The document discusses the heart, including its anatomy, function, common diseases, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. It describes how the heart works by pumping blood through two circuits to oxygenate blood and supply the body. Common heart diseases include coronary artery disease, congenital defects, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Symptoms vary but can include chest pain and fatigue. Treatment depends on the condition but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Controling risk factors like high blood pressure and smoking can help prevent heart disease. The prognosis of heart failure is generally poor without treatment.
heart failure otherwise called congestive heart failure. causes of this is diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, excess intake of fat, stress, prevention of this according to the doctor's order take the medicine, follow a diet plan, without sodium, alcohol, should be avoided.then we free from congestive heart failure .
heart failure otherwise called congestive heart failure. causes of this is diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, excess intake of fat, stress, prevention of this according to the doctor's order take the medicine, follow a diet plan, without sodium, alcohol, should be avoided.then we free from congestive heart failure .
Tape worms (cestoda) are intestinal parasites that are shaped like a tape measure. They are highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phased life cycle
The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience.
Tape worms (cestoda) are intestinal parasites that are shaped like a tape measure. They are highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phased life cycle
The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience.
It is a disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Affected continents are AFRICA, SOUTH ASIA, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, HAITI AND OTHER AREAS IN THE CARIBBEAN, EASTERN EUROPE, ISLANDS IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN (OCEANIA).
Personal hygiene are the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health. To protect health, body, hair, mouth and teeth must be cleaned regularly and clothes must be washed frequently
MUMPS(also called parotitis) IS A VACCINE-PREVENTABLE VIRAL INFECTION TRANSMITTED BY AND AFFECTING ONLY HUMANS.WHILE THE SALIVARY GLANDS(ESPECIALLY THE PAROTID GLAND AT THE SIDES OF THE CHEEKS)ARE WELL KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED DURING A MUMPS INFECTION,MANY OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS MAY ALSO EXPERIENCE EFFECTS OF THE VIRUS INFECTION
MEASLES IS A VIRAL INFECTION THAT STARTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.IT STILL REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF A SAFE,EFFECTIVE VACCINE.
ALSO KNOWN AS THE HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS,IS AN INFECTION THAT CAUSES THE LIVER TO BECOME INFLAMED.THIS SWELLING CAN IMPAIR LIVER FUNCTION AND CAUSE LONG-TERM LIVER PROBLEMS,INCLUDING LIVER SCARRING AND CANCER.THE CONDITION IS CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS D VIRUS(HDV).
HEPATITIS B IS A LIVER INFECTION CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS(HBV).HBV IS ONE OF THE FIVE TYPES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS.THE OTHERS ARE HEPATITIS A,C,D, AND E. EACH IS A DIFFERENT TYPE OF VIRUS,AND TYPES B AND C ARE MOST LIKELY TO BECOME CHRONIC.
HEPATITIS REFERS TO INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO TOXINS,ALCOHOL MISUSE,IMMUNE DISEASES,OR INFECTION.VIRUSES CAUSE THE MAJORITY OF CASES OF HEPATITIS,INCLUDING ALL CASES OF HEPATITIS A.
There are some diseases that are associated with the lungs and they include;
ASTHMA
PNEUMONIA
BRONCHITIS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
LUNG CANCER
Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex. It is defined as the persistent inability to achieve penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
Blue eyes technology aims at creating a computer that has the abilities to understand the perceptual powers of the human being by recognizing their facial expressions and react according to them. A blue eye technology is planned for making computational machines that have tangible capacities like those of humans
The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a standard to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets.
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the breast. It can start in one or both breasts. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. It is important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
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3. INTRODUCTION (THE HEART)
• The heart pumps around 7,200 litres of blood in
• a day throughout the body. On average, the
• heart beats about 100,000 times a day, i.e
• around 3billion beats in a lifetime.An adult
• heartbeats about 60 to 80 times per minute and
• newborn babies heart beatsthan an adult which
• is about 70 to 190 beats per minute.
• The heart is situated at the centre of the chest
• and points slightly towards the left.
4. DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION
OF THE HEART
• The heart is a muscular
• organ in most animals
• which pumps blood
• through the blood vessels
• of the circulatory system.
• The pumped blood carries
• oxygen and nutrientsto the
• body, while carrying
• metabolic waste such as
• carbon dioxide to the body.
• The heart is a muscular organ
• about the size of a fist, located
• just behind and slightly left of
• the breastbone. The heart
• pumps blood through the
• network of arteries and veins
• called the cardiovascular
• system. The left atrium
• receives oxygenated blood
• from the lungs and pumps it
• to the left ventricle.
5. THE HEART
• The human heart has four Chambers: two upper
Chambers ( the atria) and two lower ones ( the
ventricles), the right atriumand right ventricle together
make up the "right heart" and the left atriumand the
left ventricle makes up the "left heart". A wall of
muscle called the septum seperates the twoo sides of
the heart.
• The heart's outer wall consists of three layers:
• The epicardium (the outermost wall layer)
• The myocardium (the middle layer)
• The endocardium (the inner layer)
6. HOW DOES THE HEART WORK
• The heart circulates blood
through two pathways; the
pulmonary circuit and the
system circuit.
• In the pulmonary circuit,
deoxygenated blood leaves
the right ventricle of the heart
via the pulmonary artery and
travels to the lungs, then the
oxygenated blood returns
through the pulmonary vein
to the left atrium of the heart.
• In the systemic circuit,
oxygenated blood leaves the
heart and travels through
the left ventricle to the aorta
and from there enters the
arteries and capillaries
where it's supplythe blood
tissues with oxygen.
Deoxygenated bloods
returns through veins to the
venae cavae, re- entering the
heart's right atrium.
7. FUNCTION OF THE HEART
• The main function is to move blood throughout the
body. The heart also:
• Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart
• Maintains your blood pressure
• It is responsible for delivering blood circulation and
transportation of nutrients in all parts of the body.
8. CARE OF THE HEART
• Eat a heart healthy diet
• If overweight, lose weight
• Increase regular physical activity
• Live smoke free
• Get adequate sleep
• Exercise daily
• Get regular medical checkup
• Do some cardio
• Limit saturated fat
• Cut back on alcohol
9. ILLNESS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
HEART
• 1. Coronary artery disease: It is also
known as coronary heart disease, is
the most common type of heart
diseases .
• It develops when the arteriesthat
supply blood to the heart become
clogged with plaque. This cause
them to harden and narrow. Plaque
contains cholesteroland other
substances. As a result, the blood
supply reduces, and the heart
receives less oxygen and fewer
nutrients in time, the heart muscle
weakens and there is a risk of heart
failure and arrhythmias.
• 2. Congenital heart defects:A
person with a congenital heart
defect is born with a heart
problem. There are many types of
congenital heart defects, including:
• Atypical heart valves: Valves may
not open properly, or they may
leak blood.
• Septal defects: There is a hole in
the wall between either the lower
chambers or the upper chambers
of the heart.
• Atresia: One of the heart valves is
missing.
10. ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
HEART
• 3. Arrhythmia
• Arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat. It
occurs when the electrical impulses that
coordinate the heartbeat do not work correctly.
As a result, the heart may beat too quickly, too
slowly, or erratically.
• There are various types of arrhythmias,
including:
• Tachycardia: This refers to a rapid heartbeat.
• Bradycardia: This refers to a slow heartbeat.
• Premature contractions: This refers to an early
heartbeat.
• Atrial fibrillation: This is a type of irregular
heartbeat.
• A person may notice a feeling like a fluttering or
a racing heart.
• In some cases, arrhythmias can be life
threatening or have severe complications.
• 4.Dilated cardiomyopathy
• In dilated cardiomyopathy, the heart
chambers become dilated, meaning
that the heart muscle stretches and
becomes thinner. The most common
causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are
past heart attacks, arrhythmias, and
toxins, but genetics can also play a role.
• As a result, the heart becomes weaker
and cannot pump blood properly. It can
result in arrhythmia, blood clots in the
heart, and heart failure.
