The control strategy for the grid connected inverter (GCI) during abnormal conditions like voltage sag,swell and line to ground fault has been presented. The strategy adopted here operates even during faulty conditions,unlike the conventional controller which fails to operate during fault y conditions. The Multi-Reference Frame (MRF) PI Controller is used for this purpose. In order to study the D ynamic Performance of the system,it is simulated in Matlab Simulink environment. The overall system is simulated for normal condition that is without the presence of fault,and with the presence of fault. The performance is also studied during abnormal conditions of the grid and its results are analyzed. The simulat ion results exhibit improved performance of the system during normal as well as abnormal conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND FAULT RIDE THROUGH OF GRID CONNECTED WIND ENE...Bharadwaj S
This work tries to improve the power quality by compensating reactive power with Active Power Filters and also to analyze Fault Ride Through of Grid connected wind energy conversion systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND FAULT RIDE THROUGH OF GRID CONNECTED WIND ENE...Bharadwaj S
This work tries to improve the power quality by compensating reactive power with Active Power Filters and also to analyze Fault Ride Through of Grid connected wind energy conversion systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING DPFCvivatechijri
This project presents the MATLAB Simulation model of the Distributed Power Flow Controller in Transmission line. This work will be a new component with the flexible ac transmission system, called as distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC will be derived from the unified power flow controller system (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with a common dc link which is eliminated. The active power exchange between the series and shunt converters, through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC has the same control ability as the UPFC, which adjusts line impedance, bus voltages, and the transmission lines.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Low frequency ac transmission for power systems by Aamir SaleemAamir Saleem
Voltage instability is one of the major issue in
HVAC power network operating at 50 Hz frequency due to
limited power transfer capability and distance limit. The stable
operation of power system must be kept within limits to
increase the efficiency of power transmission system. In this
research Low Frequency AC (LFAC) transmission system has
been proposed as a new power transmission technology to
reduce the losses of transmission network and controlling the
reactive power using Flexible AC transmission device. A
LFAC Transmission lines operates at 16.7Hz frequency for
transmission of power from source to load and use two
Frequency converters at source and load side. The normal
operation of power system depends on the reactive power
flowing through the power transmission lines, which can be
adjusted by a flexible AC transmission device; Static
synchronous compensator. LFAC transmission lines with
STATCOM controller improve the Power system voltage
stability under various disturbances and enhance the power
transmission capability as compare to HVAC transmission.
The simulations are done in Matlab Simulink 2017a .The
Output of Matlab Simulink model shows that voltage will
become Stable and reactive power is compensated for best
performance for power system.
Role of Flexible AC Transmission in Power System ContingencySayantan Datta
Contingency refers to any abnormal condition which involves line overload, line outage, bus over-voltages and bus faults.
FACTS device are used to minimize this contingency condition.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
[7] a generalized parameter tuning method of proportional resonant controller...Ngoc Dinh
Phuong Vu, Ngoc Dinh, Nam Hoang, Quan Nguyen, Minh Tran; “A Generalized Parameter Tuning Method of Proportional-Resonant Controllers for Dynamic Voltage Restorers”; International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS).
Temporary voltage swells and sags appear with high frequency in electric power systems, and they significantly affect sensitive loads such as industrial manufacturing or communication devices. This paper presents a strategy to design proportional-resonant controllers for three full-bridge voltage-source converters with a common DC-link in dynamic voltage restorer systems. The proposed controllers allow the system to quickly overcome temporary unbalanced voltage sags. Simulation results carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results implemented in a Typhoon HIL402 device demonstrate the ability of the proposed design method. The results show that the system with the proposed controllers can ride-through single-phase or double-phase voltage sags up to 55% and three-phase voltage sags up to 70% in a duration less than one grid-voltage cycle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING DPFCvivatechijri
This project presents the MATLAB Simulation model of the Distributed Power Flow Controller in Transmission line. This work will be a new component with the flexible ac transmission system, called as distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC will be derived from the unified power flow controller system (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with a common dc link which is eliminated. The active power exchange between the series and shunt converters, through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC has the same control ability as the UPFC, which adjusts line impedance, bus voltages, and the transmission lines.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Low frequency ac transmission for power systems by Aamir SaleemAamir Saleem
Voltage instability is one of the major issue in
HVAC power network operating at 50 Hz frequency due to
limited power transfer capability and distance limit. The stable
operation of power system must be kept within limits to
increase the efficiency of power transmission system. In this
research Low Frequency AC (LFAC) transmission system has
been proposed as a new power transmission technology to
reduce the losses of transmission network and controlling the
reactive power using Flexible AC transmission device. A
LFAC Transmission lines operates at 16.7Hz frequency for
transmission of power from source to load and use two
Frequency converters at source and load side. The normal
operation of power system depends on the reactive power
flowing through the power transmission lines, which can be
adjusted by a flexible AC transmission device; Static
synchronous compensator. LFAC transmission lines with
STATCOM controller improve the Power system voltage
stability under various disturbances and enhance the power
transmission capability as compare to HVAC transmission.
