this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
This document discusses controlled substances and their regulations. It defines controlled substances as drugs with potential for abuse or dependence. It categorizes controlled substances into 5 schedules based on their abuse potential and accepted medical use. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various parties like administration, pharmacists, and nurses in properly ordering, storing, dispensing and recording controlled substances in hospitals. It discusses policies around prescribing, administering, and charging patients for controlled substances.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
Medication adherence is defined as a patient conforming to a healthcare provider's recommendations regarding timing, dosage, and frequency of medication. It involves filling prescriptions and refilling on time. Non-adherence can be caused by patient factors like forgetfulness or cost barriers, physician factors like complex regimens, and health system factors like fragmented care. Pharmacists can improve adherence through education on medication purpose, usage, and side effects. Adherence is especially important for chronic conditions and can be monitored through patient assessments.
The document discusses the history and development of clinical pharmacy in India. It notes that clinical pharmacy began emerging in India in the 1980s and 1990s in response to issues with drug misuse and safety. Several key developments followed, including revisions to pharmacy education regulations and the establishment of early master's programs in pharmacy practice. Today, clinical pharmacy practice has expanded further, with pharmacists taking on roles like providing drug information, managing medication therapy, and counseling patients in both hospital and community settings.
Hospital pharmacy-Organisation and management
a) Organizational structure-Staff, Infrastructure & work load statistics
b) Management of materials and finance
c) Roles & responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
This document discusses the detection and monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It outlines that ADRs are detected through pre-marketing studies such as acute toxicity and specific animal tests as well as clinical trials. Post-marketing surveillance also plays an important role in ADR detection through spontaneous reporting systems and epidemiological methods. In hospitals, healthcare professionals can detect ADRs by closely monitoring high-risk patients and collecting detailed patient data to assess causality and severity of suspected ADRs.
The document discusses drug information centers and poison information centers. It provides details on:
- The history and development of the first drug information centers (DICs) and poison control centers (PCCs) in the 1960s in the US and other countries.
- The aims of DICs and PCCs, which include providing drug and poison information to health professionals, developing treatment guidelines, conducting research and education.
- The staffing of DICs and PCCs, which typically includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, toxicologists and other professionals.
- The services provided by DICs and PCCs, such as answering drug and poison inquiries via phone/email, publishing
This document discusses controlled substances and their regulations. It defines controlled substances as drugs with potential for abuse or dependence. It categorizes controlled substances into 5 schedules based on their abuse potential and accepted medical use. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various parties like administration, pharmacists, and nurses in properly ordering, storing, dispensing and recording controlled substances in hospitals. It discusses policies around prescribing, administering, and charging patients for controlled substances.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
Medication adherence is defined as a patient conforming to a healthcare provider's recommendations regarding timing, dosage, and frequency of medication. It involves filling prescriptions and refilling on time. Non-adherence can be caused by patient factors like forgetfulness or cost barriers, physician factors like complex regimens, and health system factors like fragmented care. Pharmacists can improve adherence through education on medication purpose, usage, and side effects. Adherence is especially important for chronic conditions and can be monitored through patient assessments.
The document discusses the history and development of clinical pharmacy in India. It notes that clinical pharmacy began emerging in India in the 1980s and 1990s in response to issues with drug misuse and safety. Several key developments followed, including revisions to pharmacy education regulations and the establishment of early master's programs in pharmacy practice. Today, clinical pharmacy practice has expanded further, with pharmacists taking on roles like providing drug information, managing medication therapy, and counseling patients in both hospital and community settings.
Hospital pharmacy-Organisation and management
a) Organizational structure-Staff, Infrastructure & work load statistics
b) Management of materials and finance
c) Roles & responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
This document discusses the detection and monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It outlines that ADRs are detected through pre-marketing studies such as acute toxicity and specific animal tests as well as clinical trials. Post-marketing surveillance also plays an important role in ADR detection through spontaneous reporting systems and epidemiological methods. In hospitals, healthcare professionals can detect ADRs by closely monitoring high-risk patients and collecting detailed patient data to assess causality and severity of suspected ADRs.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
A medication history interview is used to collect detailed information about all medications a patient is currently taking or has taken in the past. This provides insights into allergic reactions, adherence, and use of alternative medicines. The goals are to obtain complete information to compare to medical records, verify histories, and inform care. Key information includes current and past medications, reactions, effectiveness, adherence, and sources like patients, families, and records. Patient counseling then aims to improve understanding of treatment, side effects, and self-management through a structured introduction, discussion, and conclusion.
