heart failure otherwise called congestive heart failure. causes of this is diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, excess intake of fat, stress, prevention of this according to the doctor's order take the medicine, follow a diet plan, without sodium, alcohol, should be avoided.then we free from congestive heart failure .
This Slideshare includes the introduction of congestive heart failure, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification of drugs which is used to manage CHF, and recent drugs used to manage CHF.
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
heart failure otherwise called congestive heart failure. causes of this is diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, excess intake of fat, stress, prevention of this according to the doctor's order take the medicine, follow a diet plan, without sodium, alcohol, should be avoided.then we free from congestive heart failure .
This Slideshare includes the introduction of congestive heart failure, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification of drugs which is used to manage CHF, and recent drugs used to manage CHF.
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia.
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
Cardiogenic shock is a rare condition .in this heart unable to pump an adequate amount of blood flow. types coronary cardiogenic shock and noncoronary cardiogenic shock.causes include any rupture of the in the ventricles .mi condition, any infectious condition,any medication that is a rare condition of the heart Are older
Have a history of heart failure or heart attack
Have blockages (coronary artery disease) in several of your heart's main arteries
Have diabetes or high blood pressure
Are female, Race or ethnicity
Cardiogenic shock signs and symptoms include:
Rapid breathing
Severe shortness of breath
Sudden, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
Loss of consciousness
Weak pulse
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Sweating
Pale skin
Cold hands or feet
Urinating less than normal or not at all
treatment like emergency medication,dopamine ,doputamine ,adrenaline also given as a treatment to the patent. some other surgical procedure is there like cabg , heart transplantationmetc. preventionj oxf this avoid smoking,control alcohol,avoid stress etc
-
Myocardial infarction is the medical name of a heart attack. A heart attack is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage. This is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries.Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents, and bypass surgery.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
3. • Heart failure does not mean the heart has
stopped working. Rather, it means that the
heart's pumping power is weaker than
normal.
• With heart failure, blood moves through
the heart and body at a slower rate, and
pressure in the heart increases. As a result,
the heart cannot pump enough oxygen
and nutrients to meet the body's needs.
4. DEFINITION
• Heart failure describes the clinical
syndrome that develops when the heart
cannot maintain an adequate cardiac
output.
• The heart pumps blood inadequately,
leading to reduced blood flow, back-up
(congestion) of blood in the veins and
lungs, and other changes that may further
weaken the heart.
5. Congestive Heart Failure
Heart Failure can divided:
- Right Sided Heart Failure
- Left Sided Heart Failure
Can be Either From,
Diastolic heart failure (Inability to relax)
Systolic heart failure (Inability to Contract)
6. Right Sided Heart Failure
• In right-sided heart failure, the right ventricle loses
its pumping function, and blood may back up into
other areas of the body, producing congestion.
7. Left Sided Heart Failure
• Inability of the left heart to maintain its
circulatory load, with corresponding rise in
pressure in the pulmonary circulation usually
with pulmonary congestion and ultimately
pulmonary edema.
8. Diastolic heart failure
• Diastolic dysfunction refers to an abnormality in how
the heart fills with blood during diastole.
The heart muscles do not relax in a normal manner
and the heart may fill too slowly, asynchronously or
with an elevation in filling pressure only.
9. Systolic heart failure
• The left ventricle loses its ability to contract normally.
The heart can't pump with enough force to push
enough blood into circulation.
10. Causes
• Coronary artery disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease
of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, causes
decreased blood flow to the heart muscle. If the arteries become
blocked or severely narrowed, the heart becomes starved for
oxygen and nutrients.
• Heart attack: A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery
becomes suddenly blocked, stopping the flow of blood to the heart
muscle. A heart attack damages the heart muscle, resulting in a
scarred area that does not function properly.
11. • Cardiomyopathy: Damage to the heart muscle from causes
other than artery or blood flow problems, such as from
infections or alcohol or drug abuse.
• Conditions that overwork the heart: Conditions including high
blood pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease, kidney
disease,diabetes, or heart defects present at birth can all cause
heart failure. In addition, heart failure can occur when several
diseases or conditions are present at once.
18. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
1. HISTORY COLLECTION
patient history may include gathering
information about the following:
• Alcohol and drug use
• History of hypertension, including treatment
• Prior chest pains or heart attack
• Recent viral illness
• Recent pregnancy
19. 2. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
The physician looks for an underlying cause and
assesses heart function. A stethoscope is used to detect
abnormal heart sounds (murmurs) that may indicate a leaky
or narrowed (stenotic) valve, and to detect fluid accumulation
in the lungs.
The physician also looks for enlarged
(distended) veins in the neck and for swelling (edema) in the
legs (particularly the ankles and feet) and/or the abdomen
20. 3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive
test used to measure electrical activity in the heart. Electrical
sensors called leads are attached to predetermined positions
on the arms, legs, and chest to record electrical activity and
help assess heart function.
