common materials that can be recycled from construction sites include concrete, brick, glass, asphalt, wood, gypsum wallboard, buildings, metals, and roofing materials.
Agro Processing & Agricultural Waste Products
Agriculture being a foundation stone for most budding economies, it would be benefiting to know about agro processing and waste management of agriculture produce. The book will act as an encyclopaedia for enriched information on the processing of a variety of products manufactured from agro crops and the waste management of agriculture products. Agro processing can be defined as set of techno economic activities carried out for preservation and treatment of agricultural produce and to make it useful as food, feed, fibre, fuel or manufacturing objects . Therefore, the span of the agro-processing industry covers all operations from the phase of harvest to the phase where the material reaches the end users in the desired form, packaging, quantity, quality and price.
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solid waste management
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
LIVESTOCK WASTE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT
Livestock waste can be disposed of and utilized in several ways. It includes liquid waste like urine and wash water as well as solid waste like feces and bedding. Livestock waste can be applied directly to crop land as fertilizer, used to feed animals, or processed to produce energy and biogas. Common waste disposal systems include combining liquid and solid waste to apply to fields, separating wastes with solids stored in pole or pit structures, and treating waste in lagoons for microbial breakdown. Livestock waste is also used in biogas plants to produce methane gas for cooking and electricity generation.
Crop Residue Considerations for Sustainable Biomass Feedstock Supplies
This document summarizes research from the USDA-ARS REAP-DOE Regional Corn Stover Partnership on developing sustainable supplies of corn residue and other biomass feedstocks. Key findings include:
- Moderate corn stover harvest of 3.9 Mg/ha had minimal impact on subsequent grain yields, but excessive removal degraded soil quality.
- Sustainable stover harvest rates vary by site and averages mask this variability.
- Landscape diversity through cover crops and perennials can increase sustainable biomass quantities while protecting soils and water quality.
- Models show how allocating grain production across subfields of a county can maximize profit while minimizing impacts.
1 rattanlal
This document discusses the competing uses of crop residues including for biofuel production, animal feed, and soil amendment to improve soil quality. It notes that returning crop residues to soil as an amendment through soil application is necessary to enhance soil quality and sustain agricultural productivity. It also addresses questions around whether crop residues should be used for carbon sequestration and soil improvement or energy production, and whether economic or long-term sustainability factors should determine this.
Recycling agro wastes in building technology a greener alternative - deepak...
This is a self made presentation which acclaimed laurels from the audience as well as the guides . Hope it helps!!
Biological waste management
The organic waste stream is composed of waste of a biological origin such as paper and cardboard, food, green and garden waste, animal waste and biosolids and sludges. Organic waste is usually generated as a component of most waste streams. For information on the treatments for managing organic wastes click on the links to the right. Four significant components of this organic, biodegradable stream are from food preparation, agricultural production, livestock manures, and municipal sewage sludge. Organic waste from food sources includes vegetables, fruits, grains, meats, fish, dairy products, etc., and constitutes some 18% of the typical municipal organic waste stream. An average of 1 kg per person per day of organic waste is produced, originating from households, wholesalers & processors, restaurants, and institutions. Urban centers are the major generators of organic food waste. Agricultural waste includes waste made up of those materials such as manure and animal output, in either solid or liquid form from poultry or other livestock operations. It also includes harvest remains from grain, oilseed, vegetable, and orchard crops.
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Food wastage
This document outlines a project to reduce food waste at a school mess in Pune, India. It lists the mentor and 9 students involved. The problem of food waste is identified, with a proposed solution of educating students on the value of food and condition of the poor. The implementation involved observing current waste, creating banners and a skit to raise awareness, and discussing the issue with students and staff. The result was a noticeable reduction in wasted food and enthusiastic student participation in spreading the message.
Food Waste Presentation
Food waste is a growing problem globally. A presentation on reducing food waste will be given on Wednesday, January 30th, 2008 by Mandy Nottage. The presentation will discuss the amount of food that is wasted and provide strategies for reducing food waste.
USE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS SUBSTRATES FOR BIOREMEDIATION WITH TRAMETES VER...
USE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS SUBSTRATES FOR BIOREMEDIATION WITH TRAMETES VER...Guillem Llorens Blanch, PhD
The research group aims to develop biological processes to degrade contaminants using ligninolytic fungi. Trametes versicolor is used in experiments due to its nonspecific enzymatic system, which allows degradation of a wide range of pollutants. Agricultural wastes are tested as substrates to support bioremediation of soils and sludges contaminated with pollutants like PAHs and PPCPs. Biopiles and bioslurry systems are employed, where contaminated matrices are mixed with fungal-colonized lignocellulosic materials to extract pollutants over 15-40 days. Parameters like laccase activity, ergosterol content and CO2 production are monitored.Liquids and Solids
This document discusses different states of matter and properties of liquids and solids. It defines key terms like phases, intermolecular forces, and boiling point. It describes different types of solids like ionic, molecular, metallic and network solids. It also discusses properties of liquids like surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity.
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Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
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Crop Residue Considerations for Sustainable Biomass Feedstock Supplies
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Recycling agro wastes in building technology a greener alternative - deepak...
Recycling agro wastes in building technology a greener alternative - deepak...
USE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS SUBSTRATES FOR BIOREMEDIATION WITH TRAMETES VER...
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