Drug information centers provide unbiased drug information to healthcare professionals and patients. The first drug information center was established in 1960 at the University of Kentucky. In Nepal, drug information centers are still in their infancy. The Drug Information Network of Nepal was established in 1996 with participation from government, academic, and non-government organizations to disseminate drug information. The network aims to optimize drug use and decision making in Nepal through sharing up-to-date, evaluated information on drugs.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
A hospital staff pharmacist provides pharmacy services to both inpatients and outpatients at a hospital. They work closely with doctors and nurses to administer medications to patients and may prepare specialized medications. Hospital pharmacists are experts in medications and work to ensure patients receive the best treatment. Key responsibilities include dispensing prescriptions accurately, advising medical staff on drug selection and dosage, and educating patients. A degree in pharmacy is required to become a licensed hospital pharmacist.
The document defines hospital pharmacy and outlines its key functions, objectives, layout, personnel requirements, and the abilities required of hospital pharmacists. Specifically, it notes that hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. It is also concerned with education and research. The personnel and space requirements increase based on the number of beds. Hospital pharmacists require knowledge of basic sciences and the ability to manage manufacturing, administration, research, and teaching programs.
The document discusses medication history interviews, which are used to obtain a complete record of all medications a patient is currently taking or has taken recently. A medication history interview provides valuable insights into a patient's allergies, adherence to treatments, and use of alternative medicines. The goal is to collect information that can be used to prevent prescription errors, detect drug-related issues, and inform an overall care plan for the patient. Common questions asked during an interview include what medications the patient is currently taking, any allergies or side effects, adherence to past treatments, and use of over-the-counter or herbal remedies.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
The document discusses the role and functions of pharmacy and therapeutics committees (PTC) in hospitals. PTCs are responsible for selecting drugs for the hospital formulary, promoting rational drug use, and reducing drug costs. They provide leadership on issues related to appropriate drug therapy. Key functions of PTCs include advising on drug policies, evaluating drugs for the formulary, assessing drug use to identify problems, and managing adverse drug reactions. PTCs also monitor drug safety, maintain emergency drug lists, and conduct drug utilization reviews to improve prescribing practices. Composition of PTCs varies but generally includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses and hospital administrators.
Organization structure of hospital pharmacyHarish Rahar
This document discusses hospital pharmacy, defining it as the department where pharmacists distribute medicine to inpatients and outpatients. A hospital pharmacy's responsibilities include procuring, storing, compounding, testing, manufacturing, dispensing, packaging, and distributing drugs. It should be conveniently located on the ground floor for easy access. The roles of a hospital pharmacist include practicing ethically, managing drug purchasing and inventory, inspecting supplies, counseling patients, and promoting rational drug use. Larger hospitals require departmentalization with separate areas for inpatient services, outpatients, administration, compounding, packaging, storage, and sterile products preparation.
Clinical pharmacy involves applying scientific principles of pharmacology to optimize patient care and outcomes. It focuses on rational medication use and promoting health. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, assessing their medication-related needs and developing individualized care plans in collaboration with other healthcare providers. They are highly trained and educated professionals responsible for ensuring safe, effective, and cost-efficient use of medications across various healthcare settings.
Hospital pharmacists are experts in medicines who work as part of healthcare teams to manage medication use in hospitals. Their responsibilities include procurement, storage, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs. They provide patient-centered care through individualized patient monitoring and evaluation. Hospital pharmacists require administrative, technical, and academic abilities to plan pharmacy operations, ensure quality control, provide training, and participate in research. Their roles include working in central dispensing areas, patient care units, and direct patient care through counseling, monitoring therapy, and obtaining medication histories. Beyond clinical care, hospital pharmacists also serve on committees, conduct drug trials, provide education, and influence hospital formularies.