The simulations are done in Matlab Simulink 2017a .The
Output of Matlab Simulink model shows that voltage will
become Stable and reactive power is compensated for best
performance for power system.
Role of Flexible AC Transmission in Power System ContingencySayantan Datta
Contingency refers to any abnormal condition which involves line overload, line outage, bus over-voltages and bus faults.
FACTS device are used to minimize this contingency condition.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
[7] a generalized parameter tuning method of proportional resonant controller...Ngoc Dinh
Phuong Vu, Ngoc Dinh, Nam Hoang, Quan Nguyen, Minh Tran; “A Generalized Parameter Tuning Method of Proportional-Resonant Controllers for Dynamic Voltage Restorers”; International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS).
Temporary voltage swells and sags appear with high frequency in electric power systems, and they significantly affect sensitive loads such as industrial manufacturing or communication devices. This paper presents a strategy to design proportional-resonant controllers for three full-bridge voltage-source converters with a common DC-link in dynamic voltage restorer systems. The proposed controllers allow the system to quickly overcome temporary unbalanced voltage sags. Simulation results carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results implemented in a Typhoon HIL402 device demonstrate the ability of the proposed design method. The results show that the system with the proposed controllers can ride-through single-phase or double-phase voltage sags up to 55% and three-phase voltage sags up to 70% in a duration less than one grid-voltage cycle.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This paper displays the upgrade of voltage droops, Harmonic mutilation and low power figure utilizing Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) with LCL Passive Filter in Distribution Framework. At whatever point there is an entrance of photovoltaic cell energy to the low voltage appropriated matrix, there happen the issue of confuse in voltage and recurrence in the system, maybe brought on by non-direct loads, creating music. The model depends on the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) guideline. The D-STATCOM infuses a current into the framework to alleviate the voltage lists. LCL Passive Filter Was then added to D-STATCOM to enhance symphonies bending and low power figure. The reproductions were performed utilizing MATLAB SIMULINK.
Seamless Transitions between Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operations of Dis...IJERD Editor
Control of the Distributed Generation (DG) system is important in both grid-connected and standalone
modes and the system stability becomes very crucial during the transfer between these two modes. If the
system does not have a proper transfer procedure, severe transient voltages or currents will occur, which may
damage the entire system. A seamless transfer can ensure smooth operation and quick attainment of steady state.
In order to solve these transition problems, this paper presents the development and test of a control strategy for
DG capable of working in grid-connected and intentional islanding connection modes with seamless transitions
from both operational modes.
Mitigation of Fault in the Distribution System by using Flexible Distributed ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D...ijtsrd
Voltage fluctuations resulting from variable output power of renewable energy sources are strictly challenging power quality in distributed-generation systems. This paper presents a control method for distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) to alleviate variation of both positive- and negative-sequence voltages. The D-STATCOM simultaneously operates as fundamental positive-sequence admittance and fundamental negative-sequence conductance to restore the positive sequence voltage to the nominal value as well as reduce the negative-sequence voltage to an allowable level. Both admittance and conductance are dynamically tuned to improve voltage regulation performances in response to load changes and power variation of renewable sources. A proportional“resonant current regulator with selectively harmonic compensation is realized to control the fundamental current of the D-STATCOM as well as reduce the harmonic current, which could be an advantage in practical applications due to high voltage distortion in low-voltage micro grids. Voltage-regulation performances are discussed for different D-STATCOM locations as well as different D-STATCOM currents. Computer simulations and laboratory tests validate effectiveness. CH. Venkata Krishna | N. S. Kalyan Chakravarthi"Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D-Statcom to Compensate Variations in Voltage Levels in Distributed Generation Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5919/impact-of-positive-sequence-admittance-and-negative-sequence-conductance-of-d-statcom-to-compensate-variations-in-voltage-levels-in-distributed-generation-systems/ch-venkata-krishna
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
Control of grid connected inverter system for sinusoidal current injection with improved performance
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
1 | P a g e
Control of grid connected inverter system for sinusoidal current injection with
improved performance
Simeen. S. Mujawar.
