The document summarizes the key factors and events that led to the development of Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution against Spain in the late 19th century. It discusses the rise of nationalist propaganda through organizations like La Liga Filipina and Katipunan, and the execution of Jose Rizal which further fueled nationalist sentiments. It also outlines the establishment of the short-lived Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo with its capital in Malolos and the drafting of the Malolos Constitution before the outbreak of the Philippine-American War.

1. F. Constructing the
National
Consciousness

2. 1. Factors that led to the
development of Filipino nationalism
1. Opening of Philippines to world
trade (1834)
2. Opening of Suez Canal (1869)
3. Influx of Liberal ideas
4. Liberal regime of
Carlos Ma. Dela
Torre (1869)

3. 5. Secularization Movement (1870)
6. Cavite Mutiny (1872)
7. GOMBURZA’s execution (1872)
8. Rise of Middle class Filipinos (1880)

4. 2. Rise of liberal and Civic
Organization
Propaganda Movement
• Reform movement
• Aimed Philippines to become a
province of Spain and restoration of
Filipino representative in Spanish
cortes
• Had a newspaper,
“La Solidaridad”

5. *La Solidaridad
-first issued on February 15,
1889 until October 1889 in
Barcelona
-first issued on November 15,
1889 in Madrid
-contributed by
Ferdinand Blumentritt
and Miguel Morayta

6. *La Solidaridad writers:
-Jose Rizal
-Marcelo H. Del Pilar
-Mariano Ponce
-Jose Ma. Panganiban
-Dominador Gomez
-Antonio Luna

7. *Famous Propagandists:
1. Dr. Jose Rizal
-writer of Noli and
El Fili
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
-founder of
“Diariong Tagalog”

8. 3. Graciano Lopez Jaena
-editor of La Solidaridad
-”Prince of Filipino
Orators”
4. Mariano Ponce
-one of the Triumvirate
of Propaganda
-diplomat of revolution

9. 5. Jose Ma. Panganiban
-”JoMaPa”
6. Antonio Luna
-founder of La
Independencia
7. Pedro Paterno
-wrote “Ninay”

10. *Propaganda literature:
-”La Soberania Monacal en
Filipinas”
-”Dasalan at Tocsohan”
-”Sampung Utos ng mga prayle”
-”Caiigat Cayo”
-”Fray Botod”
-”Sapmaguitas”
-”Celebres Filipinos”

12. *Reasons of Propaganda’s failure:
-inadequacy of funds
-health problems
-conflicts of opinions

13. Rise of Masonry
• Oldest fraternity in Europe
• Joined by Filipino patriots in
Europe
*Filipino Masonic Lodges:
-Revolucion (1889)
-Solidaridad (1889)
-Nilad (1892)

14. Founding of La Liga Filipina
• Founded by Rizal on
July 3, 1892 at
Ilaya St. Tondo
• Aimed to unify the
Philippines, education
reform and violence
defense

15. *Officers of Liga:
Ambrosio Salvador (president)
Agustin Dela Rosa (Fiscal)
Deodato Arellano (Secretary)
Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer)

16. • Liga was dissolved when Rizal was
arrested and deported to Dapitan
after 3 days
LA LIGA FILIPINA
“Cuerpo de los “Katipunan”
Compromisarios”

17. Founding of Katipunan
• Founded by Bonifacio
on July 7, 1892
at Tondo, Manila
• Aimed to separate
Philippines from
Spain through a
revolution

18. *Political structure:
-Kataas-taasang Sanggunian
-Sangguniang Bayan
-Sangguniang Balangay
-Camara Secreta
*Presidents:
-Deodato Arellano (1893)
-Roman Basa (1893)
-Andres Bonifacio (1895)

19. *Membership:
-Triangle system
-Masonic system
*Grades of membership:
-Katipun
-Kawal
-Bayani

20. “Kung mayroon kang lakas at tatag,
mapatuloy ka.
Kung pag-uusyoso lamang ang sadya
mo rito, humayo ka na.
Kung hindi mo kayang pigilin ang
iyong sarili umais ka na.
Hindi maaaring buksan ang pinto ng
Pinakamataas na Samahan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan para sa inyo.”