Community pharmacies include privately owned establishments that serve the public's need for drugs and pharmaceutical services. They range from corporate chains to independently owned shops. Community pharmacists play an important role in processing prescriptions accurately, counseling patients, monitoring drug use, promoting health, and responding to minor ailments. They must maintain legal and financial records and adhere to a code of ethics regarding their professional activities and relationships.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on pharmacy and therapeutic committees. It defines a pharmacy and therapeutic committee as a policy-making body that advises the medical staff and hospital administration on drug therapy issues. The objectives of such committees are to provide advisory, educational, and safe/rational drug use guidance. The composition of a PTC includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. Key functions of a PTC are developing and revising formularies, managing adverse drug reactions, promoting patient health, and regulating the hospital pharmacy inventory.
The document outlines the roles and functions of a Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) in a hospital. The DTC advises on drug-related issues, develops drug policies, evaluates drugs for inclusion in the hospital formulary, promotes rational drug use, manages adverse drug reactions, and monitors drug safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The DTC meets regularly to assess drug use, identify issues, and conduct interventions to improve prescribing and reduce costs while maintaining patient safety.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
The document discusses clinical pharmacy services provided at hospitals. It focuses on ward round participation, drug therapy review, and pharmacist interventions. Key services discussed include participating in ward rounds to optimize patient treatment, monitoring drug therapy through activities like therapeutic drug monitoring and medication order review, endorsing medication charts to prevent errors, and performing clinical reviews to evaluate treatment response and safety. The pharmacist plays an important role as part of the clinical team in these activities to enhance patient outcomes.
A medication history interview is used to collect detailed information about all medications a patient is currently taking or has taken in the past. This provides insights into allergic reactions, adherence, and use of alternative medicines. The goals are to obtain complete information to compare to medical records, verify histories, and inform care. Key information includes current and past medications, reactions, effectiveness, adherence, and sources like patients, families, and records. Patient counseling then aims to improve understanding of treatment, side effects, and self-management through a structured introduction, discussion, and conclusion.
Drug information centers provide unbiased drug information to healthcare professionals and patients. The first drug information center was established in 1960 at the University of Kentucky. In Nepal, drug information centers are still in their infancy. The Drug Information Network of Nepal was established in 1996 with participation from government, academic, and non-government organizations to disseminate drug information. The network aims to optimize drug use and decision making in Nepal through sharing up-to-date, evaluated information on drugs.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
A hospital staff pharmacist provides pharmacy services to both inpatients and outpatients at a hospital. They work closely with doctors and nurses to administer medications to patients and may prepare specialized medications. Hospital pharmacists are experts in medications and work to ensure patients receive the best treatment. Key responsibilities include dispensing prescriptions accurately, advising medical staff on drug selection and dosage, and educating patients. A degree in pharmacy is required to become a licensed hospital pharmacist.
The document defines hospital pharmacy and outlines its key functions, objectives, layout, personnel requirements, and the abilities required of hospital pharmacists. Specifically, it notes that hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. It is also concerned with education and research. The personnel and space requirements increase based on the number of beds. Hospital pharmacists require knowledge of basic sciences and the ability to manage manufacturing, administration, research, and teaching programs.
The document discusses medication history interviews, which are used to obtain a complete record of all medications a patient is currently taking or has taken recently. A medication history interview provides valuable insights into a patient's allergies, adherence to treatments, and use of alternative medicines. The goal is to collect information that can be used to prevent prescription errors, detect drug-related issues, and inform an overall care plan for the patient. Common questions asked during an interview include what medications the patient is currently taking, any allergies or side effects, adherence to past treatments, and use of over-the-counter or herbal remedies.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
The document discusses the role and functions of pharmacy and therapeutics committees (PTC) in hospitals. PTCs are responsible for selecting drugs for the hospital formulary, promoting rational drug use, and reducing drug costs. They provide leadership on issues related to appropriate drug therapy. Key functions of PTCs include advising on drug policies, evaluating drugs for the formulary, assessing drug use to identify problems, and managing adverse drug reactions. PTCs also monitor drug safety, maintain emergency drug lists, and conduct drug utilization reviews to improve prescribing practices. Composition of PTCs varies but generally includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses and hospital administrators.
