The document provides details about American colonial policy and government in the Philippines from 1898 to 1935. Some key points: 1. American colonial policy said they would grant independence when Filipinos were ready, unlike other colonial powers who wanted to rule indefinitely. 2. Under civilian and military governments, Americans shared some power with Filipinos and adopted a more generous approach than other colonizers. 3. Filipinos resisted through theater, literature, peasant revolts and the Communist Party while also pursuing independence through the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1935.

1. THE AMERICAN RULE

2. American colonial policy
• American colonial policy in the Philippines
was unique in the world of colonialism
because of the following reasons:
1. The Americans said they would go as
soon as the Filipinos could stand on their
own as a fee nation. From the
beginning, American officials did not want
to hold on to the Philippines as a colony
forever.

3. American colonial policy
2. The Americans were kinder and more
generous than other colonial powers of
the same era (Germany, Netherlands,
France or Britain). The American shared
power with the Filipinos in government.
3. The Filipinos adopted American ways
very well. No other former colony like its
other country as much as the Filipinos
liked the United States

4. American colonial government
• The Philippines was ruled by the
Americans in the following ways:
1. Military government (August 14, 1898 –
July 4, 1901) This government was run by
military generals appointed by the
American president. There were three
military governors: Gen. Wesley Merritt;
Gen. Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur
McArthur.

6. American colonial government
2. Civil government (July 4, 1901-August
1902) This government was run by
American civilian officials appointed by
the American president. But later it was
run by Filipino officials elected by
Filipinos.

7. American colonial government
• There were several kinds of civilian
governments during the American era.
These were: The Philippine Commission;
the American Governor-General together
with the Filipino people; and, the
Commonwealth of the Philippines.

8. WAR OF PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE FROM THE
UNITED STATES

9. • Manifest Destiny
• Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
issued on Dec. 21, 1898 – the US shall
exercise sovereignty over the entire
archipelago
• Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation
on January 5, 1899

11. • January 20, 1899 – Pres. McKinley
appointed the First Philippine Commission
to make recommendations in the
administration of the country; this
commission was headed by Dr. Jacob
Schurman

12. • February 4, 1899 – Private Willie Grayson
shot and killed a Filipino soldier. This
event triggered the Philippine-American
War (1899-1906)
• Bates Treaty – signed by John Bates and
Sultan Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu on August
20, 1899. The Muslims remained neutral in
the war.

13. • February 5, 1899 – the American fleet
bombarded the Filipinos fort north of San
Juan del Monte killing Major. Jose Torres
Bugallion.
• February 22, 1899 – Antonio Luna burned
American occupied houses in Tondo and
Binondo
• Gen. MacArthur and his troops arrived
from the US; they aimed to capture
Malolos

14. • March 31, 1898 – Malolos was captured
• March 6 , 1898 - Apolinario Mabini met
with the Schurman Commission to request
for a cease-fire but he was refused. Mabini
resigned in the Aguinaldo cabinet and was
replaced by Pedro A. Paterno as the head
of the new cabinet

15. • ―Peace Cabinet‖ headed by Felipe
Buencamino negotiated peace with the
Americans.
• Antonio Luna met a tragic death
• October 12, , 1898 – a full-scale offensive
was launched to capture Pres. Aguinaldo
• Gregorio del Pilar defended Tirad Pass

16. • Januario Galut guided the Americans in
Tirad pass which lead to the death of del
Pilar
• The whereabouts of Aguinaldo was
discovered; Gen. Funston employed the
Macabebe scouts to capture Aguinaldo
• April 9, 1898 – Aguinaldo took the oath of
allegiance to the United States

17. • Pacificados (Pacifists) led by Pedro
Paterno and Felipe Buencamino which
later became Partido Federal headed by
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera wanted to make
the Philippines a part of the US.
• July , 1898 – Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
declared that the Philippine-American War
was over

18. A Government Under America

19. Timeline:
Philippine Philippine
Bill Assembly
(1902) (1907)
Hare-Hawes- OSROX Jones Law
Cutting Law Mission (1916)
(1932) (1931)
Philippine
Tydings- Constitution
Commonwea
McDuffie al
lth
Law (1934) Convention
(1935)

20. • March 16, 1899 – Pres. McKinley
appointed the Taft Commission and gave
it legislative and executive power to put up
a civilian government
• July 4, 1901 – Judge William Howard Taft
became the first civil governor
• His policy ―Philippines for Filipinos‖ laid the
foundation of a democratic government

21. Taft’s achievements
• The sale of huge tracts of friar lands to
Filipinos on installment terms
• Cooper Act/Philippine Organic Act of 1902
– extends the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos
• First official census was held on March
2, 1899.

22. Other political parties
• These parties were organized to
counteract the pro-American activities of
the Partido Federal
• Partido Nacionalista ,Partido
Independencia, Partido Democrata
• Partido Conservador

23. • Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed American
soldiers in Balangiga, Samar
• Gen. Jacob Smith ordered the massacre
of all men and children about ten years of
age

24. • General Miguel Malvar continued to fight
for Philippine independence
• He surrendered to the Americans on April
16, 1902.

25. Anti-nationalist laws
• Sedition Law – imposed death penalty or
long prison term to those who advocated
separation form the US even through
peaceful means
• Brigandage Act – punished with death or
with a prison term of not less than 20
years for members of an armed band

26. • Reconcentration Act – this gave the
governor general the power to authorize
any provincial governor to reconcentrate in
the towns all residents outlying barrios if
outlaws operated in these areas.
• Flag Law – prohibited the display of
Philippine flag and other symbols used b
the resistance against the US

27. How the Filipinos carried on
their fight for freedom
• Theater and literature
• Peasant revolts and the Communist Party
of the Philippines
• Peaceful pressure by the Filipino
politicians ending in the
establishment of the
Commonwealth of the
Philippines in 1935.

28. Arts and Literature Resistance
• American authorities enacted “Sedition Law” in 1901.
Any Filipino advocating independence or separation
from the United States would be punished severely by
death or imprisonment.
• Plays and drama’s advocating independence were
labeled “seditious plays”
• Filipinos employed a variety of subterfuges: allegorical
verses, talinhaga, double-meanings, etc..

29. Tanikalang Ginto
• Juan Abad’s “Tanikalang Ginto” first produced on July
7, 1902 and banned on May 10, 1903 after performance
in Batangas and was fined $2,000.
• The supreme court later on reversed the decision.

