This document describes a contactless digital tachometer that uses an Arduino microcontroller, infrared sensor, and LCD display. The tachometer counts the number of rotations of a motor shaft using an IR transmitter and receiver without direct contact. It displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) measurement on an LCD screen. The Arduino microcontroller implements the RPM calculation from the IR sensor pulses and controls the LCD output. The tachometer provides contactless RPM measurement for motors in difficult to reach locations.
A Digital RPM Meter is a measuring instrument which can measure the rotational speed of a rotary machine digitally. In industries we can use this type of digital tachometers which will reduce human effect. The industrial name of this instrument is “Tachometerâ€. It is an important measuring device in the field of electrical engineering and widely used in industries and laboratorial work. Here we are going to design an Aurdino based digital tachometer using IR sensor module to detect object for count rotation of any rotating body and the programming is given by the FTDI programmer. As IR transmits IR rays which reflect back to IR receiver and then IR Module generates an output or pulse which is detected by the aurdino controller when we press start button. It counts continuously for 5 seconds. After 5 seconds aurdino calculate RPM for a minute using given formula. Here we demonstrate this project using ceiling fan. A. Sriharsha Kumar | Ch. Venkatesh | K. V. Durga Prasad | S. Balaji ""Digital Tachometer using Aurdino"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23223.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23223/digital-tachometer-using-aurdino/a-sriharsha-kumar
A major project report on Energy Efficient Infrared (IR) Based Home Automatio...Prasant Kumar
The objective of proposed research work is to implement such a system that can reduce efforts, energy losses, provides a comfortable life, enhance living standards and can help the elderly, handicapped, disables as well as the normal beings to control the home appliances.Employment to Population ratio has increased drastically with increasing living standards. Home Automation plays an important role in maintaining these living standards of employed population by providing a secure & convenient environment. Home automation is similar to smart home, digital home, e-home and intelligent household. They both mean a high living condition with many smart devices. It is the residential extension of building automation which is using automation technology, computer technology and telecommunication technology to give the user a developed living condition, entertainment and security. It helps people to reduce house working and household management by its automation. The Home Automation Systems not only benefit the employed population but it also helps the disabled and elderly population.The vision of the system is to provide an efficient based system to control everyday home appliances. The system offers users an easy & effective means of controlling their various home appliances.
This Presentation is developed by Abhishek Jaiswal(Robotics Workshop Trainer).
It Contains information about Robotics & Automation along with Arduino Understanding. This ppt also has some discussions about Sensors.
Learn from basics and develop till advance.
A microprocessor controlled automatic door opener including means for detecting the velocity and direction of travel of the door. The micro-controller evaluates detected changes in either the velocity or direction of travel to determine the cause, and either reverses door travel direction or ignores the detection. The settings of the door are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. The microcontroller will regulate the opening and closing speed and the direction of door travel depending upon a preprogrammed sequence. The door control mechanism is able to differentiate between these internal factors and external obstructions.
A Digital RPM Meter is a measuring instrument which can measure the rotational speed of a rotary machine digitally. In industries we can use this type of digital tachometers which will reduce human effect. The industrial name of this instrument is “Tachometerâ€. It is an important measuring device in the field of electrical engineering and widely used in industries and laboratorial work. Here we are going to design an Aurdino based digital tachometer using IR sensor module to detect object for count rotation of any rotating body and the programming is given by the FTDI programmer. As IR transmits IR rays which reflect back to IR receiver and then IR Module generates an output or pulse which is detected by the aurdino controller when we press start button. It counts continuously for 5 seconds. After 5 seconds aurdino calculate RPM for a minute using given formula. Here we demonstrate this project using ceiling fan. A. Sriharsha Kumar | Ch. Venkatesh | K. V. Durga Prasad | S. Balaji ""Digital Tachometer using Aurdino"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23223.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23223/digital-tachometer-using-aurdino/a-sriharsha-kumar
A major project report on Energy Efficient Infrared (IR) Based Home Automatio...Prasant Kumar
The objective of proposed research work is to implement such a system that can reduce efforts, energy losses, provides a comfortable life, enhance living standards and can help the elderly, handicapped, disables as well as the normal beings to control the home appliances.Employment to Population ratio has increased drastically with increasing living standards. Home Automation plays an important role in maintaining these living standards of employed population by providing a secure & convenient environment. Home automation is similar to smart home, digital home, e-home and intelligent household. They both mean a high living condition with many smart devices. It is the residential extension of building automation which is using automation technology, computer technology and telecommunication technology to give the user a developed living condition, entertainment and security. It helps people to reduce house working and household management by its automation. The Home Automation Systems not only benefit the employed population but it also helps the disabled and elderly population.The vision of the system is to provide an efficient based system to control everyday home appliances. The system offers users an easy & effective means of controlling their various home appliances.