21. *Women members of Katipunan:
-Gregoria De Jesus
-Marina Dizon
-Melchora Aquino
-Josefa Rizal
-Trinidad Rizal
-Benita Rodriguez

22. *Famous Katipuneros:
1. Andres Bonifacio
-Supremo
2. Emilio Jacinto
-”Brain of Katipunan”
3. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
-third part of KKK Triumvirate

23. *Katipunan literature:
-”Kartilya” (primer)
-”Kalayaan” (newspaper)
-”Liwanag at Dilim”
-”Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa”
-”Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog”
-”Katwitan?”

25. *Newspaper:
KALAYAAN
-helped by Francisco del Castillo
and Candido Iban to buy a press
-helped by Ulpiano Fernandez
and Faustino Duque to publish
-started to issue
on March 1896

26. 3. 1896 Philippine Revolution
• Rizal’s refused revolution through
Dr. Valenzuela in Dapitan (June
1896)
• Bonifacio purchased
arms but refused
by Japanese people

27. • Teodoro Patiño revealed Katipunan
to his sister and confessed to Fr.
Mariano Gil (August 19, 1896)
• Cry of Balintawak happened
wherein they tore their cedulas
(August 23, 1896)

28. • Katipuneros immediately went to
Pasong Tamo (Old Balara, QC)
and held a meeting and gathering
• Katipuneros attacked the “El
Polverin” in San Juan but 153
Katipuneros died in the
hands of 100 Spaniards
(August 30, 1896)

29. • Gov. Gen Ramon Blanco
declared Martial Law to
the 8 provinces where
the revolution was happening
• Thirteen Martyrs of
Cavite were executed
in Cavite
(September 12, 1896)

30. • Rizal was executed
in Bagumbayan
(December 30, 1896)
• Katipuneros led by
Eusebio Roque
defeated in the “Battle
of Kakarong de Sili

31. • “Fifteen Martyrs of
Bicol” were
executed
(January 4, 1897)
• “Nineteen Martyrs of
Aklan” were
executed

32. • Katipunan split into two:
KATIPUNAN
Magdalo Magdiwang
(Mariano Alvarez) (Baldomero Aguinaldo)

33. *Katipunan in Cavite
-Katipuneros attacked San Francisco
de Malabon
-Magdalos defeated Spaniards in the
“Battle of Imus”
(September 5,
1896)

34. • “Twin Battle” of Binakayan and
Noveleta happened (November 9,
1896)
• Bonifacio was invited
in Imus to solve the
Katipunan conflict (December 31,
1896)
• During the gathering, Katipuneros
agreed to have a “Revolutionary
Government” aside from Katipunan

35. • Tejeros Convention was happened on
March 22, 1897
*Elected officers:
-Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
-Mariano Trias (Vice President)
-Artemio Ricarte (Capitan Heneral)
-Emiliano de Dios(Director de Guerra)
-Andres Bonifacio (Director Interior)

36. • Daniel Tirona protested on
Bonifacio’s election
• Bonifacio declared the
election “null and void”
• On the next day, the officers
took their oath in Sta.
Cruz Malabon church

37. • Bonifacio went again to Tejeros
to draw a document “Acta de
Tejeros”
• Bonifacio proceeded
to Naic and drew the
document “Naic
Military Agreement”
but Aguinaldo knew it

38. • Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar
convinced Aguinaldo to arrest
Bonifacio
• Aguinaldo ordered Agapito
Bonzon to arrest Bonifacio
in Indang, Cavite
• Ciriaco was killed during the
arrest

39. • Bonifacio was wounded and
arrested to Naic camp
with his brother Procopio
• Bonifacio was charged with
“sedition” and “treason”
• Teodoro Gonzales and Placido
Martinez became the attorneys
of Bonifacio brothers

40. • Brothers tried in Maragondon,
Cavite and found guilty and
sentenced to death
• Lazaro Macapagal was
ordered to execute the
Bonifacios in mountains
of Maragondon

41. • After the Bonifacios execution,
Aguinaldo had a retreat from
Cavite to Batangas with
Miguel Malvar
• Moved to Mt. Puray
with Licerio Geronimo
• Experienced the
“Battle of Puray”