30. Tanikalang Ginto
The play revolves around Liwanag (“light,” “the new
Pilipinas after departure of Spain), who is promised to the
hero Kulayaw (“loyal,” the Filipino freedom fighters, also
the penname of Abad).
Her adopted father Maimbot, (“avaricious” the
U.S.), approves the proposed marriage. However, he later
withdraws his consent and bans Kulayaw from his house.
He entreats Liwanag to abandon Kulayaw and tries to
bribe her with gifts. He uses Nagtapon (worthless Filipino
collaborators who see a life at ease under the Americans)
to spy on his brother, Kulayaw.

31. Tanikalang Ginto
Nagtapon disowns their mother Dalita (poor and suffering
Mother Country and the masses). Dalita dies abandoned
by her sons.
Maimbot’s gifts fail to move Liwanag so he ties her to a
balete and leaves her to Nagtapon. Kulayaw searches for
Liwanag and once he finds her, Nagtapon kills her.
Diwa (“spirit” persistence in struggle) takes Liwanag to
heaven. Diwa promises to Kulayaw that Liwanag will
return to him after she has circled the universe. The play
ends with a tableau: Nagtapon is possessed by demons
while Kulayaw is crowned by spirits after delivering an
emotional speech.

32. Other Dramatists
• Aurelio Tolentino – master of subterfuge; was able to
weave in the national anthem and the flag in his plays.
• He wrote, directed and played the lead in
“Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.” He was arrested 9 times
and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sentence was
later on reduced to 15 years.
• He also wrote poems, short
stories, sarswelas, essays, editorials in Talgalog, Spanish
and Pampango
• He fought in Bicol during the Fil-Am war
• The play delved on intense love of country exposing
foreign economic control, and a call for armed struggle.

33. Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas

34. • Hindi Aco Patay (I am not Dead) by Juan
Matapang Cruz was closed on May 8, 1903 at
Teatro Neuva Luna in Malabon
• The red sun on the Katipunan flag that rose
behind the stage caused the riot inside the
theater
• Cruz was arrested and later imprisoned, which
he served in full.

35. Resistance groups
• General Lucio San Miguel – Rizal and
Bulacan; they were captured on March
28, 1903 after some Philippine Scouts
discovered his headquarters in Caloocan
and Marikina.
• Macario Sakay, Julian Montalan, and
Cornelio Felizardo established in
Philippine Republic or the Tagalog
Republic which was the continuation of the
Bonifacio Katipunan

36. • General Simeon Olas was the last
revolutionary general to surrender tot the
Americans on September 25, 1903.
• Ola took the oath of allegiance to the
United States. They surrendered to the
Americans to save the people from
brutality and hunger.

37. The Colorums
• They were the remnants of Hermano
Pule’s Cofradia de San Jose
• During the American occupation, the term
colorum was used by the authorities to
refer to rebel organizations with mystical
characteristics.
• In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Joses
Rizal and Apo Ipe Salvador

38. • Pedro Kabola – he founded a secret
society called Kapisanan Makabola
Makarinag (1923). They planned to
assault the municipal building f San
Jose, Nueva Ecija and execute all the
town officials, equally divide the land
among the masses, and expel the
Americans from the country.

39. • Pedro Calosa – he organized a colorum
group in 1929.
• He and his group marched in
Tayug, Pangasinan to spark a revolution.
But he was captured.
• He said that many of the colorum
members were tenants who were ejected
by hacenderos or small farmers deprived
of their lands by land grabbers

40. The first labor groups
• Isabelo de los Reyes organized the first
labor union, the Union de Litografos e
Impresores de Filipinas, in January 1902.
• After its founding, the members decided to
reorganize themselves into the Union
Oberera Democratica, with its organ La
Redencion del Obrero

41. • Lope K. Santos became the leader of
U.O.D.
• May 1, 1903 – Labor Day was first
officially celebrated in the country
• Congreso Obrero de Filipinas approved
the resolutions demanding eight-hour
labor day, child and women labor
laws, and an employer’s liability law.

42. • Vicente Sotto established Asamblea
Obrero which he used to support his
candidacy
• Joaquin Balmori founded the Federacion
del Trabaho to support the Democratic
party while Congreso Obrero del Filipinas
backed the Nationalista Party candidates

43. • Union ng Magsasaka was formed in 1917
to fight the evils of tenancy and usury.
• Partido Obrero de Filipinas was founded
by Crisanto Evangelista, Domingo
Ponce, and Cirilo Bognot in 1924. Its
platform showed a strong Marxist
influence.

44. The Communist Party of the
Philippines
• Evangelista established the Katipunan ng
mga Anak-pawis ng Pilipinas or KAP.
• KAP wanted unity among
workers, peasants and the exploited
masses. It advocated struggle against
America imperialism in the
Philippines, immediate and complete
independence of the country, unity among
revolutionary movements all over the
world, and an establishment of a Soviet
system in the Philippines

45. • Antonio Ora was arrested and died
reportedly due to an accident while being
taken to prison. The CCP members were
skeptical about it and they staged a
demonstration on January 25, 1931.
• Evangelista and other CCP leaders were
arrested and imprisoned.
• The Supreme Court declared the CCP an
illegal organization on October 26, 1932.

46. Sakdal Uprising
• The Sakdalista (coming from the Tagalog word sakdal, meaning
"to accuse") movement was founded in 1930 by a right wing
leader, Benigno Ramos, a writer and discontented former
government clerk. The name of the movement was based on
Émile Zola's 1898 letter criticising the French
government, J'accuse.
• Sakdal began as a fortnightly populist tabloid, with articles
tackling issues which were of interest to the Philippine masses:
corruption and mismanagement under the American-sponsored
Nacionalista administration, immediate independence for the
Philippines, and the land reform problem.

47. Sakdal Uprising
• Investigators concluded that the motive behind the
uprising was the worsening economic condition
• The elite bitterly criticized the uprising; MLQ called its
leader (Benigno Ramos) “and irresponsible and crafty
demagogue.”
• Colonial authorities and media described the
Sakdalistas “astonighingly ignorant,” “economically
helpless,” “victims of the local cacique,” and “the
remorseless usurers.”

48. What they believe in (Sakdal)
• They believe that the country’s God-given riches was
controlled by the Catholic church, foreigners and a few
rich Filipinos.
• They see politicians’ lack of will to achieve
independence
• This task should not be left to those who had lost the
ability to suffer and work hard for the sake of the
country.
• They are living examples of honor, being oppressed and
poor, and possessing pure hearts capable of
humility, compassion and sacrifice.

