This document discusses deforestation and its causes and consequences. It then discusses ways that forests and wildlife can be conserved, including through biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation and sustainable use by local communities. National parks reserve areas for wildlife conservation. Wildlife sanctuaries protect animals from disturbance.

2. AKASH.R
VIIIth B
C.K.S English School
HASSAN

3. The clearing of forests and using the land for other
purposes is called deforestation.
The causes for deforestation are :-
i) Procuring land for cultivation.
ii) Building houses and factories.
iii) Using wood as fuel or making furniture etc.
The natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and
draught.

7. The consequences of deforestation are :-
i) Increase in the temperature and pollution level on the
earth.
ii) Increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere leading to global warming.
iii) Lowering of ground water level.
iv) Disturbs the balance in nature.
v) Decrease in rainfall leading to draught.
vi) Soil erosion and decrease in soil fertility leading to
desertification.
vii) Decrease in the water holding capacity of soil leading
to
floods.

9. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life.[1] This can
refer to genetic variation, species variation,
or ecosystem variation[1] within an area,biome, or planet.
Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the
equator,[2] which seems to be the result of the warm
climate and high primary productivity.[3] Marine
biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the
Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is
highest and in mid-latitudinal band in all
oceans.[4] Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in
hotspots,[5] and has been increasing through time[6][7] but
will be likely to slow in the future.[8]
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass
extinctions.[9][10][11] One estimate is that <1%–3% of the
species that have existed onEarth are extant.[12]

10. Forest and wildlife can be conserved by setting up
areas like Biosphere reserves Wildlife sanctuaries,
National parks, etc.
i) Biosphere reserves :- are large areas of protected
land for conservation of biodiversity and the
traditional life of the tribals living there.
ii) National parks :- are areas reserved for wildlife
where they can freely use the habitats and natural
resources.
iii) Wildlife sanctuaries :- are areas where animals are
protected from any disturbance to them or their
habitat.

13. A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its residents, ratified by
a national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere
(MAB) program, which demonstrates innovative approaches to living
and working in harmony with nature. One of the primary objectives of
MAB is to achieve a sustainable balance between the goals of
conservingbiological diversity, promoting economic development, and
maintaining associated cultural values.
The term ‘biosphere’ refers to all of the land, water and atmosphere that
supply life on earth. The word ‘reserve’ means that it is a
special area recognized for balancing conservation with sustainable use.
The term ‘reserve’ does not mean that these places are set aside
from human use and development. In fact, the study of human use is an
important part of the biosphere reserve program.
Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to balancing
conservation and human use of an area. They are excellent examples of
community-based initiatives that protect the natural environment while
ensuring the continued healthy growth of the local economy.

16. A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often
it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a
sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations
designate their own national parks differently, there is a common
idea: the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol
of national pride.[1] Furthermore, an international organization,
theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and
its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined "National
Park" as its Category II type of protected areas. While ideas for this
type of national park had been suggested previously, the United
States established the first such one, Yellowstone National Park, in
1872. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN
definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was
established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555
national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. IUCN is
still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.[2]

21. A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring
sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection
for species from hunting, predation or competition, it is a protected area, a
geographic territory within which wildlife is protected. Such wildlife
refuges are generally officially designated territories. It is created by
government legislation, In the 3rd century BC,a King Devanampiya
Tissa declared the area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka as a sanctuary for
wildlife,[1] probably the first of its kind in the ancient world. According to
stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people
not to harm animals or destroy trees within the
The first American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge at Lake
Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state
law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.[2] The first federally
owned refuge in America is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and
was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his Square
Deal campaign to improve America. At the time, setting aside land for
wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president. More recently, a bi-partisan
group of US House of Representatives members established
the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further the needs of
the National Wildlife Refuge System in the US Congress.

25. A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological
garden, and also called a menagerie) is a facility in
which animals are confined within enclosures,
displayed to the public, and in which they may
The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the
study of animals, a term deriving from
the Greek zōon (ζῷον, "animal") and lógos(λóγος,
"study"). The abbreviation "zoo" was first used of
the London Zoological Gardens, which opened for
scientific study in 1828 and to the public in
1847.[1] The number of major animal collections
open to the public around the world now exceeds
1,000, around 80 percent of them in cities.[2]

26. i) Flora :- are the plants found in a particular area.
ii) Fauna :- are the animals found in a particular area.
Eg:- The flora of Pachmarhi consists of sal, teak, wild mango, jamun,
silver ferns etc.
The fauna of Pachmarhi consists of wild dog, cheetal, wolf, leopard,
blue bull, barking deer etc.

30. Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or
time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—
native plant life. The corresponding term for animal life
is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of life such
as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Bacterial
organisms, algae, and other organisms are sometimes
referred to as flora,[1][2][3] so that for example the
terms bacterial floraand plant flora are used separately.
Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period,
special environment, or climate. Regions can be
geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs.
flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era as
in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special
environments:

33. Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular
region or time. The corresponding term
for plants is flora. Flora, fauna and other forms
of life such as fungi are collectively referred to
as biota.
Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to
refer to a typical collection of animals found in
a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran
Desert fauna" or the "Burgess Shale fauna".
Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence
of faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all
containing similar fossils.

