This document summarizes several communicable diseases and control programs in the Philippines. It discusses tuberculosis (TB), focusing on the National TB Program's DOTS strategy achieving global targets. Emerging issues like drug resistance need addressing. The National Leprosy Control Program aims to ensure MDT drug availability and prevent disabilities. Schistosomiasis and its life cycle transmission via snails in contaminated water is outlined. Filariasis caused by worm transmission through mosquitoes can cause swelling and disability. The National Filariasis Elimination Program aims to eliminate it by 2017. Malaria transmitted by mosquitoes and its various causative agents are also summarized.
The document discusses the epidemiological approach and methods. There are two basic approaches: asking questions and making comparisons. Asking questions involves identifying health problems, who is affected, when and where issues occur, contributing factors, and actions that can be taken. Comparisons can be made between populations, subgroups, and time periods. Epidemiological studies systematically collect and analyze health data to describe problems, identify associated factors, and form hypotheses. There are two main types of studies: observational studies that observe groups without intervention and experimental studies that introduce a treatment to evaluate effectiveness compared to standard care.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It aims to describe the distribution and magnitude of health problems, identify factors involved in disease causation, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and control efforts. Epidemiology provides a framework and methodology for community health nurses to assess community health needs, evaluate nursing services, and investigate and address health problems in populations.
The document discusses an epidemiological study on worm infestation in Surkhet district, Nepal. It provides background on common types of worms that can infect humans. Worm infestation is a major public health problem, especially among children, due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The study aims to understand the epidemiology of worm infestation in the district by examining factors like time, place, and person. Secondary data from the past 3 years will be reviewed to analyze trends and distributions of worm infestation cases. The findings will help authorities better plan prevention and treatment services.
Behavior change communication (BCC) is a strategic process that uses communication to promote positive health behaviors and outcomes. It involves formative research, communication planning, implementation, and evaluation. BCC develops tailored messages through various channels to promote individual and community behavior change. The process aims to move people through stages from unaware to sustained behavior change. BCC can be effective at individual, community and national levels by increasing knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes. Some limitations include a focus on materials over conduct and limited local capacity. BCC plays an important role in addressing issues like HIV/AIDS by increasing awareness, stimulating dialogue, advocating for policy changes, and promoting prevention and care services.
The document defines key concepts in epidemiology and communicable disease transmission. It discusses:
- Epidemiology as the study of health-related events in populations and applying findings to control health problems.
- The epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environment factors influencing disease.
- Communicable diseases as illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or the environment.
- The importance of studying communicable disease epidemiology to understand changing disease patterns and potential infectious causes of chronic diseases.
This document provides an overview of the dynamics of disease transmission. It discusses the key elements involved, including:
1) The infectious agent - the pathogen that causes disease. It covers aspects like infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
2) The source or reservoir - where the infectious agent lives and multiplies, such as humans, animals, or the environment. It can be the starting point for disease occurrence.
3) Modes of transmission - how the pathogen moves between the reservoir and a susceptible host. This includes direct contact, droplets, vectors, and indirect transmission through vehicles like food, water, fomites etc.
It describes other important epidemiological concepts like incubation period, generation
The document discusses health planning, including defining health planning, its purpose, health needs and demands, objectives and goals. It explains the planning cycle of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Key aspects of planning covered include analyzing the health situation, establishing objectives and goals, assessing resources, prioritizing, formulating the plan, programming and implementation, and evaluation. Monitoring and different types of evaluation are also defined. The document concludes by discussing India's National Health Policy of 2002 and its goals.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
The document discusses the epidemiological approach and methods. There are two basic approaches: asking questions and making comparisons. Asking questions involves identifying health problems, who is affected, when and where issues occur, contributing factors, and actions that can be taken. Comparisons can be made between populations, subgroups, and time periods. Epidemiological studies systematically collect and analyze health data to describe problems, identify associated factors, and form hypotheses. There are two main types of studies: observational studies that observe groups without intervention and experimental studies that introduce a treatment to evaluate effectiveness compared to standard care.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It aims to describe the distribution and magnitude of health problems, identify factors involved in disease causation, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and control efforts. Epidemiology provides a framework and methodology for community health nurses to assess community health needs, evaluate nursing services, and investigate and address health problems in populations.
The document discusses an epidemiological study on worm infestation in Surkhet district, Nepal. It provides background on common types of worms that can infect humans. Worm infestation is a major public health problem, especially among children, due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The study aims to understand the epidemiology of worm infestation in the district by examining factors like time, place, and person. Secondary data from the past 3 years will be reviewed to analyze trends and distributions of worm infestation cases. The findings will help authorities better plan prevention and treatment services.
Behavior change communication (BCC) is a strategic process that uses communication to promote positive health behaviors and outcomes. It involves formative research, communication planning, implementation, and evaluation. BCC develops tailored messages through various channels to promote individual and community behavior change. The process aims to move people through stages from unaware to sustained behavior change. BCC can be effective at individual, community and national levels by increasing knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes. Some limitations include a focus on materials over conduct and limited local capacity. BCC plays an important role in addressing issues like HIV/AIDS by increasing awareness, stimulating dialogue, advocating for policy changes, and promoting prevention and care services.
The document defines key concepts in epidemiology and communicable disease transmission. It discusses:
- Epidemiology as the study of health-related events in populations and applying findings to control health problems.
- The epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environment factors influencing disease.
- Communicable diseases as illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or the environment.
- The importance of studying communicable disease epidemiology to understand changing disease patterns and potential infectious causes of chronic diseases.
This document provides an overview of the dynamics of disease transmission. It discusses the key elements involved, including:
1) The infectious agent - the pathogen that causes disease. It covers aspects like infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
2) The source or reservoir - where the infectious agent lives and multiplies, such as humans, animals, or the environment. It can be the starting point for disease occurrence.
3) Modes of transmission - how the pathogen moves between the reservoir and a susceptible host. This includes direct contact, droplets, vectors, and indirect transmission through vehicles like food, water, fomites etc.
It describes other important epidemiological concepts like incubation period, generation
The document discusses health planning, including defining health planning, its purpose, health needs and demands, objectives and goals. It explains the planning cycle of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Key aspects of planning covered include analyzing the health situation, establishing objectives and goals, assessing resources, prioritizing, formulating the plan, programming and implementation, and evaluation. Monitoring and different types of evaluation are also defined. The document concludes by discussing India's National Health Policy of 2002 and its goals.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Principles of control of communicable diseases dr.wahMmedsc Hahm
The document outlines 12 principles of control of communicable diseases: notification, early diagnosis and prompt treatment, reporting, isolation, quarantine, disinfection, disinfestation, immunoprophylaxis, chemoprophylaxis, health education, environmental sanitation, and surveillance. Notification involves informing local health authorities of suspected infectious diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent spread of infection. Other key principles include isolation of patients, quarantine of exposed individuals, disinfection to kill infectious agents, immunization to prevent disease, and health education of communities. Surveillance involves monitoring disease spread and investigating cases and outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiological methods for studying the distribution and determinants of health events and applying that knowledge to disease control. It defines descriptive epidemiology as the study of disease occurrence, distribution, and patterns in populations. Descriptive methods are observational and can be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Descriptive epidemiology provides insights into disease frequency, trends, and risk factors to inform public health planning and resource allocation.