21. 4. ECHOCARDIOGRAM
Echocardiogram (cardiac echo) is an
ultrasound examination of the heart that produces detailed images
of the organ. It can be used to detect abnormalities in the structure
of the heart and to measure the ejection fraction.
22. 5. CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
Cardiac catheterization may be performed in patients
with angina and patients with a history of heart attack to determine
if coronary heart disease (CHD) is causing heart failure.
• This procedure produces angiograms (i.e., x-ray images) of the
coronary arteries and the left ventricle, and can be used to
monitor heart function.
23. 6. STRESS TEST/EXERCISE TEST
In this test, a patient simply walks on a
treadmill while connected to an electrocardiogram.
7. DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHO CARDIOGRAPHY
In this cases, a drug(dobutamine) is
infused into the bloodstream to increase the heart rate or to
affect the flow of blood within the heart and an
echocardiogram is used to obtain images of the heart.
24. 8. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging):
• Magnetic fields are used to provide images of the
structure of the heart and its ability to pump blood to
the body.
• If used with a special MRI contrast agent (gadolinium),
it can provide information about inflammation, injury,
and blood flow to the heart.
25. 9. Chest X-ray:
This is very helpful in identifying the
buildup of fluid in the lungs. Also, the heart usually
enlarges in congestive heart failure, and this may be
visible on the X-ray film.
26. 10.BLOOD TESTS:
• People may have blood drawn for lab tests.
• Low blood cell counts (anemia) may cause symptoms much
like congestive heart failure or contribute to the condition.
• Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and other electrolyte
levels may be abnormal, especially if the person has been
treated with diuretics and/or has kidney disease.
• Tests for kidney function.
27.
28.
29. • LIFESTYLE MEASURES.
The first steps in the treatment of
heart failure may include limits on the amount of fluids
consumed (including alcohol) and reductions in dietary
sodium (less than 2,000 mg per day). In addition, follow
your doctor's instructions on getting regular exercise,
which can help prevent symptoms from worsening.
30. • MEDICATIONS.
A variety of drugs may be used to manage
heart failure.
THE DRUGS INCLUDE
ACE INHIBITORS.
ACE inhibitors—such as enalapril (Vasotec) and lisinopril
(Prinivil, Zestril)—are the choice of drug treatment for people with heart
failure. ACE inhibitors promote dilation of the blood vessels and thus
improve blood flow and slow the progression of CHD.
31. • DIURETICS AND DIGOXIN.
The physician may prescribe diuretics to
reduce fluid buildup and digoxin (Lanoxin) to strengthen the
heartbeat. Thiazide diuretics are effective for mild heart
failure, but more potent drugs such as the loop diuretic
furosemide (Lasix) are used for severe fluid retention.
BETA-BLOCKERS.
These drugs—such as carvedilol (Coreg)
and metoprolol (Toprol XL)—also can decrease the workload
of the heart.
32. • ALDOSTERONE BLOCKERS.
Spironolactone (Aldactone) and eplerenone
(Inspra) block the activity of aldosterone, an adrenal hormone that
causes sodium retention.
36. • Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgery involves the use of a blood vessel graft to bypass one or more
blocked coronary arteries. The bypass restores normal blood flow to
the heart muscle. The graft goes around the clogged artery/arteries
and forms new pathways for oxygen-rich blood to flow to the heart
muscle. The blood vessel grafts usually come from your own arteries
and veins in the chest, leg or arm.
37. 2. CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY
A coronary angioplasty is a procedure used to widen blocked or
narrowed coronary arteries (the main blood vessels supplying
the heart). The term 'angioplasty' means using a balloon to
stretch open a narrowed or blocked artery.
38. • 3. IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR
An implantable cardioverter
defibrillator(ICD) is a small device that's placed in
the chest or abdomen. Doctors use the device to
help treat irregular heartbeats called arrhythmias
39. • 4. INTRA AORTIC BALLOON PUMP
The Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a
mechanical device that increases myocardial
oxygen perfusion while at the same time
increasing cardiac output. Increasing cardiac
output increases coronary blood flow and
therefore myocardial oxygen delivery.
40. • 5. LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE
• The left ventricular assist device, or LVAD, is a
mechanical pump that is implanted inside a
person's chest to help a weakened heart
ventricle pump blood throughout the body.
41. OTHER…….
• 6. VALVE REPAIR OR VALVE REPLACEMENT SURGERY
• 7. PACEMAKER INSERTION
• 8. HEART TRANSPLANTATION
42. Nursing care of patients with congestiveheart
failure
•Maintain the patient in high fowler's position
•Elevate extremities except when the patient
is in acute distress
•Frequently monitor vital signs
•Change position frequently
•Monitor intake and output and daily weight
43. Nursing care of patients with congestiveheart
failure (cont…)
• Restrict fluids as ordered
• Teach the patient and family and provide emotional
support (life style change)
• Explain the side effect of diuretic medications for
additional actions ( side effects of diuretics include
electrolyte imbalance, symptomatic hypotension
• Use aseptic procedures when caring for invasive lines