This Presentation is developed by Abhishek Jaiswal(Robotics Workshop Trainer).
It Contains information about Robotics & Automation along with Arduino Understanding. This ppt also has some discussions about Sensors.
Learn from basics and develop till advance.
A microprocessor controlled automatic door opener including means for detecting the velocity and direction of travel of the door. The micro-controller evaluates detected changes in either the velocity or direction of travel to determine the cause, and either reverses door travel direction or ignores the detection. The settings of the door are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. The microcontroller will regulate the opening and closing speed and the direction of door travel depending upon a preprogrammed sequence. The door control mechanism is able to differentiate between these internal factors and external obstructions.
The Project is about anti-theft & automation. It also provides protection against gas leakage by notification through sms and internet. Ability to control electrical equipments via internet
Automatic irrigation system using ArduinoBalajiK109
In this project time operated electrical appliances like lamp and AC motor is locally customized device capable of switching electrical devices with respect to time and can be used for both home and commercial purposes. In this project we will be able to control the on and off of your devices between the time you want. They may be a light or motor etc., we will use the arduino Mega 2560, and the RTC 1307 to show and control the time. You can set the "ON" hour and the "OFF" hour.
1.Gives basic idea about what is arduino? and their funtionalites.
2. Applications of arduino
3. Adruino programming
4. what is Nodemcu ?
5. pindiagram of Nodemcu
DHT11 Digital Temperature and Humidity SensorRaghav Shetty
The DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long term stability.
This sensor include a resistive type humidity measurement component and a NTC temperature measurement component, and connect to a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interface ability and cost effectiveness.
It’s of small size, low power consumption and up-to 20 meter signal transmission makes it a best choice for various applications.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This ppt is explained for automatic door opening system using PIR sensor.This proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by sensing any body movement near the door.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Class materials for teaching the use of the DHT11 with an Arduino Uno. These materials were originally used in Startathon 2016.
The code is available here. https://github.com/SustainableLivingLab/dht-sensor-usage
Humidity and Temperature Measurement Using Arduinodollonhaider
Humidity and temperature are common parameters to measure environmental conditions. In this Arduino based project we are going to measure ambient temperature and humidity and display it on a LCD screen.
Presented here is a home automation system using a simple Android app, which you can use to control electrical appliances with clicks or voice commands. Commands are sent via Bluetooth to Arduino Uno. So you need not get up to switch on or switch off the device while watching a movie or doing some work.
The Project is about anti-theft & automation. It also provides protection against gas leakage by notification through sms and internet. Ability to control electrical equipments via internet
Automatic irrigation system using ArduinoBalajiK109
In this project time operated electrical appliances like lamp and AC motor is locally customized device capable of switching electrical devices with respect to time and can be used for both home and commercial purposes. In this project we will be able to control the on and off of your devices between the time you want. They may be a light or motor etc., we will use the arduino Mega 2560, and the RTC 1307 to show and control the time. You can set the "ON" hour and the "OFF" hour.
1.Gives basic idea about what is arduino? and their funtionalites.
2. Applications of arduino
3. Adruino programming
4. what is Nodemcu ?
5. pindiagram of Nodemcu
DHT11 Digital Temperature and Humidity SensorRaghav Shetty
The DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long term stability.
This sensor include a resistive type humidity measurement component and a NTC temperature measurement component, and connect to a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interface ability and cost effectiveness.
It’s of small size, low power consumption and up-to 20 meter signal transmission makes it a best choice for various applications.
Minor Project Report: Automatic Door Control SystemSaban Kumar K.C.