Electrical engineering Department, Pune University /PVG’s COET, Pune, India.
simeen1990@gmail.com
Prof. Mrs. G. M. Karve
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pune University /PVG’s COET, Pune, India.
gauri.m.karve@gmail.com
Abstract
The control strategy for the grid connected inverter (GCI) during abnormal conditions like voltage sag, swell
and line to ground fault has been presented. The strategy adopted here operates even during faulty conditions,
unlike the conventional controller which fails to operate during faulty conditions. The Multi-Reference Frame
(MRF) PI Controller is used for this purpose. In order to study the Dynamic Performance of the system, it is
simulated in Matlab Simulink environment. The overall system is simulated for normal condition that is
without the presence of fault, and with the presence of fault. The performance is also studied during abnormal
conditions of the grid and its results are analyzed. The simulation results exhibit improved performance of the
system during normal as well as abnormal conditions.
Introduction
The There has been a substantial increase of interest in distributed generation (DG),that is, generation of power
dispersed throughout the power system. There are a number of power quality issues that must be addressed as a
part of the overall inter-connection evaluation for DG. The advent of power electronic devices has put forth a
new era for the maintenance of power quality as they efficiently interface renew-able energy system to the
grid. However, the asynchronous interface provided by the power electronic converter raises issues regarding
power quality [1]. The power conversion unit basically consists of the source side and the grid side converters.
The grid connected inverter control has taken the centre stage whenever we consider the improvement of
Distributed Generation Systems (DGS). The inverter control consists of balancing the power between the input
side converter and the grid, providing high output power quality and maintaining synchronization with the grid
[2]. Based on recent studies, power quality is an important issue to meet the rising demand for energy. Voltage
sag, voltage swell and other faults are the most frequent disturbances. This leads to the discontinuity of supply
and the economic loss. Presence of low-order harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag and line to ground fault
represent the most common grid disturbances. A number of control strategies to mitigate the problems have
been proposed and are extensively studied in the available literature [5, 8, and 9]. The main functions of the
controllers are to maintain the power quality and to control the active and the reactive power of the grid
independently. Various control strategies have been proposed and are extensively studied in the available
literature [3]-[5]. Proper power flow regulation using vector control principle has also been proposed in [6].
Dual Vector Current control which was first proposed in [7] uses two VCC’s for positive and negative
sequence components along with DC link voltage control. Synchronous PI current control has also been
proposed in [8] which convert the three phase grid voltages to synchronously rotating (d-q) frame for proper
decoupling. The grid currents become DC variables and thus no steady state-state error adjustment is required.
This paper presents the design of a current controller in order to ameliorate the power quality in the grid. This
technique intends to overcome the hitches faced by the conventional controller working under unbalanced
conditions of the grid. The control strategy adopted here counterbalances the distortions in grid voltage by
injecting sinusoidal current to the grid through a MRF PI controller strategy .Comprehensive study of the
multiple-reference frame (MRF) PI controller design is discussed [10]. The MRF PI controller doesn't need dq
current signal high pass and low pass filtering and yet it injects nearly sinusoidal current to the grid in order to
counteract with the distortions provides a reliable method for power quality improvement. The organization of
the paper is as follows. Section II depicts the mathematical modelling of the Grid Connected Inverter (GCI)
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
2 | P a g e
System. Section III explains the control algorithm of the Grid Connected Inverter (GCI) along with detailed
mathematical analysis. Section IV describes simulation results and controller performance. Section V
concludes the paper followed by the references.