The document discusses several national health programs in India related to non-communicable diseases. It provides an overview of the National Mental Health Programme, including its aims to integrate mental health services into primary care. It describes the National Programme for Control of Blindness, including its goal to reduce blindness prevalence. It also summarizes the National Programme for Cancer Control and National Diabetes Control Programme, outlining their objectives to manage these diseases.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to epidemiology. It begins by defining key terms like health, disease, illness, and public health. It then defines epidemiology as the study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in populations in order to prevent disease and promote health. The document outlines the components of the epidemiology definition and discusses measures of disease occurrence such as incidence rates, prevalence rates, proportions, and ratios. It also covers topics like infectious disease transmission, herd immunity, and measures used to quantify disease frequency and magnitude in populations.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease distribution and size in human populations, identify causative factors, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate health programs. Some key aspects of epidemiology include infectious disease epidemiology, cardiovascular epidemiology, cancer epidemiology, and environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology is used to search for disease causes, describe population health status, discover natural disease histories, and help control diseases.
This document discusses immunization and provides information on key terms, schedules, coverage rates, and barriers. It defines immunization as stimulating the immune system through antigens to induce immunity. The national immunization schedule in India is outlined which recommends vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children at specific ages and doses. Coverage rates from 1985 to 2008 show improvements. Barriers to immunization mentioned include physical barriers like waiting time as well as socio-cultural factors. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease spread when few members are susceptible.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors as key determinants of health. These determinants interact in complex ways and can promote or harm health. The document also examines different indicators used to measure and assess health status at individual and population levels, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, and socioeconomic indicators. However, it notes that no single indicator can comprehensively measure health.
This document defines key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants among populations. It then discusses the aims of epidemiology according to the International Epidemiological Association. This includes describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, and providing data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control services. The document also covers the scope, uses, and terminologies of epidemiology such as infection, contamination, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology involves describing disease patterns, while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease determinants. A case-control study compares exposures in individuals with (cases) and without (controls) a disease to identify potential risk factors. It proceeds backwards from effect to cause by first identifying cases and then finding controls to measure past exposures, which are then analyzed using measures like odds ratios.
Epidemiological methods are used to study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. There are two main approaches: observational studies and experimental studies. Observational studies include descriptive and analytical methods. Descriptive methods involve measuring disease occurrence without interference to understand time, place, and person distributions. Analytical methods include case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about associations between suspected causes and diseases.
This document provides an overview of diarrheal disease including its causes, classification, management, and prevention. It discusses that diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 globally. The main points are: acute watery diarrhea accounts for over 75% of cases; continued feeding and oral rehydration solutions are the primary treatment; zinc and probiotics can help prevent and treat diarrhea; and diarrhea management should focus on preventing dehydration through oral rehydration.
This document discusses vital statistics, which are numerical data on important life events like births, deaths, diseases, and marriages that provide information on community health and development. It defines various rates used in vital statistics like crude birth rate and infant mortality rate. It also outlines sources of vital statistics in India like the census, civil registration system, and health surveys. The roles of community health nurses in collecting, analyzing, and presenting vital statistics are also summarized.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
This document discusses dengue fever, its historical background, magnitude as a global public health problem, causative agent, vector, transmission cycle, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and control. It notes that dengue is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes and affects up to 3 billion people globally each year. Prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and reducing human-vector contact through measures like draining standing water and using repellents and nets.
Tuberculosis is a major global health problem, infecting around 10 million people per year. It is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. In 2016, over 10 million people fell ill with TB globally, with 56% of cases occurring in India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Host factors like age, sex, nutrition and immunity as well as social factors like poverty, overcrowding, smoking, and lack of education contribute to the risk of contracting TB. Drug-resistant TB remains a threat.
Concept and scope of Community health nursingKailash Nagar
This document discusses different concepts of community health and the role of the community health nurse. It outlines four concepts of health: biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic. The biomedical concept defines health as the absence of disease, while the ecological concept sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment. The psychosocial concept recognizes that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors. Overall, the document provides an overview of how community health and the work of community health nurses incorporates biological, environmental, social, and psychological understandings of health.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
Principles of control of communicable diseases dr.wahMmedsc Hahm
The document outlines 12 principles of control of communicable diseases: notification, early diagnosis and prompt treatment, reporting, isolation, quarantine, disinfection, disinfestation, immunoprophylaxis, chemoprophylaxis, health education, environmental sanitation, and surveillance. Notification involves informing local health authorities of suspected infectious diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent spread of infection. Other key principles include isolation of patients, quarantine of exposed individuals, disinfection to kill infectious agents, immunization to prevent disease, and health education of communities. Surveillance involves monitoring disease spread and investigating cases and outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiological methods for studying the distribution and determinants of health events and applying that knowledge to disease control. It defines descriptive epidemiology as the study of disease occurrence, distribution, and patterns in populations. Descriptive methods are observational and can be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Descriptive epidemiology provides insights into disease frequency, trends, and risk factors to inform public health planning and resource allocation.
The document discusses several national health programs in India related to non-communicable diseases. It provides an overview of the National Mental Health Programme, including its aims to integrate mental health services into primary care. It describes the National Programme for Control of Blindness, including its goal to reduce blindness prevalence. It also summarizes the National Programme for Cancer Control and National Diabetes Control Programme, outlining their objectives to manage these diseases.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to epidemiology. It begins by defining key terms like health, disease, illness, and public health. It then defines epidemiology as the study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in populations in order to prevent disease and promote health. The document outlines the components of the epidemiology definition and discusses measures of disease occurrence such as incidence rates, prevalence rates, proportions, and ratios. It also covers topics like infectious disease transmission, herd immunity, and measures used to quantify disease frequency and magnitude in populations.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease distribution and size in human populations, identify causative factors, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate health programs. Some key aspects of epidemiology include infectious disease epidemiology, cardiovascular epidemiology, cancer epidemiology, and environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology is used to search for disease causes, describe population health status, discover natural disease histories, and help control diseases.
This document discusses immunization and provides information on key terms, schedules, coverage rates, and barriers. It defines immunization as stimulating the immune system through antigens to induce immunity. The national immunization schedule in India is outlined which recommends vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children at specific ages and doses. Coverage rates from 1985 to 2008 show improvements. Barriers to immunization mentioned include physical barriers like waiting time as well as socio-cultural factors. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease spread when few members are susceptible.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors as key determinants of health. These determinants interact in complex ways and can promote or harm health. The document also examines different indicators used to measure and assess health status at individual and population levels, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, and socioeconomic indicators. However, it notes that no single indicator can comprehensively measure health.
This document defines key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants among populations. It then discusses the aims of epidemiology according to the International Epidemiological Association. This includes describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, and providing data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control services. The document also covers the scope, uses, and terminologies of epidemiology such as infection, contamination, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology involves describing disease patterns, while analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses about disease determinants. A case-control study compares exposures in individuals with (cases) and without (controls) a disease to identify potential risk factors. It proceeds backwards from effect to cause by first identifying cases and then finding controls to measure past exposures, which are then analyzed using measures like odds ratios.
Epidemiological methods are used to study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. There are two main approaches: observational studies and experimental studies. Observational studies include descriptive and analytical methods. Descriptive methods involve measuring disease occurrence without interference to understand time, place, and person distributions. Analytical methods include case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about associations between suspected causes and diseases.
This document provides an overview of diarrheal disease including its causes, classification, management, and prevention. It discusses that diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 globally. The main points are: acute watery diarrhea accounts for over 75% of cases; continued feeding and oral rehydration solutions are the primary treatment; zinc and probiotics can help prevent and treat diarrhea; and diarrhea management should focus on preventing dehydration through oral rehydration.
