The document discusses various instructional strategies, including lecture-discussion, graphic organizers, inquiry-based teaching, case studies, jigsaw, panel discussions, technology-based strategies, role play, and field studies. Each strategy includes specific techniques, tips for effective implementation, and the purpose of enhancing student engagement and comprehension. It emphasizes the importance of interactive and student-centered learning approaches across different contexts.

2. 1. Lecture-Discussion
• most widely-used instructional strategy
across all grade levels and subject areas
• direct instruction model which
promotes interaction between teacher
and students through explicit
instruction combined with different
questioning

3. Steps:
1. Introduction
2. Presentation of the lesson
3. Comprehension
monitoring
4. Integration and closure

4. Tips:
• Plan the lesson in detail and practice your presentation.
• Be brief in the presentation of the lesson.
• Use a questioning script to develop your questions.
• Use numerous concrete examples, media, graphic
organizers.
• Pause occasionally after giving questions.
• Use in moderation and integrated with other strategies.

5. 2. Using Graphic Organizers
• provide visual representation in developing and
summarizing students’ learning components
• enables learners to see information in a pattern
that uses labels
• presenting information in precise ways,
highlighting relationships and organization of
concepts

6. Types of Graphic Organizers:
1. Assume and Anticipate
• formative assessment where teachers evaluate
the schema of the learners on a certain topic
What I KNOW What I want to KNOW What I LEARNED
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.

7. Types of Graphic Organizers:
2. Position and Pattern
• helps teachers and students to see the
relationship of concepts with other

8. Types of Graphic Organizers:
3. Group and Organize
• helps teachers and students understand several
ideas related to a single category

9. Types of Graphic Organizers:
4. Compare and Contrast
• Used to identify the similarities and
differences between and among concepts

10. Types of Graphic Organizers:
5. Relate and Reason
• Shows whether a concept is part of a whole or
the sum total of its parts

11. Types of Graphic Organizers:
6. Estimate and Evaluate
• Shows how to evaluate and explain concepts
through visual perspectives

12. 3. Inquiry-based Teaching Strategy
• Grounded on rational strategies
used to motivate learners to
generate responses through the
queries regarding issues
• It develops students’ metacognitive
skills through scaffolding,
reflection and generalization

13. Process of Inquiry-based Teaching:
1. Pose Real Questions
2. Find Resources
3. Interpret Information
4. Report Findings

14. Questioning Techniques:
1. Might Question
• Question does not limit the
possible responses among
the learner but rather opens
up a range of possible
responses that allows
learners to reason out.
Example:
What might history
be? What might be
the answer to that
social issue?

15. Questioning Techniques:
2. What if Question
• Questions bring out
creativity, speculation,
and rationality among
the learners
Example:
What if there is an
earthquake; what
shall we do?

16. Questioning Techniques:
3. Different roles
Question
• Questions that allows
learners to have a
glimpse of possible roles
they might portray
Example:
If you’re a teacher
who expected to guide
your pupils, if there is
a naughty boy, will
you scold him?

17. Questioning Techniques:
4. Gadfly Question
• Several questions to
push learners to
answer questions
Example:
-What are the election
is all about?
-How important is it
for people to vote?
-What if people were
not allowed to vote?

18. Questioning Techniques:
5. Stingray Question
• Questions lead to
sudden change in the
course of questions
Example:
You said that love is
the answer; will love
change the situation
of the poor?

19. Questioning Techniques:
6. Midwife Question
• Questions are used to
elicit new ideas to the
learners
Example:
That is a very good
point. Can you
elaborate it further?

20. Questioning Techniques:
7. Ignoramus Question
• Teachers play dumb
for learners to elicit
responses
Example:
I don’t understand.
Can you further
explain it to me?

21. 4. Case Study
• Structured, learner-centered strategy that
explores complex and value-laden issues
through problem-solving and decision
making
• Can be classified as: Live case studies,
Historical case studies, Economics case
studies, Social issues case studies or Student
developed case studies

22. Tips:
• Choose cases that are complex to provide a
challenge.
• Emphasize to students that the process is as
important as the product.
• Use Means-End-Analysis (MEA) to guide
students’ thinking process

23. Means-End-Analysis Matrix
Goal/End State
Current State
Considerations/Important
Information
Necessary Steps/ Things to
do
Materials needed
The Plan

24. 5. Jigsaw
• Cooperative learning
strategy that
encourage students to
cooperate and work
together and break
down interpersonal
barriers

25. Tips:
1. Emphasize that each member has a valuable
contribution to the group.
2. Ensure that the given materials are of equal
length and difficulty so that they can be mastered
by all students.
3. Allow sufficient time for interaction among
learners to ensue rich and deep discussions.

26. 6. Panel Discussion
• Encourages exchange of ideas that
allows panel members and the
audience to discuss a particular
topic.
• It will shed light on issues
regarding politics, community and
academics

27. Tips:
• The teacher will act as the moderator.
• Group the learners depending on the number of
students.
• The moderator and panel members should create a
list of interview questions.
• The idea is to ask questions to bring out interesting
stories with spontaneity.

28. 7. Technology-Based Teaching Strategy
• Involves all activities and
processes with the use of
technology that will help
promote learning

30. ADDIE Model (Stages of implementation)
1. Analysis
• goal-setting stage; targeting
learning competencies
2. Design
• goals, tools and performances
laid down

31. ADDIE Model (Stages of implementation)
3. Development
• production of various
methodologies
4. Implementation
• testing of methodology

32. ADDIE Model (Stages of implementation)
5. Evaluation
• assessing of processes and
outcomes of the methodology

34. 8. Role play/Simulation
• rehearsed/unrehearsed dramatic
presentation that enables
participants to explore alternative
solutions to a given problem

35. Steps:
• Initiation and direction
• Describing the scenario
• Assigning roles
• Enactment
• Debriefing

36. 9. Field Studies
• learning experiences outside the
four corners of the classroom
• provide learning experiences
that transcend a regular
classroom through direct
experiences

37. Why use field studies?
• It provides experiential
learning.
• It targets specific skills and
knowledge.
• It motivates values
development.

38. Challenges in field studies:
• Curriculum alignment
• Lack of understanding of field
studies
• Costly
• Preparation time
• Safety

39. Field Study Tool Kit (Data Gathering Chart)
Location Observation Why significant or
noteworthy?
1.
2.
3.

40. Thank you!
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MAED, MED
Historian, Philippine Historical Association
yoseferichipolito19@gmail.com