49. What they believe in (Sakdal)
• They emulate the life of Jesus Christ and the heroes of
1896 revolution particularly Jose Rizal.
• They considered their work as a mission with a heavy
cross to be borne.
• Upon occupying the municipal building, they destroyed
the stars and stripes; there was no looting or burning.
• They confiscated pistols and issued receipt; they fed the
passengers of the buses they stopped.
• They did this because of their belief that they must be
honorable, true representatives of the people and heirs
of the 1896 struggle for independence.

50. What they believe in (Sakdal)
• They want to show the world they are not accepting
passively the terms of American colonialism
• Political and economic freedom cannot be fully realized
if their souls remained subjects to alien rule.
• Sakdal uprising may be a failure in the eyes of the
outsiders, but to insiders, they were able to show the
true meaning of being Sakdalistas: to be honorable
though poor, to know how to sacrifice, and to live and
die with dignity.

51. • On May 2, 1935, 15o peasants marched to the
municipal hall of San Ildefonso, Bulacan and
hauled down the American and Philippine
flags and raised the red Sakdal flag.
• The peasants were no match to the
constabulary troops who suppressed the
uprisings. Fifty seven peasants were
killed, hundreds were wounded, and others
were imprisoned.
• Benigno Ramos who was in Japan denied his
involvement on the May 2 incident. Many
peasants withdrew their support for Ramos.

52. ECONOMIC PROGRESS
UNDER AMERICA

53. American economic policy
• In the beginning, American policy was
unselfish. The Philippine Bill of 1902
declared that all public lands and
natural resources were for “the
benefit of the inhabitants.”This pro-
Filipino policy was repeated in the
Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-
McDuffie Law of 1934.

54. • Some American officials gave better
treatment to Americans doing
business or working in the Philippines.
• The economy then was developed
largely by American and pro-
American Filipinos.

55. New prosperity of the Philippines
as a colony of America
• Population explosion
• New land policy
1. Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
2. Homestead Act (1924) allowed Filipinos to own
up to 24 hectares of public land
3. All lands had to be registered, and their owners
got the Torrens title.

56. • Agricultural increase
In 1903, the American Congress sent $3M
emergency fund to import rice and carabao
from other Asian country.

57. • Free trade with America
– Philippine products
(copra, sugar, cigars, hemp, etc.) were sold to the
Americans while American products
(cars, radios, appliances, cigarettes, etc.) were
bought by Filipinos

58. – Under the free trade agreement, Filipino
products entered the United States without
paying custom tariffs. There was a limit or
quota to the amount of tax-free Filipino
products.
– American products could also enter the
Philippines without paying custom tariffs, but
they were not limited by quotas.

59. • Business boom – retail trade inside
the Philippines doubled from
1907-1935. Filipinos had more
money to buy
food, shoes, clothes, radios, toys, b
icycles, and even cars.
However, the Filipinos liked to buy
more imported goods.

60. • New industries – The Philippines entered the
Industrial Age (which favored the use of machines
and the mass production of goods in big factories)
– Mining and fishing became big industries
– Household cottage industries boomed
– The Americans developed the coconut and hemp
industries and they took over the sugar and
tobacco industries.

61. • Improvement in transportation and
communication – The Filipinos enjoyed the
automobile, electric street car (tranvia), roads
and railroads, postal
services, airplane, telephone, wireless
telegraph, radio, and movies.

62. • Better budget – the Philippine budget was
balanced even during the Great World
Depression in the 1930’s. In the 1930’s, other
governments including the U.S. itself had huge
deficit and problems but the Philippine’s
colonial budge had a surplus.

63. • New banks
• International exhibitions and
meetings

64. Economic problems
• We sold our raw materials cheap and
bought expensive manufactured goods
from America. We did not develop our
own industries enough because we
were spoiled by the free trade with
America.

65. • Colonial mentality became worse. We wrongly
thought that imported/American products
were high class. It was bad because we forgot
to develop our native product.

66. • Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s
and 1930’s. Many strikes in the cities and
violent revolts in the provinces were caused
by radical groups like the Communist Party of
the Philippines.

67. • American capitalists and businessmen controlled
the new companies. Some of these American
businessmen came to the Philippines as soldiers
or government officials. They used their
connections in the colonial government to
become millionaires in a short time. For
example, by 1935 American companies controlled
335 of the sugar industry, 53% of hemp, and 60%
of copra. They also controlled the
utilities, railroads, shipping, radio and
newspapers.

68. Our American heritage
• The Bible and religious freedom
• Training in democracy
• Free education
• Better health
• English language
• Free press

69. • Diet and dress
• Democratic family life and social
classes
• Women’s rights
• Recreation
• Movies and vaudiville
• Music and dance

70. • Art
• Science
• American blood

71. Third Republic
(Post-American Era) (1946-1972)

72. Challenges of Third Republic
After the war, the Commonwealth
was restored pending complete
independence. With
independence from the US came
the establishment of the Third
Republic of the Philippines. The
government of the independent
Republic was riddled with graft
and corruption and lost the
confidence of the people. The
corruption within the government
also resulted in the rise of the Left
in the form of the HUKBALAHAP
or the Huks. The Huks presented
even more problems to the
Republic.

73. Manuel Acuna Roxas
Fifth President
First President of the Independent
Third Republic of the Philippines
1946 - 1948
“If war should come, I am certain of
one thing–probably the only thing of
which I can be certain–and it is this:
That America and the Philippines will
be found on the same side, and
American and Filipino soldiers will
again fight side by side in the same
trenches or in the air or at sea in the
defense of justice, freedom and other
principles which we both loved and
cherished.”
(May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
He was inaugurated on July
4, 1946, the day the U.S. Nacionalista (1919–1945)
government granted political Liberal Party (1945–1948)
independence to its colony.

74. Biography Achievements
• was born in Capiz (now Roxas City) • greatest achievements, namely: the
ratification of the Bell Trade Act; the
• studied law at UP and graduated with inclusion of the Parity Amendment in
honors in 1913. the Constitution; and the signing of the
• he topped the Bar examinations in 1947 Military Bases Agreement
1913, • Rehabilitation and reconstruction of
• was employed as private secretary to war-ravanged Philippines
Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano • Improvement of the ruined economy
• taught law in 1915-1916. • Adopted the pro-American policy.
• started in politics when appointed as a
member of the Capiz municipal
council. Problems
• In 1919, he was elected as governor of •Graft and corruption in the government, as
Capiz.
• elected as congressman in 1922 and evidenced by the ―Surplus of War Property
became House Speaker Scandal‖, ―Chinese Immigration Quota
• 1935, he was chosen as a delegate to Scandal‖, ―School Supplies Scandal:
the Constitutional Convention.
•Failure to check the Communist HUK
• Serve also as Secretary of Finance
under Quezon’s Administration movement.
• elected as a senator in 1941 and
eventually became Senate President
• he was also a reserve Major in the
Philippine Army, a liaison officer and
aide-to-camp to General Douglas
MacArthur, then later promoted to
Colonel and then Brigadier General.

