UNIT II tramission control
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The document discusses various techniques for congestion control in computer networks, including at both the router and host levels. It defines congestion control as efforts to prevent or respond to overload conditions in the network. At the router level, it describes queue management techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, fair queuing (FQ), and weighted fair queuing (WFQ) which aim to allocate bandwidth fairly between flows. It also discusses congestion notification methods including explicit feedback and implicit feedback via packet drops. At the host level, it mentions TCP congestion control and reservation-based approaches.
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Cisco Webex dictado por el Cisco Learning Partner en Fundación Proydesa a más de 20 Academias Locales del país, Bolovia y Paraguay. Realizada en marco del acuerdo entre Fundación Proydesa y la filial Argentina de SLS LATAM, con el objeto de investigar, desarrollar y promover la formación en y con tecnología. Más info. en http://proydesa.org/portal/
ch24-congestion-control-and-quality-of-service.ppt
This document provides an overview of congestion control and quality of service techniques. It begins by defining data traffic and different traffic profiles. It then discusses congestion, including what causes it and different congestion control approaches like open-loop prevention and closed-loop removal. Two examples of congestion control are described - TCP and Frame Relay. Quality of service is then introduced and different techniques to improve it are outlined, including scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control.
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Unit iv atm networks
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was developed to address issues with integrating different types of digital traffic such as voice, video, and data on local area networks. ATM uses fixed-size cells consisting of header and payload to efficiently transport variable bit rate traffic. The ATM architecture includes adaptation layers to segment higher-level data into cells and reassemble cells back into packets or frames. The architecture was refined over time to better support different traffic types through permanent and switched virtual connections.
VoIP and multimedia networking
VoIP uses packet networks to carry voice calls in addition to data. It works by converting analog voice signals to digital data packets which are transmitted over IP networks and reconverted to analog at the receiving end. Key components include IP phones, signaling servers, and protocols like SIP and H.323 which handle call setup and signaling. Quality of service for VoIP depends on factors like packet loss, delay, and jitter which can be managed through queuing and reserving bandwidth for voice traffic.
TCPIP
The document discusses communication between layers in network protocols. It explains that when an upper layer requests services from the lower layer, it sends a protocol data unit (PDU) to the lower layer. The lower layer then encapsulates the upper layer PDU by adding a header and sending the entire packet to the corresponding lower layer in another machine. This process continues until the physical layer transmits the data. The document also provides details about the TCP/IP protocol stack and encapsulation process, and describes the header fields of IPv4 packets.
Network management
Network management involves configuring, monitoring, and reconfiguring network components to provide optimal performance, security, and flexibility. It is generally accomplished using a network management system with software to monitor performance and reliability. Common functions of network management include fault management, configuration management, accounting management, performance management, and security management. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is commonly used for network management communication.
Vp ns
VPNs, Tunneling, and Overlay Networks
Virtual private networks (VPNs) allow private networks to be extended over public networks like the internet. VPNs provide benefits like extended communication, reduced costs, and improved productivity. There are two main types of VPNs: remote-access VPNs which connect users to a private network from various locations, and site-to-site VPNs which connect organizations' remote sites into a private network or allow organizations to share environments. Tunneling protocols like PPP and protocols like IPsec are used to securely encapsulate and transmit data across VPNs. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and overlay networks are additional methods to improve network performance and security.
Compression of digital voice and video
Digital data compression reduces transmission bandwidth requirements by removing redundant data. There are two types: lossy compression which permanently removes some data, and lossless compression which does not. Common lossy compression standards are JPEG for images and MP3 for audio, while ZIP files use lossless compression. The limits of lossy compression are determined by information theory concepts like source entropy.
ATM Network
The document discusses the history and development of ATM networks. It explains that ATM networks emerged from standardization activities around Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) in the 1970s. This was driven by the trend toward an all-digital telephone network and the need to support digital connectivity for end users as well as non-voice applications like data and video. The document then provides details on the ATM cell header format and its various fields that are used to identify connections and support different types of traffic and services.
Computer network lesson plan
This lesson plan outlines the topics and objectives for a semester-long course on Computer Networks II. Over the course of 44 days, it covers 6 units: 1) Packet-Switching Networks, 2) TCP/IP Protocols, 3) IPv6 and Internet Routing, 4) ATM Networks, 5) Network Management and Security, and 6) Quality of Service, VPNs and Multiprotocol Label Switching. Each day focuses on a different sub-topic, with objectives like introducing concepts, exploring protocols and algorithms, and solving practice problems. The goal is to provide students a comprehensive overview of computer networking from packets to protocols to applications.
Question bank cn2
This document contains summaries of 8 units that cover topics in packet networks, TCP/IP, ATM networks, network management, security, QoS, resource allocation, VPNs, tunneling, overlay networks, compression of digital voice and video, VoIP, multimedia networking, mobile ad-hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. It includes questions related to these topics and requests explanations of concepts like datagram and virtual circuits, packet switching delays, shortest path algorithms, TCP/IP headers, ATM cell structure, network management functions, encryption algorithms, and ad-hoc and sensor network routing protocols.