This document discusses vital statistics, which are numerical data on important life events like births, deaths, diseases, and marriages that provide information on community health and development. It defines various rates used in vital statistics like crude birth rate and infant mortality rate. It also outlines sources of vital statistics in India like the census, civil registration system, and health surveys. The roles of community health nurses in collecting, analyzing, and presenting vital statistics are also summarized.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
This document discusses dengue fever, its historical background, magnitude as a global public health problem, causative agent, vector, transmission cycle, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and control. It notes that dengue is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes and affects up to 3 billion people globally each year. Prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and reducing human-vector contact through measures like draining standing water and using repellents and nets.
Tuberculosis is a major global health problem, infecting around 10 million people per year. It is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. In 2016, over 10 million people fell ill with TB globally, with 56% of cases occurring in India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Host factors like age, sex, nutrition and immunity as well as social factors like poverty, overcrowding, smoking, and lack of education contribute to the risk of contracting TB. Drug-resistant TB remains a threat.
Concept and scope of Community health nursingKailash Nagar
This document discusses different concepts of community health and the role of the community health nurse. It outlines four concepts of health: biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic. The biomedical concept defines health as the absence of disease, while the ecological concept sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment. The psychosocial concept recognizes that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors. Overall, the document provides an overview of how community health and the work of community health nurses incorporates biological, environmental, social, and psychological understandings of health.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
Prevention and control of infectious diseasesJasmine John
This document discusses various methods for controlling infectious diseases, including controlling the disease reservoir, early diagnosis and notification, epidemiological investigations, isolation of infected individuals, treatment of infected individuals, and quarantine of exposed individuals. It provides details on each method, including definitions, objectives, examples of diseases where each method is particularly effective, and limitations.
This document discusses universal precautions and infection control for preventing the spread of communicable diseases. It outlines that all blood and body fluids should be treated as potentially infectious. Proper hand washing, covering cuts, and wearing gloves when handling body fluids can help prevent disease transmission. Common bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS are explained. The document provides information on risk of infection via contaminated needles or mucous membrane exposure. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment, work practice controls, and proper disposal of biohazardous waste are recommended to reduce disease transmission risk. Next steps after an exposure are also covered.
Sustainable Practices Training for Green Advantage Environmental Certification
Pending OCILB Approval
Pending USGBC CE approval
Pending AIA CEUs approval
This document discusses the prevention of communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases and describes their modes of transmission, including direct contact, droplets, vectors, fomites, and vehicles. It lists many prevalent communicable diseases in India like respiratory infections, intestinal infections, arthropod-borne diseases, zoonoses, and hospital-acquired infections. It provides tips for disease prevention such as handwashing, vaccination, appropriate antibiotic use, isolation when sick, safe food handling, and cleaning. The role of doctors is outlined as controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptibles, and implementing non-specific measures.
This document outlines the competency-based curriculum for the Caregiving NC II qualification in the Philippines. It consists of 3 parts: basic competencies, common competencies, and core competencies. The basic competencies cover workplace communication, teamwork, professionalism, and occupational health and safety. The common competencies address infection control, difficult behavior response, first aid, and patient services. Finally, the core competencies focus on providing care to different groups like infants, children, elderly and those with special needs. The curriculum aims to develop the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes to work as a caregiver according to industry standards.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use and effects of drugs in large populations. It combines the fields of clinical pharmacology and epidemiology. Recent data shows that adverse drug reactions cause 100,000 deaths and 1.5 million hospitalizations in the US each year, yet 20-70% may be preventable. Pharmacoepidemiology aims to detect adverse drug reactions early through observational studies in order to educate healthcare providers and the public about safer medication use. Key study types include case series, case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and experimental studies. Drug utilization studies also fall under pharmacoepidemiology and evaluate factors related to prescribing, dispensing, administering, and taking
Presentation of Dr. Tonie Balangue, President and Executive Director
Resources, Environmental and Economic Center for Studies, Inc., on "Green Accounting" during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, October 22-23, 2009, Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the uses and effects of drugs in large populations. It can provide information to supplement clinical trials, identify previously unknown adverse effects, and examine patterns of drug use. Data sources include claims databases, medical records, and registries. Special applications include vaccine safety studies and risk management. The goals of pharmacoepidemiology are to promote safe and effective drug use and facilitate transparency in research. While no drug is completely safe, pharmacoepidemiology aims to detect adverse effects early to improve medication use.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacoepidemiology. It defines pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology, and discusses key epidemiological principles. It describes how epidemiological methods are applied in pharmacovigilance, including signal detection, creating a pharmacovigilance plan with a safety specification and PV plan, and using technical solutions like AERS and Q-Scan for pharmacoepidemiology.
Pharmacoepidemiology involves applying epidemiological methods to study drug use and effects in large populations. It is primarily concerned with post-marketing drug safety surveillance but also analyzes patterns of drug use and assesses effectiveness. Pharmacoepidemiological studies use large healthcare databases and are important for identifying adverse drug reactions, determining risk factors, and improving appropriate medication use. Common study designs include cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials. Pharmacoepidemiology plays a key role in drug regulation, marketing, clinical practice, and public health policy.
The document discusses green accounting, which aims to value environmental resources not captured by traditional economic indicators like GDP. It provides examples of green accounting approaches and notes that GDP fails to account for depletion of natural capital or environmental externalities. Green accounting incorporates the value of non-market environmental resources into national accounts and measures of economic growth to better reflect sustainable use of the environment.
This presentation include a short description about the importance of family planning, various methods such as biological, mechanical, chemical and biological methods that are adopted in family planning and role of pharmacist in family planning etc.methods include mainly usage of pills, condoms, abstinance, withdrawal, IUDs, and terminational methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including:
- Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. This includes both catecholamines and non-catecholamines.
- Adrenergic blockers that block the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites. This includes both alpha-blockers and beta-blockers.
- Cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, and anticholinergic drugs that block acetylcholine's actions. Cholinergic drugs can be direct-acting or indirect-
This document discusses communicable diseases, including their causes, symptoms, modes of transmission, treatment and prevention. It defines a communicable disease as an illness caused by pathogens that can be directly or indirectly spread between people. Common symptoms include appetite loss, diarrhea, coughs, fever, exhaustion and muscle pain or swelling. Pink eye is highlighted as a common communicable disease that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses impacting the eye, and can be prevented by avoiding touching the infected eye and regularly washing hands.
This document provides an overview of pharmacoepidemiology presented by Aisha Siddiqui. It defines pharmacoepidemiology as the study of drug use and effects in large populations. The field evolved from the joining of clinical pharmacology and epidemiology to study adverse drug reactions. Various study designs are discussed, including observational studies like cross-sectional and cohort studies, as well as experimental controlled trials. Drug utilization studies specifically evaluate prescribing, dispensing, administration and outcomes of medication use. In summary, pharmacoepidemiology applies epidemiological methods to understand drug effects at a population level.
This document summarizes information on tuberculosis (TB), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and strategies for controlling TB in the Philippines. It states that TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The NTP achieved global targets for TB case detection and treatment success rates. However, emerging issues like drug resistance and co-morbidities need to be addressed to prevent further transmission. The program aims to reduce variations in performance, scale up coverage of DOTS implementation, and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for quality TB services.
This document provides an overview of several national health programmes in India. It begins by introducing national health programmes and noting India's collaboration with international health organizations to improve health. It then lists and briefly describes numerous specific national programmes, including those focused on ARI, tuberculosis, malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, leprosy, AIDS, blindness, diabetes, and cancer control. For each programme, it outlines objectives, strategies, administration, and sometimes initiatives. The document thus summarizes India's portfolio of national health programmes aimed at addressing various public health issues.
