This document discusses various topics related to conservation of plants and animals. It begins by defining and describing the causes and impacts of deforestation, including increasing temperatures, carbon dioxide levels, and drought. It then discusses how forests and wildlife can be conserved through protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation and traditional human use, while national parks reserve natural habitats for wildlife and sanctuaries protect animals from disturbance. The document also defines flora as plants in an area and fauna as the animals, and provides examples. It concludes by discussing conservation status classifications like critically endangered species.

1. CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND
ANIMALS

2. 1) Deforestation :-
The clearing of forests and using the land for other
purposes is called deforestation.
The causes for deforestation are :-
i) Procuring land for cultivation.
ii) Building houses and factories.
iii) Using wood as fuel or making furniture etc.
The natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and
draught.

3. 2) Consequences of deforestation
The consequences of deforestation are :-
i) Increase in the temperature and pollution level on
the
earth.
ii) Increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere leading to global warming.
iii) Lowering of ground water level.
iv) Disturbs the balance in nature.
v) Decrease in rainfall leading to draught.
vi) Soil erosion and decrease in soil fertility leading to
desertification.
vii) Decrease in the water holding capacity of soil
leading to
floods.

5. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life.[1] This
can refer to genetic variation, species variation,
or ecosystem variation[1] within an area,biome,
or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest
near the equator,[2] which seems to be the result of
the warm climate and high primary
productivity.[3] Marine biodiversity tends to be
highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where
sea surface temperature is highest and in mid-
latitudinal band in all oceans.[4] Biodiversity
generally tends to cluster in hotspots,[5] and has
been increasing through time[6][7] but will be likely to
slow in the future.[8]
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass

6. Conservation of forest and wildlife :-
Forest and wildlife can be conserved by setting
up areas like Biosphere reserves Wildlife
sanctuaries, National parks, etc.
i) Biosphere reserves :- are large areas of
protected land for conservation of biodiversity and
the traditional life of the tribals living there.
ii) National parks :- are areas reserved for wildlife
where they can freely use the habitats and natural
resources.
iii) Wildlife sanctuaries :- are areas where animals
are protected from any disturbance to them or
their habitat.

9. A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its residents, ratified
by a national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and
Biosphere (MAB) program, which demonstrates innovative
approaches to living and working in harmony with nature. One of
the primary objectives of MAB is to achieve a sustainable balance
between the goals of conservingbiological diversity, promoting
economic development, and maintaining associated cultural
values.
The term ‘biosphere’ refers to all of
the land, water and atmosphere that supply life on earth. The
word ‘reserve’ means that it is a special area recognized for
balancing conservation with sustainable use. The term ‘reserve’
does not mean that these places are set aside from human use
and development. In fact, the study of human use is an important
part of the biosphere reserve program.
Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to
balancing conservation and human use of an area. They are

11. A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.
Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed
land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although
individual nations designate their own national parks
differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of wild
nature for posterity and as a symbol of national
pride.[1] Furthermore, an international organization,
theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined
"National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.
While ideas for this type of national park had been
suggested previously, the United States established the first
such one, Yellowstone National Park, in 1872. The largest
national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is
the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was
established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555

14. A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally
occurring sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection
for species from hunting, predation or competition, it is a protected
area, a geographic territory within which wildlife is protected. Such
wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories. It is
created by government legislation, In the 3rd century BC,a
King Devanampiya Tissa declared the area around Mihintale, Sri
Lanka as a sanctuary for wildlife,[1] probably the first of its kind in the
ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity,
the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy
trees within the
The first American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge at Lake
Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California
state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.[2] The first
federally owned refuge in America is Pelican Island National Wildlife
Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of
his Square Deal campaign to improve America. At the time, setting
aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president.
More recently, a bi-partisan group of US House of

17. A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological
garden, and also called a menagerie) is a
facility in which animals are confined within
enclosures, displayed to the public, and in
which they may
The term zoological garden refers to zoology,
the study of animals, a term deriving from
the Greek zōon (ζῷον, "animal")
and lógos(λóγος, "study"). The abbreviation
"zoo" was first used of the London Zoological
Gardens, which opened for scientific study in
1828 and to the public in 1847.[1] The number

18. 5) Flora and fauna :-
i) Flora :- are the plants found in a particular area.
ii) Fauna :- are the animals found in a particular area.
Eg:- The flora of Pachmarhi consists of sal, teak, wild mango, jamun,
silver ferns etc.
The fauna of Pachmarhi consists of wild dog, cheetal, wolf,
leopard, blue bull, barking deer etc.

20. Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region
or time, generally the naturally occurring
or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding
term for animal life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other
forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to
as biota. Bacterial organisms, algae, and other
organisms are sometimes referred to as
flora,[1][2][3] so that for example the terms bacterial
floraand plant flora are used separately. Plants are
grouped into floras based on region, period, special
environment, or climate. Regions can be
geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs.
flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era
as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by

22. Fauna is all of the animal life of any
particular region or time. The
corresponding term for plants is flora. Flora,
fauna and other forms of life such
as fungi are collectively referred to
as biota.
Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna t
o refer to a typical collection of animals
found in a specific time or place, e.g. the
"Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess
Shale fauna".
Paleontologists sometimes refer to a

24. the Russian Federation (RDBRFRed Data Book
of ), also known as Red
Book (Russian: Красная книга) or Russian
Red Data Book is a state document
established for documenting rare
and endangered
species of animals, plants and fungi, as well
as some local subspecies (such as
the Ladoga seal) that exist within the territory
of the Russian Federation and its continental
shelf and marine economic zone. The book
has been adopted by Russia and
RED DATA BOOK

26. Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into
new paper products. There are three categories of paper
that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper:
mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer
waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap
from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in
a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is material which left the
paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for
consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded
after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers
(OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper,
old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper
(RMP).[1] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper",
often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The
industrial process of removing printing ink from paperfibers of
recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an

28. Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of
existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted,
usually throughdeforestation.[1] Reforestation can be used
to improve the quality of human life by soaking
up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild
naturalhabitats and ecosystems, mitigate global
warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources,
particularly timber.
The term reforestation is similar to afforestation, the
process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or
forests that may have existed long ago but
were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in
the past. Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to
distinguish between the original forest cover and the later
re-growth of forest to an area. Special tools, e.g. tree

30. Add

31. African Wild
Dog

32. Asian
Elephant

33. Baird’s
Tapir

34. Black Rhino
Critically

35. Blue Duck

36. Bono
bo

37. Crested Ibis
Critically
Endangered

38. Giant
Panda

39. Green Sea
Turtle
Critically
Endangered

40. Grizzly
Bear

41. Iberian Lynx
Critically

42. Island Fox
Critically
Endangered

43. Javan Rhino
Critically
Endangered

44. Kakapo Parrott
Critically
Endangered

45. Lemur
Leaf Frog

46. Hyacinth
Macaw

47. Malaysian Sun
Bear
Critically
Endangered

48. Marcher

49. Monk Seal
Critically
Endangered

50. Mountain
Gorilla

51. Orangutan

52. Philippine Eagle
Critically Endangered

53. Pygmy Hippo
Critically
Endangered

54. Red
Panda

55. Sea
Otter

56. Snow Leopard
Critically
Endangered

57. Sumatran Tiger
Critically
Endangered

58. Amur Leopard
Critically

59. Tibetan
Antelope

60. Bali Tiger
Extinct 1937 due to hunting and destruction of habitat

61. Socorro Dove
Extinct 1972 due to hunting & destruction of Habitat

62. Thylacine
Extinct 1986 due to Hunting and Competition with other
animals

63. Made By:- Shreyash Kumar