75. Elpidio Rivera Quirino
Sixth President
Second President of the Third Republic
1948 - 1953
“While I recognise the United States as a
great builder in this country, I have never
surrendered the sovereignty, much less the
dignity and future of our country.”
— Elpidio Quirino[
Significant Event
•Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines–
President Chiang Kai-shek of Nationalist China
(Formosa) in July 1949 and President Achmed
Sukarno of Indonesia in January 1951.
•On May 26-30, 1950, upon Quirino's invitation
seven free Asian nations held the Baguio
Conference of 1950 to discuss common problems (November 16, 1890 – February
of Asian peace and security.
29, 1956)
•Korean War and over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were
sent to Korea under the designation of the
Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or
PEFTOK

76. Early life and career Early Political Career
• born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur to Don •elected as member of the Philippine House
Mariano Quirino of Caoayan and Dona of Representatives from 1919 to 1925,
Gregoria Mendoza Rivera of Aringay •Senator from 1925 to 1931
• spent his early years in Aringay, La •Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the
Union. Interior in the Commonwealth government.
• spent his elementary education to his •In 1934, a member of the Philippine
native, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and were Independence mission to Washington
he became a barrio teacher. D.C., headed by Manuel L. Quezon that
• He received secondary education at secured the passage in the United States
Vigan High School Congress of the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
• worked as junior computer in the •After the war, Quirino continued public
Bureau of Lands and as property clerk service, becoming president pro tempore of
in the Manila police department. the Senate.
• graduated from Manila High School in •In 1946, he was elected first vice president
1911 and also passed the civil service of the independent Republic of the
examination, first-grade. Philippines, serving under Manuel Roxas.
• attended the University of the He also served as secretary of state.
Philippines. In 1915, he earned his law
degree from the university's College of
Law, and was admitted to the bar later
that year.
• engaged in the private practice of law

77. Problems
Two main objectives of his •Lack of Funds
administration: •HUK Problem: Terrorism and Disruption of Peace
•the economic reconstruction of and order.
•Graft and corruption in his government, as
the nation revealed in theTambobong-Buenavista scandal, the
•the restoration of the faith and Import Control Anomalies, the Caledonia Pile Mess
confidence of the people in the and the Textbook Racket;
•Wasteful spending of the people's money in
government.
extravagant junkets abroad;
•Creation of PACSA: •Failure of government to check the Huk menace
President’s Action which made travel in the provinces unsafe, as
Committee on Social evidenced by the killing of former First Lady Aurora
Quezon and her companions on April 21, 1949 by
Amelioration the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler
•Creation of ACCFA: road, Baler, Tayabas (no part of Aurora province).
Agricultural Credit •Economic distress of the times, aggravated by
rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of
Cooperatives Financing
commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade.
Administration Quirino's vaunted "Total Economic Mobilization
•Excellence in Foreign Policy" failed to give economic relief to the suffering
Relations. nation.
•Frauds and terrorism committed by the Liberal
Party moguls in the 1947, 1949 and 1951 elections.

78. Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay
Seventh President
Third President of the Third Republic
1953 - 1957
―The office of the President is the highest in the
land. It can be the humblest also, if we regard it
— as we must — in the light of basic
democratic principles. The first of these
principles is the declaration of the Constitution
that "sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them."
This simply means that all of us in public office
are but servants of the people.‖
He is known as president of the masses.
(August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957)
He was sworn into office wearing the Barong
Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president.
During his term, he made Malacañáng Palace
literally a "house of the people", opening its He was killed in a plane crash before
the end of his term.
gates to the public.

79. Early life Achievements
• born in Iba, Zambales on August •Agrarian Reform
31, 1907 to Exequiel established the National Resettlement and
Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to
Perfecta del Fierro, a resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It
schoolteacher.
was particularly aimed at rebel returnees
• He entered the University of the
Philippines in 1927. providing home lots and farmlands in
• He worked as a chauffeur to Palawan and Mindanao.
support himself as he studied •Savior of democracy in the Philippines
engineering; later •Man of the Masses
• transferred to the Institute of •Stopped the HUK communist rebellion
Commerce at Jose Rizal College •Improved the conditions of the barrios
(1928-1932), where he received a
baccalaureate in commerce. •Constructed roads, bridges, irrigation
canals
• He then worked as automobile •Established the SEATO: Southeast Asia
mechanic and shop
superintendent. Treaty Organization
• he joined the motor pool of the •Imposed high moral standard for public
31st Infantry Division of the officials
Philippine army during WW2.
• Congressman under Pres Roxas’
Administration and serve as
Chairman of the House National Problems
Defense Committee •Impending projects
• Secretary of National Defense •Lack of enough funds
during Pres Quirino’s
Administration •Graft and corruption

80. Carlos Polistico Garcia
Eight President Fourth
President of the Third Republic
1957 - 1961
―As a people, we prize highly the moral
and spiritual values of life. But the
realities of the moment have made us
more preoccupied with economic
problems chiefly concerning the
material values of national life.‖
known for his "Filipino First"
policy, which put the interests of the
Filipino people above those of
foreigners and of the ruling party.
(November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971)
was a Filipino
teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public
official, and guerrilla leader.

81. Early Life Significant events in their term:
• born in Talibon, Bohol to Policronio García • He assumed the presidency the day after
and Ambrosia Polestico Ramon Magsaysay's death. After Garcia
• his father serving as a municipal mayor for finished Magsaysay's term, he was elected
four terms. president in his own right.
• primary education in Talibon, • President Garcia is most remembered most
• secondary education in Cebu Provincial for his Austerity Program and Filipino First
High School. Policy. His Austerity Program was aimed at
curbing graft and corruption within the
• took law courses at Silliman University in government.
Dumaguete City. • Problems during his Presidency:
• studied in Philippine Law School (now • Although it was not very successful, it did
Philippine College of Criminology) and help to restore trust between the people and
earned his degree in 1923. He was among the government.
the top ten in the bar examination.
• he worked as a teacher for two years at • He was among the founders of the
Bohol Provincial High School. Association for Southeast Asia (1963)
• became famous for his poetry in Bohol, • He was the precursor of the Association for
where he earned the nickname "Prince of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Visayan Poets" and the "Bard from Bohol".
• 1925-1931 as Congressman of Third District
of Bohol
• 1931-1946 governor of Bohol. He served as
provincial governor for two terms.
• He became a member of the congress in
1946, and was elected three times to the
senate for three consecutive terms from
1941 to 1953.
• Garcia was the running mate of Ramon
Magsaysay in the presidential election of
1953.
• He was appointed Secretary of Foreign
Affairs by President Ramon Magsaysay, for
four years concurrently serving as vice-
president.