The document outlines several national health programmes in India, including programs for non-communicable diseases like blindness, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. It also discusses programs for communicable diseases vectored by mosquitoes like malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. Key aspects of these programs include vector control methods, the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program which uses DOTS treatment, the National AIDS Control Program, screening and treatment of leprosy, and the National Malaria Elimination Program framework. The document also covers referral practices, isolation procedures, disease monitoring and reporting, the Universal Immunization Program, and the importance of cold chain maintenance for vaccine effectiveness.
The document provides information on various topics related to veterinary science and disease control for UPSC CSE exams. It discusses herd immunity and how vaccinating a high percentage of animals can protect the unvaccinated. It defines disease-free zones and explains their importance for international trade. The zero disease concept and chemoprophylaxis are also summarized. Methods for disease surveillance and control in poultry are outlined, including vaccination, parasite control, and separating flocks by age.
The document discusses efforts to eliminate and eradicate tetanus through vaccination programs and other preventive measures. It provides definitions of disease control, elimination, and eradication according to the CDC. While tetanus cannot fully be eradicated due to environmental reservoirs, control measures have significantly reduced cases. Vaccination and health education programs targeting at-risk groups like women and newborns have improved tetanus prevention and surveillance globally.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
National kala azar elimination programme pptanjalatchi
Kala-azar is a slow progressing indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania
In India Leishmania donovani is the only parasite causing this disease
The parasite primarily infects reticuloendothelial system and may be found in abundance in bone marrow, spleen and liver.
Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a condition when Leishmania donovani invades skin cells, resides and develops there and manifests as dermal leisions. Some of the kala-azar cases manifests PKDL after a few years of treatment. Recently it is believed that PKDL may appear without passing through visceral stage. However, adequate data is yet to be generated on course of PKDL manifestation
National kala azar elimination programme pptanjalatchi
Visceral leishmaniasis is spread by sandfly bites. This type of leishmaniasis affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
Some people have no symptoms. For others, symptoms may include fever, weight loss and swelling of the spleen or liver.
Medication exists to kill the parasites. If left untreated, severe cases are typically fatal.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. It outlines several drug-resistant pathogens found in the region, including E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Factors contributing to AMR include inappropriate antibiotic use, poor sanitation and hygiene, and inadequate healthcare systems. To address AMR, the document advocates for a One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environmental factors. It also discusses the Global Action Plan on AMR and its goals of awareness raising, surveillance, infection prevention, and optimizing antibiotic use. However, implementation faces challenges like limited funding and political will as well as poor infrastructure. Stre
The document summarizes information about World Health Day which is celebrated annually on April 7th. It is organized by the World Health Organization to highlight priority public health issues. The 2014 theme is "Vector-Borne Diseases" such as dengue, malaria, and lymphatic filariasis. The goals are to increase awareness of prevention and promote access to treatment for these diseases transmitted through mosquitoes, ticks, and other vectors.
This document provides information about yaws, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Yaws primarily affects children in tropical regions. Clinical manifestations range from non-destructive skin lesions to late stage lesions that can be disfiguring. Treatment with single dose antibiotics can cure infections. WHO aims to eradicate yaws globally by 2020 through mass treatment campaigns and surveillance programs. India eliminated indigenous yaws transmission in 2004.
The Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease Program was established to improve preparedness for pandemics and new diseases. It aims to prevent emerging diseases from becoming major public health problems. The program develops policies, builds healthcare capacity, enhances disease surveillance, and improves risk communication. Recent accomplishments include updating guidelines, conducting exercises, strengthening partnerships, and pre-positioning supplies. Moving forward, the program will consolidate regional preparedness plans and further develop rapid response teams at regional and local levels.
This document provides a history of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to control it. It discusses how TB was a major cause of death in Europe and America until antibiotics were developed in the mid-20th century. Major developments in treating and preventing TB are outlined, including the BCG vaccine and various antibiotic treatments. The document also summarizes global strategies to end TB, barriers to achieving targets, and the need for new tools and political/financial commitment to eliminate TB by 2030.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
Revised national tuberculosis control programmeHonorato444
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that commonly affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body. India accounts for one fourth of the global TB burden with over 6000 new cases and 600 deaths daily.
- The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme was launched in 1997 based on the WHO DOTS strategy and aims to achieve at least 85% cure rates through direct observation of treatment. It utilizes sputum microscopy, culture and drug susceptibility testing, chest x-rays, and more recently molecular diagnostics to detect TB.
- Drug resistant TB including multi-drug resistant TB has emerged as a major challenge for the programme. The Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB was
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), now called the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP). It discusses tuberculosis (TB) symptoms, risk factors, global and national burden. It describes the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to present day. Key aspects of the programme include detecting TB cases through laboratory systems and engaging private sectors, treating all diagnosed TB patients according to drug susceptibility testing results, preventing transmission through airborne infection control and contact tracing, and building health system capacity. The national strategic plan aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through goals of detecting, treating, preventing, and building under the NTEP.
The document summarizes a case presentation by BSN level III nursing students. It describes the objectives of demonstrating knowledge of a patient's diagnosis, disease process, complications, treatment plan, and nursing interventions. It then outlines the specific program, which involved students presenting thorough assessments and understanding pathophysiology, drug therapy, contributing factors, and formulating appropriate nursing care plans. The summary describes the student groups presenting cases involving various conditions like CVA, hyperthyroidism, heart failure, and gallstones. The panelists provided feedback and advice to help students improve their analysis and presentations.
The document provides information about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), including:
1) DHF is a severe form of dengue virus infection characterized by fever, hemorrhagic phenomena, hepatomegaly and circulatory failure.
2) It is transmitted via the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water and exhibits daytime biting behavior.
3) There is no vaccine currently available to prevent DHF, and prevention relies on mosquito control to reduce transmission.
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a defective gene that results in the production of an abnormal protein called huntingtin. It affects movement, cognition, and personality. Symptoms include uncontrolled movements, impaired walking and talking, and mood and cognitive changes. There is currently no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and typically appears in middle adulthood.
This document defines and describes head injuries and their mechanisms and treatment. It begins by defining head injury and traumatic brain injury. It then describes different types of head injuries like open or closed injuries. It outlines primary and secondary brain injuries and different types of brain hematomas and edema that can occur. The document discusses signs, symptoms, assessments like the Glasgow Coma Scale, treatments like managing increased intracranial pressure, and expected outcomes for patients with head injuries.
The document discusses Herpes Zoster (shingles), caused by the varicella zoster virus which causes chickenpox. After initial chickenpox infection, the virus can lay dormant in nerve fibers and reactivate as shingles, presenting as a painful rash localized to specific dermatomes. The rash involves clusters of vesicles in a band-like distribution along dermatomes. Treatment involves antiviral drugs to reduce symptoms and analgesics to manage pain. Nursing care focuses on preventing secondary infection, managing pain and promoting comfort during the infection period.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. It produces a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. Incubation is 3 days to 3 weeks. Symptoms include lockjaw, muscle rigidity, and painful spasms triggered by stimuli. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, and immunoglobulins for non-immunized patients. Prevention is through routine immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines. Prognosis depends on age and presence of complications like respiratory failure.
