Communicable diseases, Respiratory infections, Intestinal infections, Surface infections, Arthropod born diseases, STDs.

1. COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
By
Mrs. S A Wagh
MVPS’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Adgaon, Nashik.
1

2. OBJECTIVES
• Definition
• Classification
• Examples
• Causative agent, mode of transmission, signs & symptoms, prevention
& treatment of:
• Respiratory Infections
• Intestinal Infections
• Arthropod borne Infections
• Surface Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2

3. Definition
• These are the diseases which are caused by or spread
by an infectious agents or its toxic products, which are
capable of transmitting from man to man, animal to
animal or from environment to man or animal
• Examples: Malaria, Tuberculosis, Typhoid etc.
3

4. Classification
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
•Chicken pox
•Tuberculosis
INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
•Hepatitis
•Typhoid
ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIONS
•Malaria
•Plague
SURFACE INFECTIONS
•Tetanus
•Leprosy
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
•Syphilis
•AIDS
4

5. Mode of transmission
5

6. 6

7. RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS
7

8. Respiratory Infections
• Through respiration:
• Chicken pox
• Tuberculosis
• Diphtheria
• Whooping cough
8

9. Chicken pox
Causative agent
Varicella
zoster virus
9

10. Chicken pox
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Air borne
transmission
• Droplet infection
• Direct contact
14 to 16 days • Varicella vaccine
• Two doses are
given at the age of
12 to 15 months
and 4 to 6 yrs.
Antiviral drugs ex.
Acyclovir
10

11. Diphtheria
Causative agent
Corynebacterium
Diphtheriae
11

12. Diphtheria
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Droplet
infection
• Physical
contact
• By infected
fomites
(objects)
2 to 4 days • DPT vaccine (Diphtheria
Pertussis and Tetanus
toxoid)
• Three doses each of 0.5ml
of vaccine at age of 11/2 ,
21/2 and 31/2 months.
• 1st booster dose at
18months
• 2nd booster dose of DT at
31/2 yrs.
• Diphtheria
antitoxin
• Antibiotics ex.
Penicillin or
Erythromycin
12

13. 13

14. Whooping cough (Pertussis)
Causative agent
Bordetella
Pertussis
14

15. Whooping cough
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Droplet infection
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Talking of
infectious person
• Direct contact
7 to 14 days • DPT or DTP
vaccine
• Recommended
antibiotics are
• Erythromycin,
Ampicillin and
Cotrimoxazole
15

16. 16

17. Tuberculosis
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Droplet infection
• Droplet nuclei
infection
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Talking of
infectious person
2 to 12 weeks • BCG (Bacille
Calmette Guerin)
vaccine 0.05ml or
0.1ml of vaccine
• Chemoprophylaxis
is done by giving
INH for 1year or
INH + E for 9
months
• Chemotherapy is
given by using
Anti-tubercular
agents.
• DOTS
chemotherapy
17

18. 18

19. INTESTINAL
INFECTIONS
19

20. Intestinal Infections
• Polio
• Typhoid
• Hepatitis
• Amoebiasis
20

21. Polio
Causative agent
Polio Virus
Type I
21

22. Polio
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Fecal oral route
• Indirectly
through
contaminated
water, milk and
food
7 to 14 days • OPV i.e. oral polio
vaccine (Sabin
vaccine)
• IPV i.e.
inactivated polio
vaccine (Salk
vaccine)
• Pain relievers
• Antispasmodics
• Antibiotics
• Physical therapy
22

23. 23

24. Typhoid (Enteric fever)
Causative agent
Salmonella
Typhi
24

25. Typhoid (Enteric fever)
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Fecal oral route
OR urine oral
route
• Directly through
contaminated
hands or fingers
• Indirect
transmission
through food,
water or milk
6 to 30 days • Antityphoid
vaccine i.e. TAB
vaccine is used
• Antibiotics for
ex. Ciprofloxacin,
ceftriaxone are
used
25

26. Hepatitis A (Epidemic Jaundice)
Causative agent
Hepatitis A
Virus
26

27. Hepatitis A (Epidemic Jaundice)
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Fecal oral route
• Parenteral route
• Sexual
transmission
25 to 30 days • Hepatitis A
vaccine
• Combined vaccine
for hepatitis A &
B is available,
scheduled at age
of 0, 1 and 6
months for
children one year
and above
• No specific
treatment is
available
27

28. Hepatitis B (Serum Jaundice)
Causative agent
Hepatitis B
Virus
28

29. Hepatitis B (Serum Jaundice)
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Prenatal
transmission
• Parenteral route
• Sexual
transmission
45 to 180
days
• Hepatitis B
vaccine
• Antiviral drugs
are used for ex.
Lamivudine,
entecavir etc.
29