82. Successes of each President after their
term: Problems
• The Filipino First Policy put the rights •Graft and corruption
of Filipinos above those of foreigners •Lack of treasury funds
(This favored the Filipino businessmen •Huge national debt
in contrast to foreign investors. This •Impending projects
meant, foreigners could invest capital
up to 40% in a business or industry
while the remaining 60% would be
owned by Filipino citizens.)
• Garcia's policies aimed at boosting the Garcia ran for president again in the
economy and obtaining greater 1961 elections but lost to Vice-President
economic independence. Garcia also Diosdado Macapagal. On June
aimed at reviving old Filipino cultural 1, 1971, Garcia was elected delegate of
traditions which might have become
the 1971 Constitutional Convention and
extinct as the result of the adoption of
Spanish and American cultures chosen as president. He died two weeks
through colonization. later from a heart attack.

83. Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
Ninth President
Fifth President of the Third Republic
1961 - 1965
―Our first mission is the solution of the
problem of corruption. We assume
leadership at a time when our nation is
in the throes of a moral degeneration
unprecedented in our national history.‖
"Poor boy from Lubao"
"The Incorruptible"
Diosdado Macapagal is of royal blood due to (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997)
descent from their great-great-grandfather:
Don Juan Macapagal (A prince of Tondo) who
was a great-grandson of the last reigning
Rajah of Selurong, Rajah Lakandula.

84. Early Life Political Career
• born on September 28, 1910 in •legal assistant to President Manuel L. Quezon and
Lubao, Pampanga
President Jose P. Laurel in Malacañang Palace.
• graduating valedictorian at Lubao
Elementary School, and salutatorian •After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant
at Pampanga High School. attorney with the one of the largest law firms in the
• He finished his pre-law course at the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso.
University of the Philippines, then •President Manuel Roxas appointed him to the
enrolled at Philippine Law School in Department of Foreign Affairs as the head of its legal
1932, studying on a scholarship and
supporting himself with a part-time division.
job as an accountant. •In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino appointed
• topping the 1936 bar examination Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful transfer
with a score of 89.95% of the Turtle Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United
• After passing the bar Kingdom to the Philippines.
examination, Macapagal was invited •That same year, he was assigned as second secretary
to join an American law firm as a
practicing attourney, a particular to the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C. In
honor for a Filipino at the time.[ 1949, he was elevated to the position of Counselor on
• Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Legal Affairs and Treaties, at the time the fourth highest
Doctor of Civil Law degree in post in the Philippine Foreign Office.
1947, and a Ph.D. in Economics in •He first won election in 1949 to the House of
1957.
Representatives,representing a district in his home
province of Pampanga.
•In 1957 he became vice president in the administration
of President Carlos P. Garcia

85. Presidency Problems
•During his term, Macapagal fought to suppress graft •Acute problem in unemployment
and corruption within the government and also tax
evasion. •Widespread mass poverty
•He also aimed to stimulate the economy and placed •Graft and corruption problem
the peso in the free currency-exchange •Lack of treasury funds
market, encouraging the wealthiest families to invest. a number his reforms were blocked
•Macapagal also passed the Land Reform Bill which
freed many farmers from slavery as tenant farmers. by the Nacionalista dominated Senate
•Another of his achievements was the forming of and House of Representatives.
Maphilindo (Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia)
through a foreign policy. This paved the way for the
creation of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN).
•It was Macapagal who changed the Independence
Day to June 12 from July 4.The first celebrations
commemorating independence from Spain were held
in 1962.
•Among the most significant achievements of
Macapagal as president were the abolition of tenancy
and accompanying land reform program in the
Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963.
•In 1971, he was elected president of the
constitutional convention that drafted what became
the 1973 constitution.

86. Ferdinand Emmanuel
Edralin Marcos
Tenth President
Sixth President of the Third Republic
1965-1986
―This nation can be great again. This I have
said over and over. It is my articles of
faith, and Divine Providence has willed that
you and I can now translate this faith into
deeds.‖
in 1949, he said:
―Elect me your congressman now and I’ll
give you an Ilokano President in 20
years.‖
•(September 11, 1917 – September 28,1989)
It is generally known that Marcos had the most infrastructure and
constitutional accomplishments, which were equivalent to those of all
former presidents of the Philippines.

87. Early life and career Plans for economic development
• born on September 11, 1917, in
Sarrat, Ilocos Norte and good government/
• named after Ferdinand VII of Achievements
Spain and baptized into the
Philippine Independent Church. First term (1965-1969)
• a champion debater at the UP;also •immediate construction of roads, bridges and
participated in boxing, swimming public works, which included 16,000 kilometers of
and wrestling. feeder roads, some 30,000 lineal meters of
• 1939-cum laude with a law degree permanent bridges,
from the U.P. College of Law; was •a generator with an electric power capacity of
elected to the Pi Gamma Mu
international honor society. one million kilowatts (1,000,000 kW),
• passed the bar examination with •water services to eight regions and 38 localities.
one of the highest scores in • revitalization of the judiciary, the national
history, while also writing an 800- defense posture and the fight against
page defense. smuggling, criminality, and graft and corruption in
• 1941-serve as part of military the government.
against Japanese and became
one of the victim of Bataan Death •mobilized the manpower and resources of the
March Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) for action
to complement civilian agencies
•hired technocrats and highly educated persons
Early political career to form part of the cabinet and
•Congressman for 3 terms •It was during his first term that the North
•Senator; served as minority floor leader Diversion Road (now, North Luzon Expressway)
before gaining the Senate presidency. was constructed with the help of the AFP
•established a record for having engineering construction battalion.
introduced a number of significant •Vietnam War; over 10,450 Filipino soldiers were
bills, many of which found their way into sent to South Vietnam under the designation of
the republic's statute books PHLCAAG or Philippines Civil Affairs Assistance
Group.