Urinary tract infections are common and are usually caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. UTIs can involve the lower tract including the bladder (cystitis) or the upper tract including the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Common symptoms of a lower UTI include burning with urination, frequent urination, and pelvic pain. A upper UTI may cause fever, chills, back pain and nausea. UTIs are generally treated with antibiotics like cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole based on the location and severity of the infection.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to two chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease can impact any part of the GI tract and causes transmural inflammation, while ulcerative colitis only affects the colon and causes superficial mucosal inflammation. Both conditions cause abdominal pain and diarrhea but have different patterns of involvement in the GI tract. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like barium studies and endoscopy to distinguish between the two types based on their distinct presentations. Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation with medications, immunosuppressants, or surgery for severe cases.
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements, causing unexpected stool leakage. It can be caused by various factors like diarrhea, constipation, muscle or nerve damage from childbirth, surgery, or medical conditions. Diagnostic tests like anal manometry, ultrasound, and MRI are used to evaluate the sphincter muscles and nerves and identify any structural issues. Treatment may involve medications to regulate bowel movements, pelvic floor exercises, biofeedback, injections, or surgery.
The document discusses pancreatitis, which can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis ranges from mild to severe and life-threatening, while chronic pancreatitis often goes undetected until significant tissue damage has occurred. The causes include gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct, alcohol use, viral or bacterial infections, trauma, and other genetic or metabolic factors. Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and hypotension. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated pancreatic enzymes and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing complications through intravenous fluids and nutrition, and treating any underlying causes.
Cirrhosis results from various mechanisms of liver injury and inflammation that lead to fibrosis and scarring of the liver. This scarring distorts the liver's vascular architecture and increases resistance to blood flow, resulting in portal hypertension. The three main causes of cirrhosis in developed countries are hepatitis C infection, alcohol misuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cirrhosis progresses from compensated to decompensated stages and can lead to complications like ascites, bleeding varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and ultimately liver failure without treatment.
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that causes abdominal pain and tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. It can be acute, caused by stress, medications, or infections, or chronic. Chronic gastritis is often caused by H. pylori infection and results in erosion of the stomach lining over time. Treatment involves endoscopy, biopsy to diagnose the specific type and cause of gastritis, and medications like antibiotics, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid production and treat H. pylori if present. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, monitoring for complications like dehydration or bleeding, and educating patients about medications and lifestyle changes.
Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity. It is usually caused by a rupture or perforation of the stomach, intestine, appendix, or gallbladder. Clinical manifestations include diffuse abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan, and diagnostic paracentesis. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, pain management, and sometimes surgery to repair damaged organs. Nursing focuses on monitoring vital signs and fluid balance, administering medications, providing comfort, and assessing for resolution of symptoms.
Addison's disease is an endocrine disorder caused by insufficient production of cortisol and sometimes aldosterone by the adrenal glands. It results in symptoms like weakness, fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation. Most cases are due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Treatment involves replacing cortisol and aldosterone through medications like hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. Patients must be monitored for adrenal crises and taught to avoid stress and take medications as prescribed for life.
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder and can be either calculous or acalculous. Calculous cholecystitis is more common and occurs when gallstones block the cystic duct, causing bile buildup and inflammation. Acalculous cholecystitis is less common but more serious, often developing after injury or illness. Symptoms include pain in the upper right abdomen and nausea. Diagnostic tests include ultrasound, liver tests, and white blood cell count. Treatment focuses on pain control, antibiotics for infection, and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones, is a common disorder of the biliary system where hard deposits form in the gallbladder. Risk factors include estrogen therapy, oral contraceptives, obesity, and family history. Symptoms include biliary colic, pain in the right upper abdomen, and jaundice. Gallstones form when bile becomes supersaturated with cholesterol and crystals begin to develop. Treatment options include dissolving stones medically, removing them endoscopically, or surgically removing the gallbladder via laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nursing care focuses on pain management, diet education, and monitoring for complications post-operatively.
The BSN level III students from LSPU-SCC College of Nursing are requesting a copy of medical records for a case presentation on a patient admitted on July 14, 2015 with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism. The case presentation fulfills a requirement for their Medical-Surgical Nursing course. All information obtained from the records will be kept confidential. The Dean of the College of Nursing has noted the request, which now requires approval from the Medical Center Chief.
This document discusses angina pectoris, a clinical syndrome characterized by chest pain or pressure due to reduced blood flow to the heart. There are three main types of angina - stable, unstable, and variant. Risk factors include physical exertion, cold exposure, heavy meals, stress, and smoking. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, electrocardiograms, cardiac biomarkers, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on relieving pain with nitroglycerin and preventing complications with beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelets, and anticoagulants. Nursing priorities are to relieve pain, prevent myocardial complications, educate the patient, and support lifestyle changes.
The document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the different types (Type 1, Type 2, gestational), signs and symptoms, causes, and statistical data on prevalence worldwide and in the Philippines. It then discusses a case study of a 71-year old Filipino man diagnosed with diabetes. It outlines his medical history, including a family history of diabetes, and analyzes factors affecting his nutrition and eating patterns such as his beliefs about food, personal preferences for oily and sweet foods, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of religious dietary restrictions.
Nutrition is vital for health and well-being. A balanced diet can prevent chronic diseases and improve energy levels. The document defines key nutrition terms and describes the digestive system and enzymes involved in breaking down food. It also covers the main food groups, macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and provides classifications and sources of these nutrients. Guidelines like food guides and dietary allowances are discussed to promote appropriate diets and nutritional health.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by
a bacterium called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Mainly acquired by
• inhalation of infectious droplets
containing viable tubercle bacilli.
5. In 2007, there are 9.27 million
incident cases of TB worldwide and
Asia accounts for 55% of the cases.
Through the National TB Program
(NTP), the Philippines achieved the
global targets of 70% case detection
for new smear positive TB cases and
89% of these became successfully
treated.
6. The various initiatives undertaken
by the Program, in partnership with
critical stakeholders, enabled the
NTP to sustain these targets.
7. Nonetheless, emerging
concerns like drug
resistance and co-morbidities
need to be
addressed to prevent rapid
transmission and future
generation of such threats.
8. Coverage should also be
broadened to capture the
marginalized populations
and the vulnerable groups
namely, urban and rural
poor, captive populations
(inmates/prisoners), elderly
and indigenous groups.
9. Vision:
TB-free Philippines
Goal:
To reduce by half TB
prevalence and mortality
compared to 1990 figures by
2015
10. Objectives:
The NTP aims to:
• Reduce local variations in TB control
program performance
• Scale-up and sustain coverage of
DOTS implementation
• Ensure provision of quality TB
services
• Reduce out-of-pocket expenses
11. Elements of DOTS
• Political commitment with
increased and sustained financing
–Political commitment is needed to
foster national and international
partnerships, which should be linked to
a long-term strategic action plan.
Adequate funding is necessary to
improve the motivation of healthcare
workers.
12. • Case detection through quality-assured-
bacteriology
–Bacteriology remains to be
confirmatory diagnostic test for
tuberculosis. Properly equipped
laboratories and trained personnel
are necessary for quality-assured
sputum smear microscopy.
13. • Standardized treatment with
supervision and patient support
–The primary means of controlling
TB is organizing and administering
a standardized treatment for all
ages and for all types of
tuberculosis. This includes the use
of standardized treatment, such as
short-course chemotherapy (SCC)
14. and the fixed dose combination (FDC), to
facilitate adherence to treatment and to
reduce the risk for developing drug
resistance.
–Supervised treatment (directly observed
treatment by a health care provider)
ensures that patients take their drugs
regularly and completely. Particular
attention should be given to the poorest
and most vulnerable groups.