Mathematical modelling of grid connected inverter system
The schematic diagram of three phase grid-connected PWM inverter is shown in Fig. 1, which consists of dc
link capacitor, IGBT switches and filter circuit in the grid side.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Grid connected PWM Inverter
Assume that the three phase loop resistance Rand L are of the same value, affection of distribution parameters
are negligible and switching loss and on state voltage drop is negligible. Based on the topology, the dynamic
equation of the output side of the grid connected inverter can be deduced as follows:
(1)
We can write the dynamic equation for the input side of the grid connected inverter as:
The line voltages and the phase currents can be transformed into synchronous reference frame (dq co-
ordinates) by the use of the transformation matrix
is the transformation matrix and is the rotating angle of transformation.
Now we can transform the dynamic equation directly into synchronous reference frame (dq co-ordinates)
By assuming that the three phase voltage source is balanced without the zero sequence components we can
write
3. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
3 | P a g e
5
6
The s-domain representation can be shown as follows:
1
7
1
8
For the input side of the converter
1
9
! " 10
$ %& 11
$
3
2
) % *)" %" * ! 12
$
3
2
13
&
3
2
"+ ) % *)" %" * 14
&
3
2
15
Control for Grid Connected Inverter
1) Current Controller
Conventional current controllers use only cross coupling and feed forward terms. It has been seen that even
with certain modifications in the PLL structure, there is little improvement in the power quality, the main
culprit being the lower order harmonics. It is seen that the distribution grid voltage is considerably distorted
due to the presence of nonlinear loads. This leads to the presence of significant lower order harmonic content
especially of 5th
, 7th
, 11th and 13th order.
-. / cos 3 4 cos 53 5cos 73
6. / cos 73
28
3
9 4 cos 753
28
3
9 5 cos 773
28
3
9
:. / cos 73
28
3
9 4 cos 753
28
3
9 5 cos 773
28
3
9
Transforming these into synchronously rotating reference frame we get
/ 4 5 cos 63 // /; cos 123 <
4 5 sin 63 // /; sin 123 <
In addition to these, there are other higher order harmonics present. However, we do not take them into
consideration due to their low magnitudes in the system. Here it is seen that the d-q grid voltage components
have basically frequency components which are multiples of six of the frequency of the grid.
4. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
4 | P a g e
During unbalance conditions such as voltage sags, presence of harmonics and fault conditions the conventional
controller fails to provide the required sinusoidal grid current and voltage which degrades the power quality of
the system.
Fig. 2 MRF PI Current Controller structure
In order to mitigate lower order harmonics in the grid current, we require a modified current controller to
ensure proper operation of the grid under distorted conditions. The use of multiple reference frame (MRF) PI
controller is used here as shown in Fig. 2. The MRF PI controller doesn’t extract harmonics from the current
by the application of high-pass and low pass filter but injects a component antagonistic to the harmonics
present in the same
2) Filter design
It is seen that the converter current is mostly plagued by the lower order harmonics, the major ones being the
lower order harmonics. Appropriate L filters are designed in order to filter out the harmonic components from
the current and thus making them sinusoidal. The design of the L filters can be done according to the formula
Where
Irated is the rated utility current,
∆ripple is maximum ripple magnitude percentage (5 % - 25 %),
Vdc is the DC link voltage,
L is the total filter inductance,
Fsw is the switching frequency (in Hz) and ma is the modulation index.
3) Power control
We use the feedback from the grid in order to generate the current reference. The advantage of dynamic VAR
systems is that they detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by injecting leading or
lagging reactive power at crucial junctures to the power transmission grids. Through the dynamic VAR control
system, reactive power is supplied in the grid with fast dynamics. Thus it helps in regulating the system voltage
and stabilizing the grid
It can be seen that the d-component and the q-component are highly coupled which leads to the degradation of
the dynamic performance. The vector controller decouples these terms and thus providing the ability to control
each current component independently.
5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram for the Grid Connected Inverter with its control
The elementary principle of the vector oriented control
reactive grid power which can be done by controlling the grid currents, by separate controllers independent of
each other. Two current controllers are employed namely d
grid voltages and currents are first sensed and with the help of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Phase
Locked Loop, the grid phase angle is detected in order to synchronize the GCI output with grid. The demanded
amount of current and voltage are then estimated from the grid at the desired power factor and the reference
currents in a synchronous frame are calculated.
Consequently, the current controllers try to reduce the error and make the load currents follow the reference
current vector. Thus we try to control the current and therefore controlling the inherent power flow. So by this
process, the active and reactive powers are meticulously controlled.
by:
The DC voltage can be regulated using PI controller by
Where Vdcref is the reference DC link voltage, K
The reference currents can be given by:
Where,
Now,
where v (t) dref and v (t) qref are the d and q voltage references.