88. Second Term 1969-1972
• reelected because of his impressive performance
• In 1969, the Philippines experienced higher inflation rate and devaluation of the Philippine peso.
• the oil-producing Arab countries decided to cut back oil production, in response to Western
military aid to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict, resulting in higher fuel prices worldwide.
• The communal violence in Mindanao resulted in 100,000 refugees, burning of hundred of
homes, and the death of hundreds of Christians and Muslims in Cotabato and Lanao.
• an economic crisis brought by external and internal forces, a restive and radicalized studentry
demanding reforms in the educational system, a rising tide of criminality, subversion by the re-
organized Communist movement, and secession in the south.
• On August 21, 1971, following the bombing of the Liberal Party proclamation rally in Plaza
Miranda, President Marcos issued Proclamation No.889 suspending the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus.
Martial law and the New Society
“It is easier perhaps and more comfortable to look back to the solace of a familiar and mediocre past.
But the times are too grave and the stakes too high for us to permit the customary concessions to
traditional democratic processes.”
— Ferdinand Marcos, January 1973
•Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling
by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media
establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists
•constitutional convention in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution.The new constitution went
into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and
allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973.

89. Third Term (1981-1986) Downfall
“Fourth Republic” • rampant corruption
“We love your adherence to democratic principles and to • political mismanagement by his relatives
the democratic process, and we will not leave you in and cronies
isolation.”
—U.S. VP George H. W. Bush • having looted billions of dollars from the
during Ferdinand Marcos Filipino treasury
inauguration, July 1981 • notorious nepotist, appointing family
members and close friends to high positions
• June 16, 1981, six months after the lifting of martial in his cabine
law, the first presidential election in twelve years • The Philippine government today is still
was held. As to be expected, President Marcos ran
and won a massive victory over the other paying interests on more than US$28 billion
candidates public debts incurred during his
• In 1983, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at administration.
the Manila International Airport upon his return to • Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to
the Philippines after a long period of exile. This kidney ailments
coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and
began a succession of events, including pressure • Marcos called a snap presidential election
from the United States. for 1986, with more than a year left in his
• The Philippine economy suffered a great decline term.
after the Aquino assassination in August 1983. • the final tally of the National Movement for
• The political troubles also hindered the entry of Free Elections, an accredited poll
foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped watcher, showed Aquino winning by almost
granting loans to the Philippine government.
• the economy experienced negative economic
800,000 votes. However, the government
growth beginning in 1984 and continued to decline tally showed Marcos winning by almost 1.6
despite the government's recovery efforts. million votes.
• rampant graft and corruption within the government • Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided
and by Marcos' lack of credibility. with Aquino, leading to a
• Marcos himself diverted large sums of government massive, multisectoral congregation of
money to his party's campaign funds. protesters, and the gradual defection of the
• The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in military to Aquino led by Marcos'
1972 to 12.55% in 1985. cronies, Enrile and Ramos.
• The "People Power movement" drove
Marcos into exile, and installed Corazon
Aquino as the new president.

90. VI. Energy Self-Reliance
Indigenous energy sources were developed like
Legacy hydro, geothermal, dendrothermal, coal, biogas and biomass.
I. Food sufficiency
A. Green Revolution VII. Export Development
Production of rice was increased through promoting
the cultivation of IR-8 hybrid rice. During 1985 textile and textile products were exported
B. Blue Revolution
Marine species like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and VIII. Labor Reform
golden tilapia were being produced and distributed The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the
to farmers at a minimum cost.
concerns of the Magna Carta of Labor to extend greater
• C. Liberalized Credit
More than one thousand rural banks spread all over protection to labor, promote employment, and human resource
the country resulting to the accessibility of credit to development.
finance purchase of agricultural inputs, hired
labor, and harvesting expenses at very low interest IX. Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth
rate.
The country’s road network had improved from 55,778
• D. Decontrol Program
Price control polices were implemented on rice and kilometers in 1965 to 77,950 in five years (1970), and eventually
corn to provide greater incentive to farmers to reached 161,000 kilometers in 1985.
produce more.
II. Education Reform X. Political Reform
The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% The structure of government established by President Marcos
in 1985 and almost 100% in Metro Manila on the
same year. remains substantially the same except the change of
name, inclusive of superficial features in laws, to give a
semblance of change from that of President Marcos regime.
III. Agrarian Reform
Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was XI. Fiscal Reform
the first Land Reform Code of our country.
Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue
collections and loans from treasury bonds, foreign lending
IV. Primary Health Care
The Primary Health Care (PHC) Program made institutions and foreign governments.
medical care accessible to millions of Filipinos in the
remotest barrios of the country. XII. Peace and Order
V. Housing for the masses In 1966, more than 100 important smugglers were arrested; in
Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services three years 1966-68 they arrested a total of 5,000. Military men
(BLISS) Housing project had expanded the involved in smuggling were forced to retire. Peace and order
government’s housing program for the low-income significantly improved in most provinces however situations in
group. Manila and some provinces continued to deteriorate until the
imposition of martial law in 1972.

91. Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong
Cojuangco Aquino
Eleventh President of the Philippines
First Female President
First President of Fifth Republic
1986-1992
First elected female head of state in Asia
Best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA
People Power Revolution, which toppled the
authoritarian regime of the late strongman
Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in
the Philippines
“Icon of Democracy”
(January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)

92. EDUCATION
Elementary and Secondary
• St. Scholastica's College •born on January 25, 1933 to Jose Cojuangco of
• Ravenhill Academy in Tarlac, a wealthy Chinese Filipino and Demetria
Philadelphia, United States Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal, an ethnic Filipina who
• Notre Dame Convent School in belongs to a politically influential clan
New York
College •Married to late Sen. Benigno ―Ninoy‖ Aquino
• Bachelor of Arts, College of •The couple produced five offsprings, four girls and
Mount Saint Vincent in New York one boy, namely: Maria Elena (Ballsy), Aurora
(1953) Corazon(Pinky), Benigno Simeon III
• Doctor of Humanities, honoris
causa, College of Mount Saint (NoyNoy), Victoria Eliza (Viel) and Kristina
Vincent, New York, Ateneo de Bernadette (Kris)
Manila University, Xavier •Declared herself as a plain housewife
University (Philippines)
• Doctor of Humanities, honoris •Led the 1986 People Power Revolution
causa, University of
Boston, Fordham •Established Presidential Commission on Good
University, Waseda University Government (PCGG) during her presidency
(Tokyo), Far Eastern •issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a
University, and University of Sto. revolutionary government
Tomas
• Honoris Causa, Stonehill College •Family Code of 1987, Administrative Code of 1987
(Massachusetts) (reorganized the structure of the executive branch
of government ), 1991 Local Government Code
•Economic Management and Agrarian Reform as
her top agenda as president