Organization structure of hospital pharmacyHarish Rahar
This document discusses hospital pharmacy, defining it as the department where pharmacists distribute medicine to inpatients and outpatients. A hospital pharmacy's responsibilities include procuring, storing, compounding, testing, manufacturing, dispensing, packaging, and distributing drugs. It should be conveniently located on the ground floor for easy access. The roles of a hospital pharmacist include practicing ethically, managing drug purchasing and inventory, inspecting supplies, counseling patients, and promoting rational drug use. Larger hospitals require departmentalization with separate areas for inpatient services, outpatients, administration, compounding, packaging, storage, and sterile products preparation.
Clinical pharmacy involves applying scientific principles of pharmacology to optimize patient care and outcomes. It focuses on rational medication use and promoting health. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, assessing their medication-related needs and developing individualized care plans in collaboration with other healthcare providers. They are highly trained and educated professionals responsible for ensuring safe, effective, and cost-efficient use of medications across various healthcare settings.
Hospital pharmacists are experts in medicines who work as part of healthcare teams to manage medication use in hospitals. Their responsibilities include procurement, storage, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs. They provide patient-centered care through individualized patient monitoring and evaluation. Hospital pharmacists require administrative, technical, and academic abilities to plan pharmacy operations, ensure quality control, provide training, and participate in research. Their roles include working in central dispensing areas, patient care units, and direct patient care through counseling, monitoring therapy, and obtaining medication histories. Beyond clinical care, hospital pharmacists also serve on committees, conduct drug trials, provide education, and influence hospital formularies.
Community pharmacies include privately owned establishments that serve the public's need for drugs and pharmaceutical services. They range from corporate chains to independently owned shops. Community pharmacists play an important role in processing prescriptions accurately, counseling patients, monitoring drug use, promoting health, and responding to minor ailments. They must maintain legal and financial records and adhere to a code of ethics regarding their professional activities and relationships.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on pharmacy and therapeutic committees. It defines a pharmacy and therapeutic committee as a policy-making body that advises the medical staff and hospital administration on drug therapy issues. The objectives of such committees are to provide advisory, educational, and safe/rational drug use guidance. The composition of a PTC includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. Key functions of a PTC are developing and revising formularies, managing adverse drug reactions, promoting patient health, and regulating the hospital pharmacy inventory.
The document outlines the roles and functions of a Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) in a hospital. The DTC advises on drug-related issues, develops drug policies, evaluates drugs for inclusion in the hospital formulary, promotes rational drug use, manages adverse drug reactions, and monitors drug safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The DTC meets regularly to assess drug use, identify issues, and conduct interventions to improve prescribing and reduce costs while maintaining patient safety.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally in 2011-2016, there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. TB can affect any part of the body but most commonly the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotic drugs over a period of 6-9 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the disease and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis is a global disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects around a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, and fever. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, chest x-ray, and culture. Treatment requires prolonged multi-drug chemotherapy over 6-24 months to prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure treatment adherence and cure.
Public-private partnerships in healthcare involve governments partnering with private businesses to jointly fund and operate health services. In Pakistan, tuberculosis is a major public health issue, with over 268,000 new cases reported annually. USAID works with the Pakistani government and other partners to strengthen tuberculosis control programs in the country through activities like expanding diagnostic and treatment services, improving monitoring and evaluation, and training healthcare workers.