42. *Women during the revolution:
-Agueda Kahabagan (Laguna)
-Gregoria Montoya (Cavite
-Trinidad Tecson (Bulacan)
-Teresa Magbanua (Iloilo)

43. • Moved to Biak na Bato and
established a “republic” (October
1897)
*Elected officers:
-Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
-Mariano Trias (Vice President)
-Antonio Montenegro (Foreign Affairs)
-Isabelo Artacho (Interior)
-Emiliano de Dios (War)

44. • Made the “Biak na Bato
Constitution” prepared by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
*Contents:
-right to education
-religious freedom
-press freedom
-official language
-professional freedom

45. • Aguinaldo ordered Pedro
Paterno to mediate with
the Spanish authorities
• A peace treaty was
agreed by both parties on
December 14, 1897

46. • The “Pact” of Biak na Bato
provides the following agreements:
-Aguinaldo’s exile in Hong Kong
-Philippines be paid P1.7 million
in three gives
• Both parties did not follow the
agreed terms
• USS Maine exploded
in Havana, Cuba
(February 15, 1898)

47. “Remember the Maine!”

48. • U.S. declared war with Spain
• George Dewey destroyed the
Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
May 1, 1898
• William McKinley declared
the “Benevolent Assimilation”
in the Philippines
• Americans convinced Aguinaldo to
join their forces in a meeting in
Hong Kong

49. • Aguinaldo gave money to buy arms
and ammunitions to Rounseville
Wildman
• Gov. Gen. Fermin Jaudenes
secretly negotiated with
Americans to surrender
• Formally, Spain ceded the
Philippines to the US.

50. • Aguinaldo went back to the
Philippines on May 19, 1898
through steamer McCulloch
• Aguinaldo liberated the 8
provinces under Martial Law
• A “Mock Battle” of Manila
happened (August 13, 1898)
that signaled the
US intentions in
the country

51. • Spaniards hoisted white flag in
Intramuros and Americans got the
entire Manila
• Gov. Diego delos
Rios became the
last Governor
General in the
Philippines

52. • Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
advised Aguinaldo to build
a “Revolutionary Government”
with a constitution written
by Mariano Ponce
• Aguinaldo established a temporary
“Dictatorial Government” (May
24, 1898)

53. • Aguinaldo declared the Philippine
independence to Spain on June
12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite
• The first flag was
waved, the first
national anthem
was played and
the “Acta dela
Independencia” was read

55. • Mabini advised Aguinaldo
to change the Dictatorial
Government into a
Revolutionary Government
• Formally hailed his cabinet:
-Baldomero Aguinaldo (War)
-Mariano Trias (Finance)
-Leandro Ibarra (Interior)
-Apolinario Mabini (Foreign)

56. 4. Establishment of Malolos
Congress and Republic
• Aguinaldo Government transferred
to Malolos and held an
inauguration of “Malolos Congress”
(September 15, 1898)
• Ratified the independence

58. *Officials of Congress:
-Pedro Paterno (President)
-Benito Legarda (Vice President)
-Gregorio Araneta (Secretary)
-Pablo Ocampo (Secretary)

59. • Spain and US signed the “Treaty of
Paris” (December 10, 1898)
*Provisions:
-Spain ceded all their colonies to US
-US pain $20 million to Spain
-Spain has 10 year right for the
shipping of products in the country

60. Drafting of Malolos Constitution
• Mabini, Paterno and Calderon
drafted the constitutional plans
• Aguinaldo approved Calderon’s
draft on January 21, 1899
• The first Philippine was
inaugurated on January
23, 1899 at Malolos

61. *Achievements of the republic:
-”El Heraldo dela Revolucion”
-”La Independencia”
-”La Republica Filipina”
-Literary University of the Phil.
-Burgos Institute
-Iglesia Filipina Independiente
-Union Obrera Democratica

62. *Diplomatic activities of republic:
-Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez
(USA)
-Mariano Ponce (Japan)
-Antonio Ma. Regidor (England)
-Eriberto Zarcal (Australia)
-Juan Luna and Pedro Roxas
(France)

63. Thank you!
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA
Bachelor of Arts in History
yosefhipolito19@gmail.com