93. • IMPORTANT NOTES IN HISTORY
-Agreed to run for president against Marcos in the
February 7, 1986 Snap Election after her supporters
gathered a million signatures.
-Installed as the President of the Republic of the
Philippines on February 25, 1986 because of the
historic People's Power which stripped Marcos of
power.
-Took oath under Supreme Court Justice Claudio
Teehankee as President of the Philippines at Club
Filipino.
-Implemented a program of reconciliation and freed
political prisoners like Bernabe Buscayno of the
New People's Army and Jose Maria Sison of the
Communist Party of the Philippines.
-Retained the presidential form of government.
-Under her reign,a national plebiscite was held to
ratify the amendments to the 1935 Constitution on
February 2, 1987,
Named Woman of the Year by Time Magazine.
-Awarded the Gawad Eleanor Roosevelt for Human
Rights
-Her popularity waned because of the people
around her who wanted to exact vengeance on
Marcos.
-Six coup d' etat aimed at overthrowing her
government took place during her reign, the two
bloodiest of which took place in 1987 and 1989.
-The country went through great problems and
calamities during her reign like the earthquake
of, July 16, 1990; Typhoon Rufing and increase in
the price of oil due to the Middle East War and
the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.

94. • Awards and achievements
Problems as President • 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year
• 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
•Natural disasters and calamities • 1986 United Nations Silver Medal
• 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
•nine coup attempts against her • 1986 Nobel Peace Prize nominee
administration • 1986 International Democracy Award from the
International Association of Political Consultants
• 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal
•graft and corruption International
• 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon
•failure of the land reform Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned
Women of the Philippines
•rising prices • 1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World
History (by G.M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San
Francisco, CA)
•inadequate essential public service • 1995 Path to Peace Award
• 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International
•economic decline Understanding from the U.S. Department of State
• 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International
Understanding
• 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award
• 1999 One of Time Magazine's 20 Most Influential
Asians of the 20th Century
• 2001 World Citizenship Award
• 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
• 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a
Difference by the International Women's Forum Hall
of Fame
• 2006 One of Time Magazine's 65 Asian Heroes
• 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of
World Democracy
• EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
• Women's International Center International
Leadership Living Legacy Award
• Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
• United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel
Award for Political Leadership

95. Fidel Valdez Ramos
Twelfth President
Third President of the Fifth Republic
―There are no easy tasks, no soft
comforts for those chosen by
circumstances to forge from the
crucible of crisis the national destiny.‖
Philippines 2000
Five-Point Program:
•Peace and Stability
•Economic Growth and Sustainable
Development
•Energy and Power Generation
•Environmental Protection
•Streamlined Bureaucracy
First Protestant President of the country
Only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from
Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief

96. Early Life
•born March 18, 1928 in Lingayen, Pangasinan •instrumental in founding the Philippine Army
Special Forces, an elite paratroop unit skilled
• He took his elementary education in Lingayen and in community development as well as fighting
secondary education at the University of the Philippines communist insurgents.
Integrated School and Centro Escolar University
Integrated School •served the Marcos regime for more than 20
years. He was head of the Philippine
•Philippine Military Academy as cadet and won a Constabulary, the country's national police
government scholarship to the United States Military force, and was one of Marcos' trusted
Academy in West Point advisers, for which he was known as a
• Masters Degree in Civil Engineering in the University of member of the Rolex 12, an elite group of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was a loyal to Marcos himself
government scholar in 1951 •Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
• licensed civil engineer in the Philippines, passing the Philippines, and later Secretary of National
board exams in 1953 and finishing in the top 10. Defense under Pres. Aquino
•In 1960, he topped Special Forces-Psy Operations-
Airborne course at the United States Army Infantry
School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
•Master's Degree in National Security Administration
from the National Defense College of the Philippines and
a Master's in Business Administration (MBA) from the
Ateneo de Manila University
•2nd Lieutenant infantry platoon leader in the Philippine
Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) in 1952 during
the Korean War to Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civil
Action Group to Vietnam from 1966 to 1968

97. Programs
Power crisis- Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants
within 24 months
Economic reforms- (E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund; 'Philippines 2000'
Death penalty- In 1996 Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chair
Peace with separatists- he signed into law Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-Subversion Law.
With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines became legal
Spratly Islands- starting to claim the Islands from China
Migrant Workers Protection- enactment of Republic Act 8042, better known as the Magna Carta for
Overseas Workers or the Migrant Workers Act
Achievements Problems
•Philippine 2000 • Graft and Corruption
problems
•Southern Philippines Council for Peace • Economic Problems
and Development • High crime rate
• Charter change
•ARMM
• Clark Centennial Expo
•Peace Agreement with the MNLF Scandal
• PEA-Amari Scandal
•Increased foreign investments • Power crisis
•APEC • Spratly Islands
• Asian Financial Crisis

98. Joseph Ejercito Estrada
Thirteenth President
Third President of Fifth Republic
1998-2001
“One hundred years after Kawit, fifty years after
independence, twelve years after EDSA, and
seven years after the rejection of foreign bases, it
is now the turn of the masses to experience
liberation. We stand in the shadow of those who
fought to make us free- free from foreign
domination, free from domestic tyranny, free from
superpower dictation, free from economic
backwardness.”
Gained popularity as a film actor, playing
the lead role in over 100 films in an acting
career spanning 33 years

99. Early Life •entered politics in 1967 when he ran for
mayor of San Juan, a municipality of Metro
•Joseph Marcelo Ejercito, popularly Manila but proclaimed mayor in 1969, after
known as Erap, was born on April winning an electoral protest against Dr.
19, 1937 in Tondo, the poorest district Braulio Sto. Domingo.
of Manila
•Senator; chairman of the senate committee
•Ateneo de Manila University- high on cultural minorities and passed a bill on
school;expeled because of unruly commission on ancestral domain.
behavior
•sponsored bills that were signed into
•Mapúa Institute of Technology; law, namely, The Preservation of the Carabao
engineering course, but dropped out (Republic Act no. 7307)The Construction of
from studies altogether two years Irrigation Projects (Republic Act no. 6978)
later. •Vice-President; chairman of the Presidential
•Began in Film at 20 years of age Anti-Crime Commission (PACC). Estrada
arrested criminal warlords and kidnapping
•first FAMAS Hall of Fame awardee syndicates.
for Best Actor (1981)
•Hall of Fame award-winner as a
producer (1983)

100. Programs Achievements
Domestic Policies
•Agrarian Reform
The administration distributed more than 266,000 hectares of ―Erap para sa Mahirap Project‖
land to 175,000 landless farmers, including land owned by the traditional
rural elite. (Total of 523,000 hectares to 305,000 farmers during his 2nd year
as President)
•Anti-Crime Task Forces
Executive Order No.8;creation of the Presidential Anti-
Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) with the objective of minimizing, if Problems
not totally eradicating, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases in the
country •The Philippine Daily Inquirer;
•Charter Change bias, malice and fabrication" against
CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development;
would only amend the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the him
constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign
investments in the Philippines. •The Manila Times; libel suit against
•International Relations the country's oldest newspaper the
strengthened bilateral ties with neighboring countries; Visiting Manila Times over a story that alleged
Forces Agreement with the United States, which was ratified in the Senate
•Economy corruption in the awarding of a public
The Estrada administration is said to have a strong economic works project
team
•BW Resources; BW Resources a
•War against the MILF
In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic small gaming company listed on the
Liberation Front and captured it's headquarters and other camps Philippine Stock Exchange and linked
to people close to Estrada
experienced "a meteoric rise"
•Corruption charges and
impeachment; allegations of
corruption spawned an impeachment
trial in the Senate, and in 2001 Estrada
was ousted from power after the trial
was aborted.