15. • An effective drug supply and
management system
–An uninterrupted and sustained supply
of quality-assured anti-TB drugs is
fundamental to TB control. Anti-TB
drugs should be available free of charge
to all TB patients, especially the poor,
because treatment has benefits that
extend to society. The use of anti-TB
drugs by all providers should be strictly
16. The use of FDCs of proven
bioavailability and of
innovative packaging, such as
patient kits, can help improve
drug supply logistics and drug
administration, promote
adherence to treatment, and
prevent development of drug
17. • Monitoring and evaluation
system, ad impact measurement
–This requires the standardized
recording of individual patient data,
including information on treatment
outcomes, which are then used to
compile quarterly treatment
outcomes in cohorts of patient.
These data, when compiled and
analyzed, can be used:
18. a)At the facility level to monitor
treatment outcomes;
b)At the district level to identify
local problems as they arise;
c)The provincial or national level to
ensure consistently high-quality
TB control
19. d) Nationally and internationally to
evaluate the performance of each
country
Regular programmed
supervision should be carried out to
verify the quality of information
and to address performance
problems.
20. Prevention and Control
• Submit all babies for BCG
immunization
• Avoid overcrowding
• Improve nutritional and health status
• Advise persons who have been
exposed to infected persons to
receive the tuberculin test and, if
necessary, chest x-ray and
21. STRATEGIES IN CONTROLLING TB
1. LOCALIZED IMPLEMENTATION OF TB CONTROL
2. MONITOR HEALTH CARE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
3. ENGAGE ALL HEALTH CARE PROVIDER PUBLIC & PRIVATE
4. PROMOTE & STRENGTHEN POSITIVE BEHAVIOR OF
COMMUNITIES
5. ADDRESS MDR, TB, HIV & NEEDS VULNERABLE
6. REGULATE & MAKE QUALITY TB DIAGNOSTIC TEST & DRUGS
7. CERTIFY & ACCREDIT TB CARE PROVIDERS
8. SECURE ADEQUATE FUNDING & IMPROVE ALL ALLOCATION &
EFFICIENCY OF FUND UTILIZATION
23. • Vision: Empowered primary
stakeholders in leprosy and eliminated
leprosy as a public health problem by
2020
• Mission: To ensure the provision of a
comprehensive, integrated quality leprosy
services at all levels of health care
• Goal: To maintain and sustain the
24. • Objectives:
The National Leprosy Control Program
aims to:
Ensure the availability of
adequate anti-leprosy drugs or multiple
drug therapy (MDT).
Prevent and reduce disabilities
from leprosy by 35% through
Rehabilitation and Prevention of
Impairments and Disabilities (RPIOD)
25. Improve case detection and post-elimination
surveillance system using the
WHO protocol in selected LGUs.
• Beneficiaries:
The NLCP targets individuals,
families, and communities living in hyper
endemic areas and those with history of
previous cases.
http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1071.html
29. Schistosomiasis
Bilharziasis/Snail Fever
• A slowly, progressive disease
caused by blood flukes of class
Trematoda. It is a chronic wasting
disease common among farmers
and their families in certain parts
of Philippines.
30. Etiologic agent
• Schistosoma japonicum
–This agent infects the intestinal tract
(Katayama disease)
–It is found to be the only type that is
endemic in the Phil.
–This is also known as “oriental
schistosomiasis”
31. • Schistosoma mansoni
–Also affects intestinal tracts
–Common in some parts of Africa
• Schistosoma haematobium
–Affects the urinary tract
–Can be found in some parts of the
Middle East
32. Incubation period is at least 2 months.
SOURCES OF INFECTION:
• Feces of infected persons
• Dogs, pigs, carabaos, cows, monkeys, and
wild rats have been found infected ad,
therefore, also serve as host
33. Mode of transmission
• Ingestion of contaminated water
• Transmitted through skin pores
• Transmitted through intermediary
host, a tiny snail called Oncomelania
quadrasi
34. Clinical manifestations
• Pruritic rash, known as “swimmer’s itch”,
develops at the site of penetration
• Low-grade fever, myalgia, and cough
• Abdominal discomfort due to hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy
• Bloody-mucoid stools, similar to those in
dysentery, that comes on and off for weeks
• Becomes icteric and jaundice
35. • Later, belly becomes big because of an
inflamed liver, resulting from
accumulation of eggs in the organ.
• After some years suffering from this
chronic disease the patient becomes
weak and pale and there is marked
muscle wasting.
• When the parasites reach the brain, the
victim experience severe headaches,
dizziness and convulsions.
36. Modalities of Treatment
• Praziquantel tablet for 6 months; 1 tab 2x
a day for three months, then 1 tab a day
for another three months.
• Fuadin injection given either IM or IV.
The patient should consume 360mg for
the entire treatment.
• If the patient continues to live in the
endemic area, he frequentl gets
reinfected and has to be treated.
37. Prevention and Control
To prevent schistosomiasis, one
must have thorough knowledge of
how the disease spreads. The basic
principle of its prevention and
control is interrupting the life cycle
of the worm and protecting people
from infection.
38. • Have a stool examination
• Reduce snail density by:
– Clearing vegetation, thus exposing the
snails to sunshine
– Constructing a drainage system (canals) to
dry the areas where the snails thrive; and
– Improve farming through proper irrigation
and drainage, crop rotation and removal of
weeds, thus disturbing the living conditions
of the snail.
39. • Diminish infection rate through:
–Proper waste disposal
–Control of stray animals
–Prohibition of people, especially children,
from bathing in infested streams
–The construction of footbridges over
snail-infested streams
–Provision of an adequate water supply for
bathing and laundering and safe water
for drinking
40. Schistosomiasis Control
Program
Goal: To reduce the disease prevalence by 50%
with a vision of eliminating the disease
eventually in all endemic areas
41. Objectives:
The Schistosomiasis control Program has the
following objectives:
1. Reduce the Prevalence Rate by
50% in endemic provinces; and
2. Increase the coverage of mass
treatment of population in endemic
provinces.
43. Filariasis
• A parasitic disease caused by microscopic,
threadlike African eye worm. The adult worm
can live only in the human lymphatic system.
The disease is an extremely debilitating and
stigmatizing and affects men, women, and
children. It affects the poor in both rural and
urban areas. The disease is rarely fatal;
however, it causes extensive disability, gross
disfigurement, ad untold suffering in millions
of men, women, and children.
44. Causative organism
• Wuchereria bancrofti – a thread worm
four to five centimeters long and affects
the lymph nodes and lymph vessels of
the legs. Arms, vulva, and breast.
• Brugia malayi – shows manifestations
resembling that of the bancroftian, but
swelling of the extremities is confined to
the areas below the knees and below the
elbow
45. • Brugia timori – rarely affects the
genitals
• Loa loa – filarial parasite transmitted
by the deer fly.
46. Mode of Transmission
• Transferred from person to person through
mosquito bites.
• Persons having circulating microfilariae are
outwardly healthy but transmit the infection
to others through mosquito bites.
• Persons w/ chronic filarial swellings suffer
severely from the disease but no longer
transmit the infection.
47. Symptoms
• On-and-off chills
• Headache
• Fever that lasts between months and one year
after the insect bite
• Swelling
• Redness
• Pain in the arms, legs or scrotum
• Areas of abscesses may appear as a result of
dying worms or a secondary bacterial
infection
48. Diagnostic procedure
• Circulating filarial antigen (CFA) test –
finger-prick blood droplet
Modalities of Treatment
• Ivermectin, albendzol, or
diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
• Surgery may be performed
49. Nursing management
• Health education and information
dissemination as to be the mode of
transmission must be carried out.