34. RED DATA BOOK

36. RED DATA BOOK
Red Data Book of the Russian
Federation (RDBRF), also known as Red
Book (Russian: Красная книга) or Russian Red
Data Book is a state document established for
documenting rare and endangered
species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as
some local subspecies (such as the Ladoga seal)
that exist within the territory of the Russian
Federation and its continental shelf and marine
economic zone. The book has been adopted
by Russia and all CIS states to enact a common
agreement on rare and endangered species
protection.

39. Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new
paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be
used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer
waste, and post-consumer waste.[1] Mill broke is paper
trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper,
and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is
material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was
ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded
after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old
magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone
directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP).[1] Paper suitable
for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to
produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of
removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to
make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German
jurist Justus Claproth.

43. Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of
existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted,
usually throughdeforestation.[1] Reforestation can be used to
improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and
dust from the air, rebuild naturalhabitats and ecosystems,
mitigate global warming since forests
facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and
harvest for resources, particularly timber.
The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the process of
restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may
have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise
removed at some point in the past. Sometimes the term re-afforestation
is used to distinguish between the original forest
cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area. Special tools,
e.g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier
and faster.

45. Add

46. African Wild
Dog

47. Asian
Elephant

48. Baird’s
Tapir

49. Black Rhino
Critically

50. Blue Duck

51. Bono
bo

52. Crested Ibis
Critically
Endangered

53. Florida
Panther

54. Giant
Panda

55. Green Sea
Turtle
Critically
Endangered

56. Grizzly
Bear

57. Iberian Lynx
Critically
Endangered

58. Island Fox
Critically
Endangered

59. Javan Rhino
Critically
Endangered

60. Kakapo Parrott
Critically
Endangered

61. Lemur
Leaf Frog

62. Hyacinth
Macaw

63. Malaysian Sun
Bear
Critically
Endangered

64. Markh
or

65. Monk Seal
Critically
Endangered

66. Mountain
Gorilla

67. Orang

68. Philippine
Eagle

69. Pygmy Hippo
Critically
Endangered

70. Red
Panda

72. Sea
Otter

73. Snow Leopard
Critically
Endangered

74. Sumatran Tiger
Critically

75. Amur
Leopard

76. Tibetan
Antelope

81. GREEN SNAKE

84. An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that
region and nowhere else in the world. As such they are
of conservation concern because they are not
widespread and may be confined to only one or two
protected areas. The Albertine Rift has more endemic
species of vertebrate than any other region of mainland
Africa. Until 2003 complete lists of endemic species had
not been completed and WCS worked with other
scientists and conservation organizations to complete
these lists. Since that time they have been updated over
time as more species have been added to the endemic or
threatened lists. These are presented here for each taxon
(Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Butterflies an
d Dragonflies) for which we have compiled data.

86. Bali Tiger
Extinct 1937 due to hunting and destruction
of habitat

87. Island Tortoise
Extinct 2012 due to hunting and introduction
of competing species.

88. Blue Buck
Extinct 1800 due to Hunting and
Destruction of Habitat

89. Hawaiian Crow
Extinct 2002 due to hunting,
destruction of Habitat and Disease

90. Quagga
Extinct 1883 due to hunting

91. Socorro Dove
Extinct 1972 due to hunting &
destruction of Habitat

92. Thylacine
Extinct 1986 due to Hunting and
Competition with other animals

93. Warrah
Extinct 1876 due to Hunting and
Poisoning

94. Dodo
 Extinct since mid to
late 17th century
 Lived on one tiny
island

95. Passenger Pigeon
 Once most common
bird in North America
 Flocks with more than
a billion birds took
several days to pass
by
 Last one died 1914 in
a zoo

96. Tasmanian Tiger
 Last known specimen died in captivity in
1936

97. Dinosaurs
T-Rex
Brachiosaurus

98. Trilobites
17 000 known species!

99. Meganeura
 Giant dragonfly with a 2.5ft wingspan

100. Armored Fish
Dunkleosteus
 20ft long, 2000lbs

101. Mosasaurus
 49ft long ocean lizard

102. Pterosaurs
 Some had a
33ft wingspan

103. Wooly Mammoth
 About the size of an elephant, but with fur 3ft long

104. Sabre-toothed Tiger
 Weighed up to 880 lbs (Lions weigh 550lbs)

105. Giant Ground Sloth
 20ft tall standing on its hind legs

106. Baluchitherium
 Largest land mammal ever known
 25ft tall

107. “Terror Birds”
 Flightless birds 10ft tall

108. Countless more….
 One day do a google search for extinct animals
and see what you can find
 There are so many…and those are just the
ones that we know about!