101. Maria Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo
Fourteenth President
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic
Second Female President
2001- Present
―I believe in leadership by example. We
should promote solid traits such as work
ethic and a dignified lifestyle, matching
action to rhetoric, performing rather than
grandstanding.‖

102. Biography
As Senator
• Born on April 5, 1947; Daughter of former
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal and Eva •Ranked as 13th and has 3 year term, 1992
Macaraeg
• Valedictorian, Elementary and Highschool at •Top in the election, 1995
Assumption Convent, 1964
• Magna Cum Laude, BA Economics at •400 bills, 55 sponsored or authored laws ( Anti-
Assumption College, 1968 sexual harrasment Law, the Indigenous People’s
• Consistent Dean’s List, Georgetown Univ.’s Rights Law, Export Dev’t Act
Walsh School of Foreighn Svc in Washington
D.C. (Former US Pres Bill Clinton as
classmate) As Vice President
• Professor of Economics 1977-1987
• Master’s Degree in Economics ADMU 1978 •Run under Lakas CMD with Jose de Venecia
• Doctorate Degree in Economics UP 1985 •Sen Edgardo angara as opponent
• Chairperson of Economics Dep’t. at
Assumption College •1st Female Vice President
• 1987, Asst. Sec of DTI
•Sec of DSWD (resigned in 2000 because of
allegation against Pres. Estrada
President, 1st Term 2001-2004
•Became President through EDSA 2
―Strong Republic‖
•Sworn as President by Chief Justice Hilario
-strong bureaucracy Davide Jr.
-lowering crime rates •International community expressed that Arroyo
-increasing tax collection with the church and business elites were an
opportunist of post and planned well the coup
-improving economic growth
•May 1, 2001 EDSA 3 against arroyo
-intensifying counter-terrorism efforts administration; Manila was declared in State of
Rebellion

103. Oakwood Mutiny 2nd Term, 2004-Present
•July 27, 2003 •Dec 2002- Arroyo announced that she will not run for
Pres in 2004 Election but 10 months after she
•Led by Lt. Antonio Trillanes reversed her decision.
IV, Army Capt. Gerardo
•2004 Presidential Election- FPJ, Ping Lacson, Raul
Gambala of the Phil. Navy Roco and Eddie Villanueva as her opponent
•Arroyo Administration was •Issues as President after 2004 Election
going to proclaim Martial
•―Hello Garci Tape‖
Law and issue of corruption
•State of Emergency under Proclamation No.
1017
•Manila Peninsula Rebellion
•NBN ZTE Deal
•-32 Satisfaction rate as of 1st quarter of
2009, lowest rate among the presidents
•Impeachment complaints
•Extra-judicial killings

104. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's
Programs 10-point Agenda
•Economy- 5% GDP, highest percentage than 3 1. The creation of six million jobs in six years via more
opportunities given to entrepreneurs, tripling of the
previous administartion amount of loans for lending to small and medium
•EVAT- economic reform agenda, Nov 2005 enterprises and the development of one to two million
hectares of land for agricultural business.
•International Relations 2. The construction of new buildings, classrooms, provision
•Philippine as No.1 ally of USA of desks and chairs and books for students and
scholarships to poor families,
•Foreign Policy is anchored on building 3. The balancing of the budget,
strong ties with nations where OFW work
and live 4. The "decentralization" of progress around the nation
through the use of transportation networks like the roll-
•RP as host of 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu on, roll-off and the digital infrastructure,
City 5. The provision of electricity and water supply to barangays
nationwide,
•Domestic Relations
6. The decongestion of Metro Manila by forming new cores
•Charter Change-federal parliamentary- of government and housing centers in Luzon, Visayas
unicameral form of government and Mindanao,
7. The development of Clark and Subic as the best
•EO 464- forbidding gov’t officials w/0 Arroyo’s
international service and logistic centers in the region,
consent in congressional inquiries
8. The automation of the electoral process
•Estrada pardon last Oct 25, 2007
9. A just end to the peace process, and
10. A fair closure to the divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2
and 3 forces.

105. Awards / Commendations /
Citations:
Magazine, Public Eye
Magazine, Trade Union Congress of
the Philippines, and by Emil Jurado
(Manila Standard Columnist)
Woman of the Year, Catholic
Education Association of the
Philippines
Ulirang Ina, Ulirang Ina Awards
Committee, 13 May 2001
One of Asia’s Most Powerful
Women, Asiaweek
Making a Difference for Women –
Women of Distinction
Award, Soroptimist International of the
Philippines Region, 30 May 2003
Most Distinguished Alumna, University
of the Philippines Alumni Association
(UPAA), 16 June 2001

106. BENIGNO AQUINO III
2010-2016
PILIPINAS NATIN
• a campaign that seeks to
harness the spirit of People
Power to boost the
partnership between
government and the Filipino
people toward progress and
development.

107. AQUINOMICS
“economics of business confidence”
 aims to create an environment that will give the private
sector confidence to put in their money, generate
jobs, accelerate economic growth and sustain it.
FOUR PILLARS
1. Fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability
2. Private and Public Partnership ( PPP )
3. Ease in doing business, for both local and foreign
investors
4. Investment in people – giving Filipinos health care,
education and the skills necessary to become
“productive participants in the economy

108. PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURE

109. Compiled by
GLENDA R. PEREY
For
HISN01G – Philippine History
ABC 102
7:00-8:30 AM/MTh
J418

110. Sources
• Halili, Maria Christine N. (2010). Philippine
History. Second Edition. Manila: Rex Book
Store.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide.
(2004). Philippine History and
Government. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co., Inc.
• http://www.slideshare.net