1. This document summarizes key events in American imperialism and colonial rule in the Philippines from 1899-1941. It discusses the Philippine-American War, the establishment of American civil and military governments, American colonial integration policies, the increasing Philippinization of the government under laws like the Jones Law, and missions for Philippine independence culminating in the 1935 Constitution. 2. Major events included the wars against Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders, the establishment of American institutions and the spread of American culture, the growth of Filipino representation in government, and the path to independence under Commonwealth rule defined by laws like the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the 1935 Constitution. 3. The document provides an overview

1. G. American
Imperialism
(1899-1941)

2. 1. Philippine-American War
(1899-1913)
• War started when
an American troop
shoot a passing
Filipino soldiers in Sta. Mesa
• Americans formally started the
attacks in La Loma, Caloocan,
Marikina, Pateros etc.

3. • Aguinaldo ordered Felipe
Buencamino to talk with
the Americans but
Gen. McArthur let the
Americans attacked the city
• Gen. Otis formally announced a
war against Aguinaldo’s
troops

4. • Aguinaldo transferred the
government from Malolos to San
Isidro, Nueva Ecija because
Arthur McArthur attacked
Bulacan
• Antonio Luna was
ordered to defend
the Bagbag bridge
in Calumpit

5. • Apolinario Mabini resigned
as a cabinet member of
Aguinaldo and Pedro
Paterno became the
head of the cabinet
(May 9, 1899)
• Aguinaldo cabinet decided an
annexation to the Americans

6. • Gen. Luna disarmed the “Kawit
Battalion” of Aguinaldo because of
being undisciplined
• Gen. Luna was
assassinated in
Cabanatuan by
“Kawit Battalion”
(June 5, 1899)

7. • Gregorio del Pilar won
in a battle at Quingua
(April 23,1899)
• Licerio Geronimo won
in a battle in San
Mateo, Rizal and
killed Henry Lawton
• Martin Delgado defended
Iloilo on February 11, 1890

8. • Negrenses collaborated with the
Americans and had their own
“Negros Constitution” (July 20,
1899)
• Americans dealt with
Muslims in Jolo throught
“Bates Treaty”
• Aguinaldo started his
“Guerilla Warfare” to
Northern Luzon

9. • Gen. Del Pilar was killed in the
“Battle of Tirad Pass” in Ilocos
Sur (December 2, 1899)
• Aguinaldo encamped
at Palanan, Isabela
• Americans caught
Cecilio Segismundo
and decoded the
letters of Aguinaldo

10. • With the help of
Macabebe Scouts,
Aguinaldo caught in
Palanan (March 23, 1901)
• Aguinaldo swore an alliance to the
American flag (April 19, 1901)
• “Irreconcilables” continued to
fight against the American forces

11. *Some Irreconcilables:
-Manuel Tinio (March 27, 1901)
-Tomas Mascardo (June 5, 1901)
-Vicente Lukban (February 2, 1902)
-Miguel Malvar (April 17, 1902)
-Simeon Ola (September 25, 1903)

12. • 500 Filipinos won in “Balangiga
Encounter” September 28, 1901
led by Valeriano Abanador
• Jacob Smith transformed
Samar into “Howling
Wilderness” because
after few days, they
massacred the civilians
in Balangiga and got their
3 parish bells

13. Sakay’s Tagalog Republic
• Macario Sakay founded the
“Tagalog Republic” in
Montalban, Rizal (1902)
*Cabinet members:
-Francisco Carreon
-Cornelio Felizardo
-Julian Montalan

14. • Americans traitored Sakay for
giving of amnesty and captured
• Sentenced into death
on September 25, 1903
at the Bilibid Prisons
with Lucio de Vega

15. Moro-American War (1902-
1913)
• Americans perished Maranaos in
Bayang, Lanao del Sur (1902)
• Gov. Wood ordered to massacre
the Muslims in Mt. Bud Dajo
(1906)
• John “BlackJack” Pershing
massacred 2000 Tausugs in Bud
Bagsak

17. 2. Establishment of American
Government
Founding of Federal Party
• Founded on December 23, 1900
• Consists of Malolos Congress
members who collaborated with
the Americans
• Aimed to attain peace
and the annexation to
the US.