• Environmental sanitation ad the
destruction of breeding places of
mosquitoes must be emphasized
50. • Psychological and emotional support
to client and the family are necessary
• Personal hygiene must be
encouraged
• The course of the disease must be
explained
51. Prevention and Control
• Mosquitoes that carry the microscopic
worms usually bite between the hours of
dusk and dawn. It is therefore advised that
people living in an area with filariasis should:
–Sleep under mosquito net
–Use mosquito repellant in the hours
between dusk and dawn
–Take a yearly dose of medicine that kills
the worms circulating in the blood
52. • Filariasis is a major parasitic
infection, which continues to be a
public health problem in the
Philippines.
• It was first discovered in the
Philippines in 1907 by foreign
workers.
53. • Consolidated field reports showed a
prevalence rate of 9.7% per 1000
population in 1998.
• It is the second leading cause of
permanent and long-term disability.
The disease affects mostly the poorest
municipalities in the country about
71% of the case live in the 4th-6th class
type of municipalities.
54. • The World Health Assembly in
1997 declared “Filariasis
Elimination as a priority” and
followed by WHO’s call for global
elimination.
55. • A sign of the DOH’s commitment
to eliminate the disease, the
program’s official shift from
control to elimination strategies
was evident in an Administrative
Order #25-A,s 1998 disseminated
to endemic regions.
56. National Filariasis
Elimination Program
Goal: To eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis as a
public health problem in the Philippines by
year 2017
57. Vision: Healthy and productive individuals
and families for Filariasis-free Philippines
Mission: Elimination of Filariasis as a
public health problem thru a
comprehensive approach and universal
access to quality health services
58. General Objectives: To decrease
Prevalence Rate of filariasis in endemic
municipalities to <1/1000 population.
Specific Objectives:
The National Filariasis Elimination
Program specifically aims to:
1. Reduce the Prevalence Rate to
elimination level of <1%;
59. 2. Perform Mass treatment in all
established endemic areas;
3. Develop a Filariasis disability
prevention program in established
endemic areas; and
4. Continue surveillance of
established endemic areas 5 years
after mass treatment.
60. Program Strategies:
STRATEGY 1. Endemic
Mapping
STRATEGY 2. Capability Building
STRATEGY 3. Mass Treatment
(integrated with other existing
parasitic programs)
STRATEGY 4. Support Control
61. STRATEGY 5. Monitoring
and Supervision
STRATEGY 6. Evaluation
STRATEGY 7. National Certification
STRATEGY 8. International
Certification
63. Malaria is a parasite-caused
disease that is usually acquired
through the bite of a female
Anopheles mosquito.
64. Etiologic agent
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax – non-life
threatening, except for the very young
and very old
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium ovale
65. Incubation period
• 12 days for P. Falciparum
• 14 days for P. vivax and vale
• 30 days for P. malariae
66. It can be transmitted in the following
ways:
(1) blood transfusion from an infected
individual;
(2) sharing of IV needles;
(3) transplacenta (transfer of malaria
parasites from an infected mother to
its unborn child).
67. Clinical manifestations
• Paroxysms with shaking chills
• Rapidly rising fever with severe headache
• Profuse sweating
• Myalgia, with feelings of well-being in
between
• Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Paroxysms may last for 12 hours and may
attack daily or every two days
68. • In children:
– Fever may be continuous
– Convulsions and gastrointestinal symptoms
are prominent
– Splenomegaly is present
• In cerebral malaria:
– Severe headache, vomiting and changes in
sensorium
– Jacksonian or grand mal seizure may occur
71. This parasite-caused disease is
the 9th leading cause of morbidity in
the country.
Goal: To significantly reduce malaria
burden so that it will no longer affect
the socio-economic development of
individuals and families in endemic
areas.
72. Vision: Malaria-free Philippines
Mission: To empower health
workers, the population at risk and
all others concerned to eliminate
malaria in the country.
73. Objectives:
Based on the 2011-2016 Malaria
Program Medium Term Plan, it
aims to:
1. Ensure universal access to
reliable diagnosis, highly effective,
and appropriate treatment and
preventive measures;
74. 2. Capacitate local government
units (LGUs) to own, manage, and
sustain the Malaria Program in
their respective localities;
3. Sustain financing of anti-malaria
efforts at all levels of operation;
and
75. 4. Ensure a functioning quality
assurance system for malaria
operations.
76. Program Strategies:
The DOH, in coordination with its
key partners and the LGUs,
implements the following
interventions:
1.Early diagnosis and prompt
treatment
77. • Diagnostic Centers were
established and strengthened to
achieve this strategy.
• The utilization of these
diagnostic centers is promoted
to sustain its functionality.
78. 2. Vector control
The use of insecticide-treated
mosquito nets,
complemented with indoor
residual spraying, prevents
malaria transmission.
79. 3. Enhancement of local
capacity
LGUs are capacitated to
manage and implement
community-based malaria
control through social
mobilization.
81. Rabies
• A specific, acute viral infection
communicated to man by the
saliva of an infected animal
82. Etiologic agent
• Rhabdovirus
–Bullet-shaped
–Sensitive to sunlight, ultraviolet
light, ether, formalin, mercury and
nitric acid
83. Incubation period
• One week to seven-and-a-half months
in dogs
• Ten days to fifteen years in human
–Depends on the distance of bite to the
brain, extensiveness of bite, species of the
animal, richness of the nerve supply in the
are of the bite, resistance of the host
84. Modes of Transmission
• An infected animal carries the rabies
virus in its saliva and transmits it to
humans by biting.
• Virus spread when the saliva comes
in contact with the person’s mucus
membranes
85. Clinical manifestations
• Prodromal/ invasion phase
– Fever, anorexia, malaise, sore throat, copious
salivation, lacrimation, perspiration, irritability,
hyperexcitability , apprehensiveness,
restlessness, mental depression, melancholia
and marked insomia
– Pain at the site of bite, headache and nausea
– Pt. becomes sensitive to light, sound and
temperature
86. Nursing manangement
• Isolate the patient
• Give emotional and spiritual support
• Provide optimum comfort and prevent injury,
especially during hyperactive episodes
• Darken the room and provide a quiet environment
• Pt. should not be bathed and there should not be
any running water in the room or within the hearing
distance of the pt.
• Concurrent and terminal disinfection should be
carried out
88. Rabies is considered to be a
neglected disease, which is
100% fatal though 100%
preventable.
It is not among the leading
causes of mortality and
morbidity in the country but it is
regarded as a significant public
health problem because (1) it is
89. acutely fatal infection and (2) it
is responsible for the death of
200-300 Filipinos annually.
Vision: To Declare Philippines
Rabies-Free by year 2020
90. Goal: To eliminate human rabies by
the year 2020
Program Strategies:
To attain its goal, the program
employs the following strategies:
1. Provision of Post Exposure
Prophylaxis (PEP) to all Animal Bite
Bite Treatment Centers (ABTCs)
91. 2. Provision of Pre-Exposure
Prophylaxis (PrEP) to high
risk individuals and school
children in high incidence
zones
3. Health Education
92. Public awareness will be
strengthened through the Information,
Education, and Communication (IEC)
campaign.
• Program shall be integrated into the
elementary curriculum and the
Responsible Pet Ownership (RPO)
shall be promoted.
93. • In coordination with the
Department of Agriculture, the
DOH shall intensify the
promotion of dog vaccination,
dog population control, as well
as the control of stray animals.