30. Amoebiasis
Causative agent
Entamoeba
Histolytica
30

31. Amoebiasis
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Fecal oral route
• Contaminated
food, water
• Raw vegetables
• Through flies,
cockroaches and
rodents
2 to 4 days or
even longer
• Prevent
contamination of
water, food,
vegetables, fruits
etc.
• Rotavirus vaccine
• Anti-amoebic
agents such as
metronidazole,
diloxanide
furoate,
paromomycin etc.
are used.
31

32. ARTHROPOD BORNE
INFECTIONS
32

33. Arthropod Borne Infections
• Malaria
• Filariasis
• Plague
33

34. Malaria
Causative agent
Plasmodium Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Ovale
P. Malariae
34

35. Malaria
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Vector
transmission
• Direct
transmission
• Congenital
transmission
12 to 40 days • Use mosquito
repellants, bed
nets, protective
clothing etc.
• Domestic sprays
• Use larvicides to
kill mosquito
larvae
• Malaria vaccine
RTS,S brand
name Mosquirix
• Chemotherapy is
given by using
Anti-malarial
agents.
• First day:
Chloroquine
600mg +
Primaquine 15mg
• Next 4 days
Primaquine 15mg
is given.
35

36. Plague
Causative agent
Yersinia Pestis
36

37. Plague
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Transmitted
between rodents
and rat fleas
• Bite of an
infected rat flea
to man
• Man to man by
droplets
2 to 6days • Early diagnosis
• Notification
• Isolation
• Disinfection of
patients sputum
• Drug of choice is
tetracycline
500mg.
• In children,
cotrimoxazole is
an alternative.
37

38. Filariasis
Causative agent
Wuchereria
Bancrofti
38

39. Filariasis
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Transmitted to
man by bite of an
infected
mosquito
4 weeks
Or
8 to 16
months
• Vector
control by
elimination of
breeding
places of
mosquitoes.
• Larvicides
• Chemotherapy is
given by using
Antihelmintic agents
• D.E.C. (Diethyl
carbamazine)
6mg/kg body wt.
orally in divided
doses for 12days.
39

40. SURFACE INFECTIONS
40

41. Surface Infections
• Rabies
• Trachoma
• Leprosy
41

42. Rabies (Hydrophobia)
Causative agent
Lyssa Virus
Type I
42

43. Rabies (Hydrophobia)
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Virus is
secreted in the
saliva of
affected
animal
• Transmitted to
man by bite or
lick of these
animals
4 days to
many years
• Pre-exposure
prophylaxis:
• Risky person should
be immunized
• Vaccination of pet &
stray dogs
• Post-exposure
prophylaxis:
• Wash bitten area
with soap & water,
apply antiseptic
• Antirabic vaccine
• Treatment is
symptomatic
• Muscle relaxants
given for muscle
contractions
• I.V. fluids &
therapy for
maintaining
respiratory &
cardiac functions
is given.
43

44. Trachoma
Causative agent
Chlamydia
Trachomatis
44

45. Trachoma
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Eye to eye
transmission by
direct or
indirect contact
• Ocular
discharges of
infected person
or fomites ex.
Infected
fingers, towels,
kajal, surma, etc.
5 to 12 days • Early diagnosis and
treatment of cases.
• Common use of eye
cosmetics like kajal,
surma should be
avoided.
• Health education
and community
hygiene plays an
important role in
prevention and
control of trachoma
• Antibiotic of
choice is 1%
ointment of
tetracycline.
• Erythromycin &
rifampicin can
also be used.
• Mass treatment
45

46. Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
Causative agent
Mycobacterium
Leprae
46

47. Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
Mode of transmission Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Mainly transmitted
by direct or
indirect contact
• Also transmitted
by droplet
infection through
nasal and oral
secretion of the
patient.
• May be transmitted
through breast milk
of lepromatous
mother
3 to 5 years • Detection of cases of
leprosy
• Multidrug therapy for
control and cure.
• Prevention of contact
between the patient
and other normal
persons, especially
children.
• Selective isolation or
hospitalization
• Rehabilitation
• Chemotherapy is
given by using Anti-
leprotic agents.
• Dapsone,
Clofazimine,
Rifampicin,
Ethionamide
47

48. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
48

49. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• AIDS
49

50. Syphilis
Causative agent
Treponema
Pallidum
50

51. Syphilis
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Sexual contact
with infected
person
• Congenital
transmission
10 days to 10
weeks
• Detection of
cases
• Early diagnosis &
treatment
• Use of
contraceptive
• Awareness
• Primary syphilis
Procaine
Penicillin 600000
units IM/day for
10days is given
• Secondary
syphilis double
dose for 20days
is given.
51

52. Gonorrhea
Causative agent
Neisseria
Gonorrhea
52

53. Gonorrhea
Mode of
transmission
Incubation
period
Prevention Treatment
• Sexual contact
with infected
person
• Congenital
transmission
3 to 10 days • Detection of
cases
• Early diagnosis &
treatment
• Use of
contraceptive
• Awareness
• Single IM
injection of
600000 units of
Procaine
Penicillin
53

54. AIDS
Causative agent
Human Immuno
Deficiency Virus
(HIV)
54

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56. 56

57. 57