Ud and Uq are the effective voltage references.
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC
Schematic diagram for the Grid Connected Inverter with its control
The elementary principle of the vector oriented control method is to control the instantaneous active and
reactive grid power which can be done by controlling the grid currents, by separate controllers independent of
each other. Two current controllers are employed namely d-current controller and q-current cont
grid voltages and currents are first sensed and with the help of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Phase
Locked Loop, the grid phase angle is detected in order to synchronize the GCI output with grid. The demanded
are then estimated from the grid at the desired power factor and the reference
currents in a synchronous frame are calculated.
Consequently, the current controllers try to reduce the error and make the load currents follow the reference
Thus we try to control the current and therefore controlling the inherent power flow. So by this
process, the active and reactive powers are meticulously controlled. The converter DC voltage is determined
The DC voltage can be regulated using PI controller by choosing the current reference
is the reference DC link voltage, Kp and Ki are the constant gains of the PI controller.
are the d and q voltage references.
the effective voltage references.
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
5 | P a g e
Schematic diagram for the Grid Connected Inverter with its control
method is to control the instantaneous active and
reactive grid power which can be done by controlling the grid currents, by separate controllers independent of
current controller. The
grid voltages and currents are first sensed and with the help of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Phase
Locked Loop, the grid phase angle is detected in order to synchronize the GCI output with grid. The demanded
are then estimated from the grid at the desired power factor and the reference
Consequently, the current controllers try to reduce the error and make the load currents follow the reference
Thus we try to control the current and therefore controlling the inherent power flow. So by this
The converter DC voltage is determined
are the constant gains of the PI controller.
6. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
6 | P a g e
? @A BCD @E FG BCD H 29
? @A BCD @E FG BCD H 30
Where Kp and Ki are the constant gains of the PI controller.
Simulation and Results
To validate the MRF PI current controller for Grid Connected Inverter (GCI), extensive computer simulations
were performed using MATLAB. Under distorted and undistorted conditions, the detailed switching model of
the space vector modulated (SVPWM) grid connected inverter has been developed.
The values of the gains Kp and Ki are calculated according to the formulae [10]:
@A I.
KLM
:
@E
IKLM
N
2 :
Where,
L/ R are grid time constant;
L is the coupling inductance between the GCI and the grid,
R is the coupling resistance
Vdc is the dc-link voltage in p.u.
fsw is the switching frequency.
The values of the gains Kp and Ki of the MRF PI controller are calculated according to the formulae [12]
@A
4I
3OPQ :
@E @A/IE
The system parameters used in the simulations are given in the Table-1
Table 1: Parameters used in simulation.
Parameter Label Value
Coupling
inductance L 7.52[mH]
Coupling
resistance R 0.26[Ω]
Grid voltage V 240[V]
DC link voltage Vdc 580[V]
Switching
frequency fsw 5000[Hz]
Base voltage Vb 964[V]
Base current Ib 7.84[A]
a. Current control strategy
In order to authenticate the MRF PI controller we take three different conditions of the grid. The first case
investigates the operation under voltage sag conditions and the second case for voltage swell conditions. Next
7. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
7 | P a g e
the grid voltages and currents under line to ground fault conditions were analysed and finally we observe the
GCI operation under injection of non-sinusoidal grid voltages. The MRF PI current controller is basically
focused on the mitigation of harmonics in the converter phase currents. However, it also shows considerable
improvement in other unbalanced conditions. The comparative study regarding the presence of harmonics is
analysed in detail here.
1) Voltage sag
The voltage sag conditions are employed with the help of a three phase programmable AC source in Simulink
environment as shown in Fig. 4. The frequency was maintained at 50 Hz. Voltage amplitude was maintained at
0.2468 p.u. The sag is forced at 0.03 sec and maintained up to0.05 sec. Fig 5. The reference d-current is taken
as a step input and the reference q current was maintained at zero. SRF PLL is used for the detection of phase
such that the d component of the grid voltage is maintained at phase voltage and the q component is
maintained at zero.
