The document describes the process of viewing and recording intensified fluoroscopic images. It discusses how an image intensifier converts visual light images into electrical signals that are then viewed on a video monitor or recorded. Recording can be done using spot film cameras, cinefluoroscopy movie cameras, or by recording the video signal from the television camera onto magnetic tape, discs, or optical discs. The television camera converts the light image back into an electrical video signal for viewing, storage, or transmission to other viewing locations.

1. VIEWING AND RECORDING
OF THE
INTENSIFIED IMAGE
Shashi Bhushan
B Sc MIT (2nd
Year)

2. Modern FluoroscopicUnit
CINE OR PHOTOSPOT
CAMERA
SPOTFILM CASSETTE
SLOT
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
VIDEO MONITOR
PATIENT COUCH
UNDER COUCH X RAY TUBE
CONTROL KNOBS

3. INTENSIFICATION
• Process of brightening the image.
Visual information Electrical information
Electrical information Visual information
The apparatus used is the television camera

4. (Television Camera)

5. TELEVISION
CAMERA
SIGNAL AMPLIFIER TV MONITOR
(Viewing System)
1. Video/TV camera
-Vidicon or Plumbicon
-CCD
2. Video/TV Monitor
3. Digital
RECORDING SYSTEM
Cine film systems(Cinefluroscopy)
Videotape recording
Static spot filming systems
VIDEO LINK

6. TELEVISION CAMERA COUPLING
a) FIBRE OPTIC COUPLING b) OPTICAL LENS COUPLING

8. Because of the limitations of the mirror optic
viewing system, a more practical and efficient
viewing system was employed.
1.Afford viewing by multiple persons.
2.Monitors may be located in remote locations
other than the radiographic room.
3.Image brightness and contrast can be
manipulated.
4.Images may be stored on different medium
for reviewing at a later time.

9. viewING

10. 1. Thermionic TV camera tube
• Works on principle of photoconductivity or
photoemission.
• Several types
 Vidicon
 Plumbicon
Hivicon
Chalnicon

11. Vidicon (tube) TV camera

12. Parts of a vidicon tube
• Small electronic vacuum tube-1” in diameter
& 6 in. in length.
• Surrounded by coils- Electromagnetic focusing coil
Electrostatic deflecting coils
• Cathode-thermionic emission.
• Control grid
Accelerates electrons to the anode
ELECTRON GUN

13. • Anode
Extends across the target end as a fine wire
mesh.
+ve potential of approx.250V with respect to
the cathode.
• Target assembly-3 layers
GLASS FACE PLACE MAINTAIN VACCUM IN
THE TUBE
GLASS
SIGNAL PLATE ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTOR(25V)
THIN TRANSPARENT
FILM OF GRAPHITE
TARGET PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ANTIMONY SULPHIDE
GLOBULES IN MICA
MATRIX

14. Vidicon Target Assembly

15. Video signal formation
Signal plate
Glass face plate
Target
Globule
Mica
Photoelectron
Light
Electrical
image
Clipped
signal
Electron
beam
+
++
Video signal
- - - -- - - -
+
++

16. PLUMBICON TUBE

17. 2. Ccd
• Use visible light to form an image
• Silicon(photodiode) used as IC chip arranged in a matrix known
as pixel.
• The silicon surface of the CCD is photosensitive – as visible light
falls on each pixel, electrons are liberated and build up in the
pixel
Electronic
video signal
to TV
Monitor

18. ELECTRONS CAPTURED IN CHARGE BUCKETS
(STORED IMAGE)
ELECTRONS PROPORTIONAL TO LIGHT INTENSITY
FOCUSSED ON THE PHOTOELECTRIC CATHODE
LIGHT PHOTONS

19. READOUT PROCESSIN CCD

20. VIDICON V/S Ccd
*STORES NEGATIVE IMAGE
*READ OUT BY THE CHARGE
BUCKETS BEING MOVED FROM ONE
BUCKET TO THE NEXT UNTIL THE
CHARGE REACHES THE EDGE
*SMALLER, REQUIRE LESS POWER,
AND HAVE A LONGER LIFETIME.
*STORES POSITIVE IMAGE
*READ OUT BY ELECTRONIC
BEAM

22. TV MONITOR
• Last link in television chain.
• Contains the picture tube & the controls
regulating brightness and contrast.
• Electron gun
• Control grid
• Anode focusing coil
• Deflecting coil
• Ion trap

23. TV Monitor

24. • Focusing and deflecting coils control electron
beam.
• Brightness of individual dot is controlled by
control grid.
Receives video signal from camera control unit.
Regulate no. of electrons in the beam.
• Anode plated onto the inside surface of picture
tube near the fluorescent screen.
Carries higher +ve potential -10,000V
• Electron strike fluorescent screen at the flared
end-emit large no. of electrons-VISIBLE IMAGE

25. COLOR MONITOR
• 3 electron guns – one for each color
• Screen not made up of continuous
fluorescent material.
Made up of alternating dots of
three colors.

27. TELEVISION SCANNING
SEQUENTIAL INTERLACED

28. a). SEQUENTIAL SCANNING

29. b). interlaced SCANNING
Video Field Interlacing

31. 3. Digital Fluoroscopy
• Image intensifier output screen coupled to
TFTs
• TFT photodiodes are connected to each
pixel element
• Resolution limited in favor of radiation
exposure concerns

32. RECORDING

33. RECORDING
• Light image from the Image Intensifier output
phosphor.
• Electronic signal from TV camera.

34. • Photo spot camera
• Cine camera
Light
image
• Magnetic tape
• Magnetic disc1.8GB
• Optical disc50MB-6-8GB
Electronic
signal

35. 1. SPOT FILM RECORDER
• X-ray film cassette interposed between x-ray beam &
the image intensifier.
• Exposure uses fluoroscopic kVp(80-90) and a higher
mA 300-400.
• Photo timer controls the length of exposure.
PART POSITION EXPOSURE POSITION
¾ to 1sec delay

36. . SPOT FILM RECORDER

37. 2. PHOTOSPOT CAMERA
• A spot film(Photospot) camera records the image
o/p of Image Intensifier on a film.
• Types :
105 mm & 70 mm camera using roll film.
100 mm camera using sheet film.
• Capable of recording images at the rate of 1
per sec or rapid sequence of up to 12 per sec.

38. PHOTOSPOT CAMERA

39. Camera features
• Separate supply & take-up magazines.
• Automatic exposure of patient data onto
film.
• Automatic recording of serial number of
each shot in a sequence.
• A safety mechanism to prevent use if
camera runs empty or patient’s id card is
not inserted.

41. 3. CINEFLUOROSCOPY
• Process of recording images on movie(cine)
film.
• Beam splitting mirror allows cine recording.
• Movie camera intercepts image
– 16 mm and 35 mm formats
– Record series of static exposures at high speed
– 30 – 60 frames per second

43. Camera In Action
•Film travel
•Variable-speed motor
•Shutter
•Aperture

44. 44
3. Videotape(TV IMAGE) Recording
• It involves recording the electrical signal from tv
camera.
• This group of recorders include:
1. Tape recorders
2. Magnetic disc recorders.
3. Optical disc recorders.
• The three recorders may employ either
analog or digital signals.

45. MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS
MAGNETIC DISC RECORDER OPTICAL DISC RECORDER