This minor project is based on the automatic door control system used in a room or hall based on IR sensor. This project is applicable at such places where the people are busy and people are in large number.
This ppt is explained for automatic door opening system using PIR sensor.This proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by sensing any body movement near the door.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Class materials for teaching the use of the DHT11 with an Arduino Uno. These materials were originally used in Startathon 2016.
The code is available here. https://github.com/SustainableLivingLab/dht-sensor-usage
Humidity and Temperature Measurement Using Arduinodollonhaider
Humidity and temperature are common parameters to measure environmental conditions. In this Arduino based project we are going to measure ambient temperature and humidity and display it on a LCD screen.
Presented here is a home automation system using a simple Android app, which you can use to control electrical appliances with clicks or voice commands. Commands are sent via Bluetooth to Arduino Uno. So you need not get up to switch on or switch off the device while watching a movie or doing some work.
This was my final year project based on embedded system
this is the code
http://downloads..com/download/24001476/code.rar.html
and the pcb are
http://downloads..com/download/24001498/pcb.rar.html
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
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Contactless digital tachometer using microcontroller
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2021, pp. 293~299
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp293-299 293
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Contactless digital tachometer using microcontroller
R. Palanisamy, S. Vidyasagar, V. Kalyanasundaram, R. Sridhar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 28, 2019
Revised Jun 17, 2020
Accepted Jun 29, 2020
Tachometer is a device that used for counting or for the measuring purpose
of the number of revolutions (that is the total number rotations made by
the device in unit of measuring time) of an object in unit time. It is expressed
in the unit of RPS or RPM, the model uses a set of infrared transducer
receiver to count the RPM pulses, and the Arduino microcontroller is used
for the implementation of the project. The individual pulses are counted by
the microcontroller to give the final output of the RPM.
Keywords:
Digital tachometer
Memory unit
Microcontroller
Transmitter and receiver
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
S. Vidyasagar,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai, India.
Email: vidyasas@srmist.edu.in
1. INTRODUCTION
The basic operating principle of a mechanical tachometer is a movable magnet driven by the rotating
input shaft that interacts closely with an eddy current sensor that generates the reading [1-5]. The rotating
magnet within the sensor forces the indicator needle to show the proportional reading on the given output
method as per the engine speed, whereas a countering spring acts against the sensors force to bring it to
a stable stopping point (output reading on the dial) [6]. As compared to a digital tachometer, the traditional
kind faces many issues like the probability of mechanical failure, wear of parts with age that might give
errors [7-11].
The basic characteristics of an 8051 microcontroller are as mentioned, Flash Memory=8 kB,
RAM=256 Bytes, Clock speed=12 Mhz, one operating cycle=12 clock cycles, 8051 operating voltage is
generally between 5 V to 6.6 V and minimum current required is 25 m Amps [12-14].
Single instruction executed in 2 machine cycles General IDE and burner can used to write and compile
code in assembly language for 8051. Programmer needs to know about the registers and pins and their
specific operations by compiler along with the use of specific SFR,s and interrupt routines to write code
for 8051 microcontroller. To code a 8051 controller we need a burner also known as an external
programmer as it does not directly interact directly with a modern computer [15-17].
It is tough to program in Assembly language.
No EEPROM.
Arduino boards need a minimum of 5 V to operate and work upto a rage of 20V. It can b directly
powered by the device being used to code it testing as it is connected using a basic USB cable that is
easily available. They can also be powered using independent sources using an external adapter [18].
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
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294
Arduino is present in logic 5 V and 3.3 V. That lets us use arduino more adaptably as compared to an
8051 and can interfaced with a 5 V logic input device and lower voltage sensors with minimum
requirements that can be taken directly from the arduino board. That eliminates the need of a level
converter [19-21].
Minimum required powering current is 25mAmps that is like 8051.
Its GPIO pins be used alongside 40mamps of current which is very advantageous when compared to
an 8051’s on board gpio [22].
Arduino uno Flash Memory is fixed at 32 kB, Arduino uno’s RAM is pre-set to 2 kB, Arduino
uno EEPROM at 1 kB, clock speed at 16 Mhz that can be increase upto 20 Mhz, here we consider it as:
one operating cycle = 1 operating clocks cycle.