Figure 4: Converter current to grid during voltage sag condition
Figure 5: Id /Iq current component converter response during voltage sag Condition
Figure 6: Harmonic spectrum of grid current with MRF PI controller for voltage sag
2) Voltage swell condition
Converter current to grid during voltage swell condition with the use of MRF PI
is shown in Fig. 7 while Id and Iq components of the current is shown in Fig. 8. In Fig. 9. it is shown that there
is substantial decrease in THD % as it is upto 2.73%. Thus it can be noticed that use of MRF PI controller
reduces total harmonic distortion during voltage swell as well.
8. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
8 | P a g e
Figure 7: Converter current to grid during voltage swell condition
Figure 8: Id / Iq current component converter response during voltage swell condition
Figure 9: Harmonic spectrum of grid current under presence of MRF PI controller for voltage swell condition
3) Line-to-ground (LG) fault
The line-to-ground fault was created with the help of a three phase programmable AC source same as shown in
Fig. 10. Converter current to grid during LG fault condition with the use of MRF PI is shown in Fig. 10 while
Id and Iq components of the current is shown in Fig. 11.
Figure 10: Converter current to grid during LG fault condition in phase A
In Fig. 12 it is shown that there is substantial decrease in THD % as it is upto 2.61%. Thus it can be noticed
that use of MRF PI controller reduces total harmonic distortion during LG fault. Similarly results were
observed for fault conditions in phase B and phase C.
Figure 11: Id / Iq current component converter response during LG fault condition in phase A
9. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
9 | P a g e
Figure 12: Harmonic spectrum of grid current during LG fault condition in phase A
4) Without L Filter
The behaviour of the converter without the presence of filter is observed for converter current and its Id/Iq
components in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14. Here we consider the presence of MRF PI Controller which considerable
improves the THD%.
Figure 13: Converter current response to the grid without filter.
Figure 14: Id / Iq current component without Filter
Figure 15: Harmonic spectrum of grid current under MRF PI without filter.
10. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014
10 | P a g e
Conclusion
An improved current harmonics compensation capability through the use of Multi Reference Frame PI
controller has been achieved in this paper. The performance of the system without filter is also studied. Also
the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) % for different conditions of the grid was observed. With the use of
MRF PI Controller a reduction was seen in THD. Comparative studies have shown that the MRF PI controller
provides better performance in terms of improvement of grid dynamics as compared to the conventional
controller.
References
[1] C.V.Dobariya, S.A.Khaparde, "Decoupled Power Controller for Inverter-interfaced Distributed Generation
System," IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, vol., no., pp.1-6, 24-28 June 2007
[2] F.Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, A.V.Timbus, , "Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for
Distributed Power Generation Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, , vol.53, no.5, pp.1398-
1409, Oct. 2006
[3] M. Prodanovic, T.C. Green, , "Control and filter design of three-phase inverters for high power quality grid
connection," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.18, no.1, pp. 373- 380, Jan 2003
[4] A. Anurag and B. C. Babu. Control of grid connected inverter system for sinusoidal current injection with
improved performance. In Proc. 2012 IEEE Students' Conference on Engineering and Systems, pages 1{6, 16-
18 March 2012.
[5] C.Wessels J. Dannehl and F. Fuchs. Limitations of voltage-oriented pi current control of grid-connected
pwm rectifiers with filters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 56(2):380{388, Feb 2009.
[6] E.M.Adzic, D.P.Marcetic, V.A.Katic, V.A.; M.S. Dzic, "Grid-connected Voltage Source Converter
operation under distorted grid voltage," 2010 14th International Power Electronics and Motion Control
Conference (EPE/PEMC), vol., no., pp.T11-44-T11-51, 6-8 Sept. 2010.
[7] Hong-Seok Song; Kwanghee Nam; , "Dual current control scheme for PWM converter under unbalanced
input voltage conditions," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.46, no.5, pp.953-959, Oct 1999.
[8] G.Sinha T. C Y. Wang, Z.Ye and X. Yuan. Output filter design for a grid- interconnected three-phase
inverter. Conference Records on PESC'03, 2:779 784, June 2003.
[9] Jae-Seok Noh and Jaeho Choi. Design of voltage source pwm converter with ac input lcl filter. Journal of
Power Electronics, The Korean Institute of Power Electronics, 7(5):490{498, Oct 2002.
[10] T.C.Y.Wang and Xiaoming Yuan. Design of multiple-reference frame pi controller for power converters.
Proc. of 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 5:3331{3335, June 2004.