18. Forming of American Military
Government
• Pres. McKinley ordered
Gen. Wesley Merritt
to be the first Military
Governor of the islands as they
established a Military Government
• Americans form the Schurman
Commission for the Philippines

19. • Elwell Otis and Arthur
McArthur became the
second and last Military
Governor of the country
• The legislative power of
Military Governor was transferred
to Philippine Commission (1900)
and judicial power
to court (1899)

20. *Duties of the Commission
-spread the U.S. power
-land and property system
-respect Philippine heritage
• The Commission urged to
establish a Civil Government
in the country under
William H. Taft

21. Forming of American Civil
Government
• Spooner Amendment (1901)
become the springboard of
establishing a Civil Government
• Taft became the first
Civil Governor in the
country (July 4, 1901)
with executive and
legislative powers

22. Forming of Philippine Congress
• Americans abolished Civil
Government and formed the
Philippine Congress (July 1902)
• Made the Cooper
Act of 1902
(Bill of Rights)

23. • Benito Legarda and
Pablo Ocampo became
the first Filipino who
became its representatives
• Congress also made the first
“Philippine Assembly” in October
16, 1907

24. 3. American colonial
integration
1. ECONOMIC POLICIES
-National Economic Council
-Homestead Law
-Torrens Title
-Department of Agriculture
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
-Stateside products

25. 2. LAWS
*Sedition Law (1901)
-advocation of freedom
*Brigandage Act (1902)
-anti-Bandolerismo
*Reconcentration Act (1903)
-provincial rebel facilitation
*Flag Law (1907)
-banning of flag displays

26. 3. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
-Department of Public Instruction
-Thomasites (August 23, 1901)
-Pencionados (1903)
*Established schools:
-PNU (1901)
-UP (1908)
-NU (1901)
-PWU (1919)

27. 4. RELIGION
*Protestantism
-Episcopalian
-Baptist
-United Brethen
-Congregationalist
-Seventh Day Adventist
-Disciples of Christ

28. 5. LITERATURE
-Filipinos became interested in
the U.S. History and writing
of essays, poems etc.
*Famous writers in English:
-Carlos Romulo
-Jose Garcia Villa
-Fernando Maramag

29. *Famous writers in Filipino:
-Lope K. Santos
-Faustino Aguilar
-Pascual Poblete
-Juan Abad
-Severino Reyes

30. 6. MUSIC
-Antonio Molina
-Nicanor Abelardo
-Francisco Santiago
7. ARTS
-Fernando Amorsolo
-Fabian dela Rosa
-Victorio Edades

31. 8. ARCHITECTURE
-Neoclassical design
9. TRANSPORTATION
-Tranvia
-Western cars

32. 10. Other influences:
-Board of Public Health
-American names
-Imported products
-Modern technologies

33. 4. Philippinization of the
government
• Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
led a peace and order
in the Philippines (1905)
• Organized the Philippine
Assembly by having
elections

34. *Political Parties:
1. FEDERAL 2. NACIONALISTA
NACIONALISTA
3. LIBERAL
-PROGRESISTA

35. *Nacionalista Party aimed an
immediate freedom for the
Philippines
*Progresista Party aimed a slow
transition for the Philippines’
freedom
• Election for Philippine Assembly
was held on June 1907

36. *Election results:
59 seats- Nacionalistas
16 seats- Progresistas
5- Independientes
• Sergio Osmeña won as the
speaker and Manuel Quezon won
as Majority Floor leader

37. *Achievements of the Assembly:
1. founded Rural banks
2. compulsory education
3. developed communication ways
4. developed irrigation system
5. founded Department of Labor
6. started the “Labor Day”
7. founded the “National Library”

38. • In U.S. the two political parties
had different point of views on
the Philippinization of the
country:
1. Republicans- didn’t want an
immediate Philippinization
2. Democratic- wanted to a fast
Philippinization

39. • Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) won
as the president of U.S. (1912)
• Ordered Henry Ford
to investigate the
state of the country
and reported that
Philippines is ready
to be free

40. • Francis B. Harrison
became the first
Governor General
of the country
(1913)
• Allowed Filipinos to dominate the
seats in the Philippine Commission
like Jaime de Veyra, Vicente
Encarnacion and Victorino Mapa