94. RA 9482 or
“The Rabies Act of 2007”
rabies control ordinances shall
be strictly implemented. In the
same manner, the public shall be
informed on the proper
management of animal bites
and/or rabies exposures.
95. 4. Advocacy
The rabies awareness
and advocacy campaign is a year-round
activity highlighted on two
occasions – March as the Rabies
Awareness Month and September
28 as the World Rabies Day.
96. 5. Training/Capability Building
Medical doctors and
Registered Nurses are to be
trained on the guidelines on
managing a victim.
97. 6. Establishment of ABTCs by
Inter-Local Health Zone
7. DOH-DA joint evaluation
and declaration of Rabies-free
islands
http://www.doh.gov.ph/content/national-rabies-prevention-and-control-program.html
98. Dengue
• An acute febrile disease caused by infection
with one of the serotypes of dengue virus,
which is transmitted by mosquito genus
Aedes.
• Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe,
sometimes fatal manifestation of the dengue
virus infection characterized by a bleeding
diathesis and hypovolemic shock.
99. Etiological agent
• Flaviviruses 1, 2, 3, 4, a family of
Togaviridae, are small viruses that
contain single-stranded RNA.
• Arboviruses group B
100. Mode of Transmission
• Bite of an infected mosquito,
principally the Aedes aegypti
–Aedes aegypti is a day-biting mosquito
–Breeds in areas of stagnant water
–Has limited, low flying movement
–It has fine white dots at the base of the
wings and white bands on the legs
101. • Aedes albopictus may contribute to
the transmisson of the degree virus
in rural areas
• Other contributory mosquitoes:
–Aedes polynensis
–Aedes scutellaris simplex
102. Incubation period
• The incubation period is three to fourteen
days; commonly seven to ten days
Sources of Infection
• Infected persons – the virus is present in the
blood of patients during the acute phase of the
disease and will become a reservoir of the virus,
sucked by mosquitoes, which may then transmit
the disease.
103. • Standing water – any stagnant water in
the household and its premises are usual
breeding places of these mosquitoes.
104. Clinical Manifestations
• Dengue fever
– Malaise
– Anorexia
– Fever and chills accompanied by severe frontal
headache, ocular pain, myalgia with severe
backache, and arthralgia
– Fever is non-remitting and persists for 3-7 days
– Nausea and vomiting
– Rash is prominent on the extremities and the
trunk
– Petechiae
105. • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
– This severe form of dengue virus infection is
manifested by fever, hemorrhagic diathesis,
hepatomegaly and hypovolemic shock.
106. Phases of the Illness
• Initial febrile phase lasting from two to three
days
– Fever (39-40°C) accompanied by headache
– Febrile convulsions may appear
– Palms and sole are usually flushed
– Positive tourniquet test
107. – Anorexia, vomiting, myalgia
– Maculopapular or petechial rash may be
present and usually starts in the distal
portion of the extremities, the skin appears
purple, with blanched areas of varying size.
– Generalized or abdominal pain
– Hemorrhagic manifestations like positive
tourniquet test, purpura, epitaxis, and gum
bleeding may be present
108. • Circulatory phase
– There is a fall of temperature accompanied
by profound circulatory changes, usually on
the 3rd to 5th days
– Patient becomes restless, with cool, clammy
skin
– Cyanosis is present
– Profound thrombocytopenia accompanies
the onset of shock
– Bleeding diathesis may become more
severe and lead to GIT hemorrhage
109. – Shock may occur due to loss of plasma from
intravascular spaces; hemoconcentration
with markedly elevated hematocrit is
present
– Pulse is rapid and weak; pulse pressure
becomes narrow and blood pressure may
drop ti an unobtainable level
– Utreted shock may result in com; metabolic
acidosis and death may occur within two
days
– With effective therapy, recovery may follow
in two to three days
110. Classification according to severity
• Grade I
– There is fever accompanied with non-specific
constitutional symptoms and the only
hemorrhagic manifestation is positive (+) in the
tourniquet test.
• Grade II
– All signs of Grade I, plus spontaneous bleeding
from the nose, gums, and GIT, are present
111. • Grade III
– There is the presence of circulatory failure,
as manifested by a weak pulse, narrow
pulse pressure, hypotension, cold, clammy
skin, and restlessness
• Grade IV
– There is profound shock, and undetectable
blood pressure and pulse
113. Nursing Management
• Patient should be kept in a mosquito-free
environment to avoid further transmission of
infection
• Keep patient at rest during bleeding episodes
• Vital signs must be promptly monitored
• In cases of nose bleeding, keep the patient’s
trunk elevated; apply ice bag to the bridge of
nose and to the forehead
• Observe for signs of shock, such as slow pulse,
cold, clammy skin, prostration, and fall of blood
pressure
114. • Restore blood volume by putting the
patient in Trendelenberg position to
provide greater blood volume to the
head part
• Patient with dengue is not infectious;
therefore, isolation is not required.
115. Prevention and Control
• Health education
• Early detection and treatment of cases will not
worsen the victim’s condition
• Treat mosquito nets with insecticides
• House spraying is advised
– Changing water and scrubbing sides of flower vases once
a week,
– Destroying the breeding places of mosquitoes by
cleaning the surroundings, and
– Keeping the water containers covered
• Avoid hanging too many clothes inside the house
• Case finding
117. The National Dengue Prevention
and Control Program was first
initiated by the Department of
Health (DOH) in 1993.
Region VII and the National
Capital Region served as the
pilot sites.
118. It was not until 1998 when the
program was implemented
nationwide.
The target populations of the
program are the general
population, the local government
units, and the local health workers.
119. Vision: Dengue Risk-Free
Philippines
Mission: To improve the quality of
health of Filipinos by adopting an
integrated dengue control approach in
the prevention and control of dengue
infection.
120. Goal: Reduce morbidity and mortality
from dengue infection by preventing
the transmission of the virus from the
mosquito vector human.
Objectives: The objectives of the
program are categorized into three:
health status objectives; risk reduction
objectives; and services & protection
objectives.
121. Health Status Objectives:
• To reduce incidence from 32
cases/100,000 population to 20
cases/100,000 population;
• To reduce case fatality rate by
<1%; and
• To detect and contain all
epidemics.
122. Risk Reduction Objectives:
• Reduce the risk of human exposure to
aedes bite by House index of <5 and
Breteau index of 20;
• Increase % of HH practicing removal
of mosquito breeding places to 80%;
and
• Increase awareness on DF/DHF to
100%.
124. It may be acquired through:
• Sexual contact (orogenital,
anogenital) between
opposite sexes, as well as of
the same sex.
125. • Bacteria are transmitted
through direct contact with
contaminated vaginal
secretions of the mother as
the baby comes out of the
birth canal.
126. Objective:
• Reduce the transmission of
HIV and STI among the Most
At Risk Population and
General Population and
mitigate its impact at the
individual, family, and
community level.
127. Program Activities:
With regard to the prevention and
fight against stigma and
discrimination, the following are the
strategies and interventions:
1. Availability of free voluntary HIV
Counseling and Testing Service;
128. 2. 100% Condom Use Program
(CUP) especially for
entertainment establishments;
3. Peer education and outreach;
4. Multi-sectoral coordination
through Philippine National
AIDS Council (PNAC);
129. 5. Empowerment of communities;
6. Community assemblies and for
a to reduce stigma;
7. Augmentation of resources of
social Hygiene Clinics; and
8. Procured male condoms
distributed as education materials
during outreach.