Profile
Sangamesh V. Sajjan is a lecturer in the Computer Science and Engineering department. He has over 4 years of teaching experience and holds a BE in Computer Science and Engineering and an MTech in Computer Science and Engineering. He has not published or presented any papers, guided any PhD students or projects, published any books, or received any awards or grants.
VII VoIP
IP telephony, also known as VoIP, refers to transmitting voice calls over IP networks instead of traditional telephone networks. It has the benefit of lower costs but introduces challenges related to compatibility and signaling. Signaling protocols like H.323 and SIP are used to set up and manage calls between IP phones and interconnect IP networks with public telephone networks. Mapping standards like ENUM and routing standards like TRIP help integrate user identification and routing between the different network types. While IP telephony has cost advantages, it also requires an external power source unlike traditional analog telephone networks.
VII Compression Introduction
The document discusses data compression fundamentals including why compression is needed, information theory basics, classification of compression algorithms, and the data compression model. It notes that digital representations of analog signals require huge storage and bandwidth for transmission. Compression aims to represent source data with as few bits as possible while maintaining acceptable fidelity through modeling and coding phases. Algorithms can be lossless or lossy depending on whether reconstruction is exact. Performance is evaluated based on compression ratio, quality, complexity, and delay.
Unit VI Overlays
This document discusses overlay networks, with a focus on content distribution networks (CDNs). It defines what an overlay network is and provides examples like MBone, 6Bone, and peer-to-peer networks. It then describes the motivations for content networks like reducing congestion and improving performance. Finally, it explains the components of a typical CDN including request routing, content distribution, and accounting infrastructures.
Unit V network management and security
The document discusses symmetric encryption principles and algorithms. It covers the basic components of conventional encryption including plain text, encryption algorithms, keys, cipher text and decryption algorithms. It then describes common symmetric encryption algorithms like the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) which replaced DES. The document also discusses concepts like cryptanalysis, key distribution and the location of encryption devices.
Unit III IPV6 UDP
Here are the key steps of reverse path broadcasting/multicasting using the example network:
1. Router S sends the multicast packet and all routers know the shortest path to S is directly through S.
2. Router directly connected to S forwards the packet to all other ports except the port it arrived on (parent port).
3. Subsequent routers forward the packet to all ports except the parent port, following the shortest path to S in reverse.
4. This process continues until all destinations are reached, with each router forwarding only once.
The end result is an efficient multicast distribution tree is built to reach all destinations.
Vivpn pp tfinal
Virtual private networks (VPNs) allow private connectivity between networks over public infrastructure like the internet. A VPN uses tunneling protocols to encapsulate private network traffic within public network packets. Virtual private routed networks (VPRNs) are a type of layer 3 IP-based VPN that emulate a multi-site private network using virtual routing and forwarding tables on provider edge routers. The virtual router model implements VPRNs by running separate routing protocol instances for each VPN to exchange reachability information between customer edge routers via provider edge routers.
UnIT VIII manet
- AODV is a reactive routing protocol that establishes routes on-demand. When a node needs to send a packet to a destination, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) to its neighbors.
- Neighbors rebroadcast the RREQ, creating a reverse path back to the source. If the destination receives a RREQ, or an intermediate node knows of a route, it responds by unicasting a route reply (RREP) back to the source.
- AODV sets up forward routes at intermediate nodes along the reverse path so bidirectional communication is possible. Route entries expire if not used recently and link failures are reported using route error (RERR) messages to update routing tables.
Unit VIII wireless sensor networks
- Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are autonomous systems of wireless nodes that can dynamically change topology as nodes move. Routing must adapt to these changes.
- There are two main categories of routing protocols: table-driven protocols proactively maintain consistent, up-to-date routing tables whereas on-demand protocols only determine routes when needed.
- Examples of protocols include DSDV as a table-driven protocol and AODV as an on-demand protocol, with AODV using route requests and replies to discover routes only when transmitting data.
Unit i packet switching networks
Packet-switching networks transfer information as packets that may experience random delays and loss. There are two main approaches: connectionless datagram service which routes packets independently, and connection-oriented virtual circuits which establish paths for packets belonging to a connection. Routing determines the best paths for packets using distributed algorithms that adapt to network changes. Large packet switches use techniques like self-routing, shared memory, and crossbar switches to efficiently route high volumes of packets.
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UNIT II tramission control
- 1. Congestion Control and Resource Allocation
- 4. 4 8 6 3 2 1 5 7 Congestion Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
- 5. Figure 6.1 Congestion in a packet-switched network
- 8. Figure 6.2 Multiple Flows passing through a set of routers
- 10. Offered load Throughput Controlled Uncontrolled Figure 7.51 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Lack of Congestion Control
- 22. Figure 6.6 Fair Queuing Advanced Computer Networks: Congestion Control P&D slide