Sam higgimbottom institute of agriculture technology and sciencesAbhishek Sunny
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) disease management. It defines disease management and lists conditions it covers, including TB. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually infect the lungs. Only 10% of latent TB infections progress to active disease without treatment. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, skin tests, and sputum analysis. Standard TB treatment follows the DOTS strategy and uses antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide for 6-8 months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Side effects of the drugs can include liver problems and vision issues.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. TB is defined as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. Distinctions are made between TB infection and active TB disease. Treatment involves a combination of drugs taken for several months to cure the patient and prevent transmission. Special considerations are provided for treating TB in patients with conditions like hepatitis, renal failure, pregnancy and diabetes. Drug-resistant TB is also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem, and the goal is to reduce morbidity, mortality and transmission. TB is defined as an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually affecting the lungs. Distinctions are made between infection and active disease. Treatment aims to cure patients and prevent transmission, using the right drugs for long enough. Special situations like liver disease and pregnancy are also addressed. Drug-resistant TB is categorized based on resistance to first and second-line drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
Case finding and diagnosis Workshop for Medical College Task Force memberRivu Basu
1. Case finding and diagnosis of TB involves classifying TB based on anatomical site, identifying presumptive TB patients, and using appropriate diagnostic tools.
2. Strategies to enhance case finding include passive case finding based on symptoms, intensified case finding through bidirectional screening of high-risk groups, and active case finding through systematic screening of vulnerable populations using sensitive diagnostic tests.
3. The vision is to achieve universal access to early and accurate TB diagnosis and improve efficiency through early identification of presumptive TB patients, screening high-risk groups, using free sensitive diagnostic tests and algorithms, and engaging private providers.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring & evaluation of programs.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring programs.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when a person with active TB coughs or sneezes.
- In 2017, there were nearly 10 million new TB cases globally, making it one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Rates are highest in Southeast Asia and India.
- Symptoms can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray,
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on tuberculosis (TB), including symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatment drugs. It then describes the objectives and activities of the RNTCP, including expanding DOTS treatment coverage nationwide, increasing detection and treatment rates, and addressing multi-drug resistant TB. The RNTCP aims to achieve 90% detection and treatment success rates for new and previously treated TB cases by 2017 through improved diagnostics, drug-resistant TB management, and public-private partnerships. Ongoing challenges include maintaining service quality, addressing multi-drug resistant TB, and engaging all healthcare providers.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and kills over 1.6 million people worldwide each year. It is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries.
- Pulmonary TB affects the lungs and is the most common type. Extra-pulmonary TB can affect other organs. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin testing.
- Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure patient adherence
Similar to national health program(tb and malaria ) (20)
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
national health program(tb and malaria )
1. National Health Program:
Role Of Community Pharmacist In TB and Malaria Control Program
Presented By :Arbeena Shakir
Presented to :Dr. Sayed Ehtashamul haque sir
3. Definition:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TB can affect any part of the body. When it affects the lungs it is called pulmonary TB. The
commonest form of TB is pulmonary TB. TB in any other part of the body (i.e. other than lungs)
is called extra pulmonary TB
Mode of infection :
TB germs usually spread through air. When a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis coughs or
sneezes, TB germs are spread in the air in the form of tiny droplets. When these droplets are
inhaled by a healthy person s/he gets infected with tuberculosis. This infected person will have
a 10% lifetime risk of developing tuberculosis.
4. Risk of developing disease :
All those who get infected do not necessarily develop TB disease. The life time risk of
breaking down to disease among those infected with TB is 10–15%, which gets increased to
10% per year amongst those co-infected with HIV. Other determinants such as diabetes
mellitus, smoking tobacco products, malnutrition and alcohol abuse also increase the risk of
progression from infection to TB disease.
5. Extent of TB problem in the world
Every year, more than 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) occur and nearly 2 million
people die of the disease. Nearly half a million cases have the multidrug-resistant form of the
disease. While Asia bears the largest burden of the disease, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest
incidence of drug-susceptible TB and Eastern Europe has the highest incidence of multidrug-
resistant TB (MDR -TB).
Extent of TB problem in india
The extent of the TB problem is generally described in terms of incidence, prevalence and
mortality.
Incidence is the number of new events (infection or disease) that occur over a period of one year
in a defined population.
Prevalence is total of new and existing events (infection or disease) at a given point of time in a
defined geographical population.
India accounts for 26% of the total global TB burden i.e. 2.0-2.5million new cases annually.