41. *Harrison’s achievements:
-Many Filipinos took seat in the
government
-Lowered the salaries of “high-
paid” officials
-”Civil Retirement Act
No. 2581

42. *Other Governor Generals:
Leonard Wood (1921)
-experienced the “Cabinet
Crisis of 1923”
Henry Stimson (1928)
-led the “Era of Cooperation”
Dwight Davis (1929)
-developed agriculture
sector

43. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1932)
-developed fishing industry
Frank Murphy (1933)
-recommended the women’s
right for suffrage
-”Best Governor General”

44. Rise of Jones Law (1916)
• William A. Jones urged a law that
the legislative branch of the
government should be for Filipinos
(Jones Law/Philippine Autonomy
Act)
• Arranged the
“Batasan” (Congress)
into “Bicameral”

45. • The law cleared that American
intention was to free the
Philippines and to form a
government not to conquer
• House of Representatives
succeeded “Philippine Assembly”
and Senate succeeded “Philippine
Commission”

46. *Batasan Electoral System:
SENATORS: (24)
22- elected by the masses
2- elected by Governor General
6-year term
REPRESENTATIVES: (90)
81- elected by the masses
9- elected by Governor General
3-year term

47. • The first Batasan (congress) of
the Philippines was inaugurated in
Manila (October 1916)
• Quezon became the first Senate
President and Osmeña became the
speaker of House of
Representatives

48. • Established the first cabinet on
January 1917 when Rafael
Palma become the Interior
secretary

49. 5. Age of Missions for
Independence
1.Quezon’s First Mission
-February 23, 1919
-requested the freedom for
the Philippines but failed
2. Wood-Forbes Mission
-mission requested by
Warren Harding

50. -May 4, 1921
-led by Leonard Wood
and William Forbes
-mentioned that our
country is not ready
to be independent
3. Gabaldon Mission
-disapproved by
Pres. Coolidge (1924)

51. 4. OSROX Mission
-December 5, 1931
-because of economic
issues, U.S. agreed
for Philippine freedom
-Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law was
signed for Philippine freedom
(January 17, 1933)

52. *Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law
provisions:
-10-year Commonwealth Gov’t
-separation of Mindanao as base
-quota of 50 Filipinos in US every
year
-entry of American
products without taxes

53. • Quezon dislike the Hare-Hawes-
Cutting Law, besides, went to
U.S. and requested for another
law, Tydings-McDuffie
• It’s provisions were the same with
Hare-Hawes-Cutting aside from a
convention to make a “Saligang
Batas” (Constitution)
• Signed by Franklin Roosevelt
(March 24, 1934)

54. Founding of Constitutional
Convention
• Held a convention in
Manila to form a
Constitution (July 10, 1934)
*Officers:
-Claro M. Recto (President)
-Ruperto Montinola (Vice President)
-Narciso Diokno (Arranger)

55. • Created the “1935 Constitution”
on February 8, 1935
• Tomas Cabili did not
sign the constitution
• Gregorio Perfecto
signed it with his
blood

56. 6. 1935 Constitution
*Provisions:
-three branches of Government
-president and vice president
should be elected
-legislative branch is for Assembly
-judicial branch is for a court
-”Bill of Rights”

57. • Ratified on May 14, 1935
through 1,212,046 votes
• Established a “Commonwealth
Government” and held
an election on September
17, 1935
• Quezon and Osmeña
won as president and
vice president

58. *Achievements of Commonwealth
Government:
-established the Court of
Industrial Relations
-founded Rural Progress
Administration
-started some lending
banks
-”Minimum wage”

59. • buying of haciendas for
government purposes
• founded the National
Economic Council
• founded the National
Council for Education
• signing of 1940 Education Act
• “Tagalog” as the basis of
Philippine National Language

60. • signing of Suffrage Act
(1937)
• signing of National
Defense Act
• establishment of airports
• signing of “8-Hour Labor Law”
• Establishment of Bureau of Public
Welfare
• “Code of Ethics”

61. Thank you!
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA
Bachelor of Arts in History
yosefhipolito19@gmail.com