An instruction run for a single operation cycle [23].
It is easier to code in c programming language.
PIC needs more than a single clock cycle for every instruction. AVRC programming lets us execute most
of the instructions in a single clock cycle [24].
PIC has a fixed memory stack that has very limited space, so it limits us from stacking them very deeply
and hence subroutines are limited to a certain extent and C compiler cannot make big stack frames. Stack
pointers are used to address all registers of RAM that are available in the given memory space [25, 26].
PIC microcontroller can be used to directly address 256 bytes of memory that has to be used by changing
the bank after every instruction cycle using extra instructions to change. AVR has an advantage over it
as it can directly access 64k of the memory.
Crippleware is one of the few free pic compilers. AVR free compiler being developed and updated by
a larger team [27, 28].
PIC has a ‘W’ register whereas AVR has 32 registers that can be used for general purpose as well and
includes multiple pairs which can be used as pointers.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM CONCEPT
The basic concept includes an Arduino with the background of c programming from embedded
systems that employs an IR sensor, an Arduino microcontroller, an LCD output screen and a source from
generating the output to be measured, which is shown in Figure 1. The IR sensor module involves an IR
transmitter LED and an IR photoreceiver, the microcontroller used is loaded with a C programmed code and
is stored in its memory until it is reset, and the actuator is an LCD display device, displaying the real time
speed being measured from the motor surface.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed system
The IR sensor detects the high pulses caused by reflection from the motors surface and the controller
is used to calculate the speed of the motor without actually being connected to it, by the principle of
reflection a result is generated from the signals, which is shown in Figure 2. This calculated output signal is
sent as an electrical signal and fed into the actuator that is the LCD panel, which is programmed to show
the speed in terms revolutions in one minute. This is the final output.
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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295
Figure 2. Control using Arduino microcontroller
3. CONTROL STRATEGIES
3.1. Arduino
The Arduino Uno is a logic board based on the open source hardware provided by multiple
manufacturers. It has an Atmega328 microcontroller embedded onto the board itself. The Arduino uno board
in particular is part of the compact Arduino series that contains the Arduino nano and the Arduino mini.
The Arduino board has a total of 28 pins, which is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Pin diagram of Arduino microcontroller
The pins are of the following types.
13 data Pins
7 Digital PWM Pins
6 General purpose data Pins
6 Analog input pins
2 Ground Pins
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5V output Pin
3.3V output Pin
Vin Pin
Reset Pin
IOREF Pin
It has 3 zones of onboard memory
SRAM-32 KB
EEPROM–1 KB
Flash Memory -32KB (31.5 Usable)
The clock speed of an Arduino Uno board is 16 MHz. It can be connected to a computer using
the UART TTL serial communication link or via a USB port. The Arduino board can either draw power via
USB or via an external supply which can be connected via the barrel plug connection provided on the board.
It can take an input of 7V to 20V. The recommended operating voltage should be 5V. If there is power being
drawn from the 5V output pin on the board, an input of 7V or greater must be provided to the board.
However, the maximum permissible voltage for sustained use is 12V otherwise the voltage regulators
overheat. There are two basic types of Pin functions:
General Pin functions
LED Pin: Pin 13 has a built in LED pin which is edge triggered and so in on when the pin is HIGH
Vin Pin: It can take input from and external source if it is not being powered by the USB port or via
the Barrel plug
IOREF Pin: This pin on the Arduino board is used to select a voltage reference based on which an
appropriate power source is selected.
Reset Pin: It is generally used to add a reset button to the circuit
Specialized Pin functions
RX Pin/ Pin 0: Used to receive serial data
TX Pin/Pin 1: Used to transmit serial data
Pins 2 and 3: Used to create hardware interrupts
PWM Pins: pins 3,5,6,9 and 20 can be used for 8 bit pulse width modulation. We utilise
the analodWrite() function to achieve that result
SPI Pins: Pins 10, 11, 12 and 13 can be used for Serial Peripheral Interface. They use the SPI library
to communicate with the Arduino IDE.