6. HIV Co infection among TB patients
Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection amongst HIV-infected individuals. It
is a major cause of mortality among patients with HIV and poses a risk throughout the course of
HIV disease, even after successful initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In India 55-60% of
AIDS cases reported had TB, and TB is one of the leading causes of death in 'People living with
HIV/AIDS' (PLHA)
8. National strategic plan for TB elimination (2017-25)
Goal: To achieve a rapid decline in burden of TB, morbidity and mortality while working
towards elimination of TB in India by 2025.
World Tuberculosis Day, observed on 24 March each year, si designed to build public
awareness about the global epidemic of tuberculosis and efforts to eliminate the disease.
RNTCP has released a 'National strategic plan for tuberculosis 2017-2025' (NSP) for the
control and elimination of TB in India by 2025.
According to the NSP TB elimination has been integrated into the four strategic pillars
of"Detect- Treat- Prevent- Build" (DTPB).
•Detect: Find all DS - TB and DR - TB cases with an emphasis on reaching TB patients
seeking care from private providers and undiagnosed TB in high - risk populations.
• Treat: Initiate and sustain all patients on appropriate anti - TB treatment wherever they
seek care, with patient friendly systems and social support
9. •Prevent: Preventing the emergence of TB in susceptible populations.
• Build: It strengthen enabling policies, empowered institutions and human resources with
enhanced capacities.
Key services of programme
•Free diagnosis and treatment for TB patients.
•Provision of rapid diagnostics Testing of all TB patients for drug resistance and HIV.
•Management of associated diseases.
•Treatment adherence support .
•Nutrition assistance to TB patients.
• Preventive measures.
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) will evolve a scheme to address the patients
seeking care in private sector. The scheme will have suitable incentives for the private doctors and
patients to report TB cases coupled with another scheme to provide free of cost medicines to TB
patients going to a private doctor/ institute.
11. Following are some of the special investigations which are helpful in diagnosing extra
pulmonary tuberculosis. These may be radiological, cytological/ pathological, biochemical
and immunological.
(a) Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and direct smear examination
(b) Excision / Biopsy of specimen for histo-pathological examination
(c) Fluid for cytology, biochemical analysis and smear examination
(d) X-ray of the involved region
(e) Ultra Sonography for Abdominal Tuberculosis
(f) Culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tb)
• Sputum smear microscopy
• Chest X-ray
• Sputum culture
• Newer diagnosis ,including Molecular diagnosis, GeneXpert etc
Diagnostic test for extra-pulmonary TB
12. Treatment of TB :
Provision of free TB drugs in the form of daily fixed dose combinations (FDCs) for all TB cases is
advised with the support of directly observed treatment (DOT)
For drug sensitive TB, daily fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs
in appropriate weight bands for all forms of TB and in all ages should be given.
For new TB cases, the treatment ni intensive phase (IP) consists of eight weeks of
Isoniazid(INH), Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol (HRZE) in daily doses as per four
weights band categories and in continuation phase three drug FDCs- Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and
Ethambutol (HRE) are continued for 16 weeks.
for previously treated cases of TB, the Intensive Phase is of 12 weeks, where injection
streptomycin si given for 8 weeks along with four drugs (INH, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and
Ethambutol) and after 8weeks the four drugs (INH, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and
Ethambutol)ni daily doses as per weight bands are continued for another four weeks. In
continuation phase Rifampicin, INH, and Ethambutol are continued for another 20 weeks as
daily doses.
13. Role Of Community Pharmacist :
1. Community Awareness
• Distribution of TB information leaflets to TB patients, TB suspects as well as to any other
patient who wish to know/need to know more about TB
• Creating awareness about DOTS programme by displaying posters/boards/stickers in the
Pharmacy.
• Arrange and conduct group awareness activities
• TB and DOTS awareness sessions among schools, community etc
14. 2. Patient Counselling
During first meeting with a patient, one has to find out whether the patient has previously
been treated for tuberculosis. A patient should be made aware that tuberculosis is a
life-threatening disease and tuberculosis treatment is only effective if all prescribed drugs
are taken regularly for the entire prescribed duration.