• It usually affects people aged 20–60
yearsTrusted Source, according to the
AHA.
11. ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
HEART
• 5. Myocardial infarction
• Also known as heart attack,
myocardial infarction involves
an interruption of the blood
flow to the heart. This can
damage or destroy part of the
heart muscle.
• The most common cause of
heart attack is plaque, a blood
clot, or both in a coronary
artery. It can also occur if an
artery suddenly narrows or
spasms.
• 6. Heart failure
• When a person has heart failure, their
heart is still workingTrusted Source but
not as well as it should be. Congestive
heart failure is a type of heart failure that
can occur from problems with the
pumping or relaxing function.
• Heart failure can result from untreated
coronary artery disease, high blood
pressure, arrhythmias, and other
conditions. These conditions can affect
the heart’s ability to pump or relax
properly.
• Heart failure can be life threatening, but
seeking early treatment for heart-related
conditions can help prevent
complications.
12. ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
HEART
• 6. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• This condition usually develops when a
genetic problem affects the heart
muscle. It tends to be an inherited
condition.
• The walls of the muscle thicken, and
contractions become harder. This
affects the heart’s ability to take in and
pump out blood. In some cases, an
obstruction can occur.
• There may be no symptoms, and many
people do not receive a diagnosis.
However, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
can worsen over time and lead to
various heart problems.
• 7. Mitral valve regurgitation
• This event occurs whenTrusted
Source the mitral valve in the
heart does not close tightly
enough and allows blood to flow
back into the heart.
• As a result, blood cannot move
through the heart or body
efficiently, and it can put
pressure on the chambers of the
heart. In time, the heart can
become enlarged, and heart
failure can result.
13. ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
HEART
• 8. Mitral valve prolapse
• This happens when the valve flaps
of the mitral valve do not close
properly. Instead, they bulge into
the left atrium. This can cause a
heart murmur.
• Mitral valve prolapse is not usually
life threatening, but some people
may need to receive treatment for
it.
• Genetic factors and connective
tissue problems can cause this
condition, which affects around
2%Trusted Source of the
population.
• 9. Aortic stenosis
• In aortic stenosisTrusted
Source, the pulmonary valve is
thick or fused and does not
open correctly. This makes it
hard for the heart to pump
blood from the left ventricle
into the aortaTrusted Source.
• A person may be born with it
due to congenital anomalies of
the valve, or it may develop
over time due to calcium
deposits or scarring.
14. SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASES
• The symptoms of heart disease depend
on the specific type a person has. Also,
some heart conditions cause no
symptoms at all.
• That said, the following symptoms may
indicate a heart problem:
• angina, or chest pain
• difficulty breathing
• fatigue and lightheadedness
• swelling due to fluid retention, or
edema
• In children, the symptoms of a
congenital heart defect may include
cyanosis, or a blue tinge to the skin,
and an inability to exercise.
• Some signs and symptoms that could indicate
heart attack include:
• chest pain
• breathlessness
• heart palpitations
• nausea
• stomach pain
• sweating
• arm, jaw, back, or leg pain
• a choking sensation
• swollen ankles
• fatigue
• an irregular heartbeat
• Heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, which is
when the heart stops and the body can no
longer function. A person needs immediate
medical attention if they have any symptoms of
a heart attack.
15. TREATMENT
• The type of treatment you receive depends on the
type of heart disease you have. In general,
treatment for heart disease usually includes:
• Lifestyle changes
• Medications
• Medical procedures or surgery.
16. PREVENTION OF HEART FAILURE
• Control your blood pressure
• Keep your cholesteroland triglyceride level under
control.
• Stay at a healthy weight
• Eat a health diet.
• Get regular exercise.
• Limit alcohol
• Don't smoke
• Manage stress
• Make sure that you get enough sleep
17. PROGNOSIS
• The prognosis of heart failure is poor, with
• reported survival estimates for 50% and 10% at
• 5 and 10 years and a marked increase in the
• risk of sudden death. Few population-based
• data are available on secular trends in the
• prognosis of heart failure.