TWI Pins: A4 and A5 pins also known as the SDA and SCL pins respectively are used for two wire
interface. This is enabled with the Wire library
AREF: This provided an analogue reference voltage to the input.
Each pin other than the 3.3 V pin can take a maximum of 20 mA of DC current. The 3.3 V pin can
take upto a 50mA DC input current.
3.2. CODE
const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 8;
Liquid Crystalilcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
intipwm=9;
intipot=A0;
floativalue=0;
intipercent;
float1rev=0;
intirpm;
in oldtime=0;
intitime;
void isr() //interruptiservice routine
{
rev++;
}
voidisetup() {
// set up theiLCD's numberiof columns and rows:
lcdibegin(16, 2);
// Printia message to the LCD.
attach Interrupt(2,isr,RISING);
}
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Contactless digital tachometer using microcontroller (R. Palanisamy)
297
voidiloop() {
delay(1000);
detachiInterrupt(0); //detachesithe interrupt
time=millis()ioldtime; //finds the time
rpm=(rev/time)*60000; //calculatesirpm
oldtime=millis(); //saves theicurrent time
rev=0;
value=analogiRead(pot); //reads theispeed control POT
value=value/4;
analogiWrite(pwm,value); //sets theidesired speed
percent=(value/255)*100; //findsithe dutyicycle %
lcdiclear();
lcdisetCursor(0,0);
lcd.pnt("___TACHOMETER___");
lcd.Cursor(0,1);
lcdiprint(rpm);
lcdiprint(" RPM");
attachiInterrupt(0,isr,RISING);
4. CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF MOTOR
For regulating the speed of the motor, a potentiometer is added to the circuit. For driving the motor,
transistor Q1 is used. Through the limiting resistance R1, the base is connected to PWM pin 9 of the arduino.
Analog pin A0 of the arduino is connected to the wiper of the speed control pot R4. Using the analog read
function, the voltage at this pin is converted into a value between 0 and 1023. In order to fit the value
between 0 to 255, this value is divided by 4. Using the analog Write function, the value is written to
the PWM pin 9. Result is seen at pin 9. Its duty cycle is proportional to the value written using analog write
function. For example, if the value is 127, the duty cycle will be 50% and if the value is 255, the duty cycle
will be 100%.C1 is a noise by pass capacitor and D1 is a freewheeling diode. Using the standard liquid
crystal library, the RPM and duty cycle are displayed.
Contact lessitachometer is a device used toimeasure speed of a motor by counting theinumber of
rotations per secondiof a rotating shaft using microicontroller. As the nameiindicates, it can very accurately
measureithe rotational speed of a shaftiwithout even touching it. This is interestingibecause making direct
contactiwith the shaft is not anioption, and will reduce the speediof the shaft giving faultyireadings.
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
This can also be employedito measure the speed of motorsiwhich are at unreachable places.
This deviceiis built on a microcontroller – Atmega328, speed is detected using the IR transmitter and
receiver pair, readings are displayed usingia LCD display andithe speed is controlled by aipot. It works on
the principleithat the number of timesithe IR receiver-transmittericircuit is cut and re-established inia second
gives the numberiof rotations per second. The value isidisplayed on the LCDidisplay.
The image showsithe tachometer circuit that hasibeen used as our test model for trackingithe RPM
of a dcimotor that has been powerediindependently. The Figure 4 shows theiinitialization of the circuit when
the there is no movementiand LCD reads 0 RPM. The Figure 5 shows an RPM of 273 that the IR module
tracks from the motor rotational circuit that is being tested by us. The LCD displaying final RPM output as
shown in Figure 6.
Figure 4. Experimental setup Figure 5. Initialized circuit for RPM measurement
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
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298
Figure 6. LCD displaying final RPM output
6. CONCLUSION
In this fast-growing world of technologies in the industrial enterprise, motor and generator are one
of the essential parts of the industry. For a particular application in industries, the speed is needed to be fixed
and for this reason it is necessary to know the speed in revolution per minute (RPM). Tachometer is a device
that is used to count the revolution per minute (RPM) of a rotating machine. In our project that is (contact
less digital tachometer), we've accomplished satisfactory results as per our motive to create an experimental
setup that can be used to calculate the RPM of the machine.
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