Then he has to be explained about the following about tuberculosis:
• What is tuberculosis, and how it spreads.
• Symptoms of tuberculosis.
• Treatment of tuberculosis. either from private or public sector
• Information about Directly Observed Treatment (DOT).
• Importance of contact examination and chemoprophylaxis of children below 6 yrs of age.
• Taking some of the drugs or irregular taking of drugs is dangerous and makes the disease
incurable.
• Motivation of the patient with respect to treatment requirements and expected duration of
the treatment .
15. 3 Case detection and referral of TB suspects
When to refer a patient to TB Clinics (or to any Doctor for TB evaluating) and how to
identify chest symptomatic cases:
• Any patients with cough more than two weeks
• Greet the patient, asking the patients who are seeking cough medication about how
long the patient has the cough.
• Asking for other symptoms if the cough has persisted for a long time.
• Asking for specific TB symptoms i.e. persistent cough, sputum or blood in cough,
chest pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss, loss of appetite, etc.
• Asking whether the suspect has consulted a doctor.
• Telling the patients about the importance of TB diagnosis and effective TB
treatment which is free in government hospitals & also can be made available from
the pharmacy.
17. 5.Patient activities related to DOTS
• Swallowing of drugs during the intensive phase of treatment in the presence of
DOT Provider.
• Swallowing of the first dose of the weekly course of the continuation phase under
direct observation of the health functionary and bringing the empty blister-pack
during the next weekly collection of drugs.
• Going for follow up sputum test
• Bringing all symptomatic contacts to the nearest heath unit for a checkup.
6. Patient Communication
The skills involved in good interpersonal communication include:
• Listening and Understanding
• Demonstrating caring, concern and commitment
• Problem solving and Motivating
20. Definition:
Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It's typically transmitted through hte bite of an infected
Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite. Five species of
Plasmodium (single-celled parasites) can infect humans and cause illness: a) Plasmodium
falciparum (P. falciparum) b) Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae) c) Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)
d) Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) e) Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi)
Mode of infection :
Malaria is transmitted by the infective bite of Anopheles mosquito. Man develops disease after
01 ol 41 days of being bitten by an infective mosquito. There are two types of parasites of
human malaria, Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, which aer commonly reported from India.
Inside the human host, the parasite undergoes a series of changes as part of its complex life
cycle. (Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite). The parasite completes life cycle in liver cells (pre-
erythrocytic schizogony) and red blood cels (erythrocytic schizogony Infection with P. falciparum
is the most deadly form of malaria.
22. Diagnosis of malaria :
1 Microscopy
Microscopy of stained thick and thin blood smears remains the gold standard for confirmation
of diagnosis of malaria.
The advantages of microscopy are:
• The sensitivity is high. It is possible to detect malarial parasites at low densities. It also helps
to quantify the parasite load.
• It is possible to distinguish the various species of malaria parasite and their different stages.
2 Rapid Diagnostic Test
Rapid Diagnostic Tests are based on the detection of
circulating parasite antigens. Several types of RDTs are available. Some of them can only
detect P. falciparum, while others can detect other parasite species also. The latter kits are
expensive and temperature sensitive.
23. Chemoprophylaxis :
Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for travellers, migrant labourers and military personnel
exposed to malaria in highly endemic areas. Use of personal protection measures like
insecticide-treated bednets should be encouraged for pregnant women and other vulnerable
populations.
-For short-term chemoprophylaxis (less than 6 weeks) Doxycycline: 100 mg daily in adults
and 1.5 mg/kg for children more than 8 years old. The drug should be started 2 days before
travel and continued for 4 weeks after leaving the malarious area.
.
-For long-term chemoprophylaxis (more than 6 weeks) Mefloquine: 5 mg/kg bw (up to 250
mg) weekly and should be administered two weeks before, during and four weeks after
leaving the area.
24. Treatment of malaria :
1- Treatment of uncomplicated malaria
(As per ministry of health and family welfare
guidelines 2009)
25. 2. Treatment of severe malaria :
Severe manifestations can develop in P. falciparum infection over a span of time as short as
12 – 24 hours and may lead to death, if not treated promptly and adequately. Severe
malaria is characterized by following features :
• Impaired consciousness/coma
• Repeated generalized convulsions
• Renal failure (Serum Creatinine >3 mg/dl)
• Jaundice (Serum Bilirubin >3 mg/dl)
• Severe anaemia (Hb <5 g/dl)
• Pulmonary oedema/acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Hypoglycaemia (Plasma Glucose <40 mg/dl)
• Metabolic acidosis
• Circulatory collapse/shock (Systolic BP <80 mm Hg, <70 mm Hg in children)
26. Parenteral artemisinin derivatives or quinine should be used irrespective of
chloroquine sensitivity
• Artesunate: 2.4 mg/kg i.v. or i.m. given on admission (time=0), then at 12 hours
and 24 hours, then once a day (Care should be taken to dilute artesunate powder
in 5% Sodium bi-carbonate provided in the pack).
• Quinine: 20 mg quinine salt/kg on admission (i.v. infusion in 5%
dextrose/dextrose saline over a period of 4 hours) followed by maintenance dose
of 10 mg/kg 8 hourly; infusion rate should not exceed 5 mg/kg per hour. Loading
dose of 20 mg/kg should not be given, if the patient has already received quinine.
NEVER GIVE BOLUS INJECTION OF QUININE. If parenteral quinine therapy needs
to be continued beyond 48 hours, dose should be reduced to 7 mg/kg 8 hourly.
• Artemether: 3.2 mg/kg i.m. given on admission then 1.6 mg/kg per day.
• αβ Arteether: 150 mg daily i.m. for 3 days in adults only (not
recommended for children).
27. NATIONAL VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME
• The National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella
programme for prevention and control of vector borne diseases viz. Malaria, Japanese
Encephalitis (JE), Dengue, Chikungunya, Kala-azar and Lymphatic Filariasis.
• Malaria, Filaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue and Chikungunya are transmitted by
mosquitoes.
• The transmission of vector borne diseases depends on prevalence of infective vectors and
human-vector contact, which is further influenced by various factors such as climate, sleeping
habits of human, density and biting of vectors etc.
28. STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF VECTOR
BORNE DISEASES :
1. Integrated Vector Management including Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in selected high
risk areas; Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), use of larvivorous fish, anti - larval measures
in urban areas including bio-larvicides and source reduction.
2. Disease Management including early case detection with active, passive and sentinel
surveillance and complete effective treatment, strengthening of referral services.
3. Supportive Interventions including Behaviour Change Communication (BCC), Inter-sectoral
Convergence, Human Resource Development through capacity building.
4. Vaccination only against J.E.(Japanese Encephalitis)
5. Annual Mass Drugs Administration (only against Lymphatic Filariasis)
29. Control Strategy for Malaria
1. Parasite Control: Treatment is done through passive agencies hospitals, dispensaries both
in private & public sectors. In mega cities malaria clinics are established by each health
sector/malaria control agencies via Municipal Corporations, Railways, Defence services.
2. Vector Control: Source reduction, use of larvicides, use of larvivorous fish, space spray.
30. Role Of Community Pharmacist :
Community pharmacists appear to be the most accessible
health care professionals, for the prevention, control, and
treatment of malaria.
• Pharmacists are experts in the use of medications.
• They possess the knowledge and skills required to ensure
the safe and effective use of medicines.
• Also, community pharmacists are becoming increasingly
involved in health promotion and education.
31. PHARMACIST COUNSELLING FOR MALARIA PREVENTION
•Offer advice, particularly around prevention, to patients through effective
• communication. Identify complicated malaria in patients by being aware of the signs and
symptoms to ensure timely and appropriate care.
•Supply treatment and prophylaxis to patients, according to guidelines, in hospitals or
community pharmacies.
•Adhere to treatment guidelines by staying aware of local policies and developing action
plans to implement.
•Monitor response to treatment in patients by being aware of signs and symptoms and
reactions to antimalarials.
•Raise awareness in patient communities by using your knowledge.