This document discusses quality of service (QoS) networking. It will cover topics like queue management, traffic shaping, admission control, routing protocols, Integrated Services, Differentiated Services, MPLS, and traffic engineering. The course will include proposals, paper presentations, quizzes, and participation. QoS aims to provide predictable network performance by prioritizing some types of traffic over others. It allows resources to be allocated to high priority services at the expense of lower priority traffic. The document discusses challenges in providing these guarantees and techniques like resource reservation, traffic contracts, scheduling algorithms, and statistical approaches.
What is Quality of Service?
-Basic mechanisms
-Leaky and token buckets
-Integrated Services (IntServ)
-Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
-Economics and Social factors facing QoS
-QoS Vs. Over Provisioning
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It covers topics like best effort vs. QoS service, resource reservation using leaky and token buckets, Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architectures, and economics of QoS.
2. It provides details on basic QoS mechanisms like leaky and token buckets that are used to police resource reservations. It also describes the IntServ and RSVP signaling protocol that is used for per-flow reservation in the IntServ architecture.
3. The document outlines different reservation styles in RSVP like fixed, shared explicit, and wildcard filters that determine how reservations can be shared among multiple
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It describes the differences between best effort service and QoS, which aims to provide guarantees for bandwidth, latency, and jitter.
2. The document outlines two main QoS architectures - Integrated Services (IntServ) which provides per-flow reservations and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) which uses traffic classes. It also discusses resource reservation using leaky and token bucket algorithms.
3. RSVP is described as the signaling protocol used to establish per-flow state through PATH and RESV messages. It supports different reservation styles like fixed, shared explicit, and wildcard filters to efficiently share resources among senders.
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It describes the differences between best effort and QoS networks and outlines two styles of QoS - worst-case and average-case.
2. It then covers basic QoS mechanisms like leaky buckets and token buckets that are used to police traffic entering the network. Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) models for providing QoS are also introduced.
3. Resource reservation protocols like RSVP are explained, including how they set up reservation state along network paths using PATH and RESV messages to signal bandwidth requirements from end hosts to routers.
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks, including leaky and token buckets used to police traffic and provide bandwidth guarantees.
2. It describes Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) approaches to implementing QoS.
3. Key aspects of QoS covered include resource reservation, admission control, scheduling, and the use of RSVP signaling to set up reservations along network paths.
APNIC Chief Scientist Geoff Huston gives a presentation on Buffers, Buffer Bloat and BBR at NZNOG 2020 in Christchurch, New Zealand, from 28 to 31 January 2020.
This document discusses integrated services and differentiated services for providing quality of service (QoS) on the internet. Integrated services uses resource reservation and traffic classification to provide guaranteed, controlled load, and best effort services. It requires per-flow state maintenance in routers. Differentiated services provides a simpler approach using traffic conditioning and per-hop behavior based on DS codepoints, without per-flow state. It aggregates traffic into behavior aggregates for forwarding.
This document discusses integrated services and differentiated services for providing quality of service (QoS) in IP networks. It introduces integrated services architecture (ISA) which allows applications to reserve resources. ISA uses RSVP for signaling and implements services like guaranteed service and controlled load service using queue management techniques like weighted fair queueing. Differentiated services provides QoS by classifying traffic into aggregates based on DS field values and applying different per-hop behaviors like assured forwarding and expedited forwarding. Interior routers apply simple queuing rules based on DS values while boundary routers do traffic conditioning functions like classification, metering, marking and shaping.
What is Quality of Service?
-Basic mechanisms
-Leaky and token buckets
-Integrated Services (IntServ)
-Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
-Economics and Social factors facing QoS
-QoS Vs. Over Provisioning
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It covers topics like best effort vs. QoS service, resource reservation using leaky and token buckets, Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architectures, and economics of QoS.
2. It provides details on basic QoS mechanisms like leaky and token buckets that are used to police resource reservations. It also describes the IntServ and RSVP signaling protocol that is used for per-flow reservation in the IntServ architecture.
3. The document outlines different reservation styles in RSVP like fixed, shared explicit, and wildcard filters that determine how reservations can be shared among multiple
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It describes the differences between best effort service and QoS, which aims to provide guarantees for bandwidth, latency, and jitter.
2. The document outlines two main QoS architectures - Integrated Services (IntServ) which provides per-flow reservations and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) which uses traffic classes. It also discusses resource reservation using leaky and token bucket algorithms.
3. RSVP is described as the signaling protocol used to establish per-flow state through PATH and RESV messages. It supports different reservation styles like fixed, shared explicit, and wildcard filters to efficiently share resources among senders.
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks. It describes the differences between best effort and QoS networks and outlines two styles of QoS - worst-case and average-case.
2. It then covers basic QoS mechanisms like leaky buckets and token buckets that are used to police traffic entering the network. Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) models for providing QoS are also introduced.
3. Resource reservation protocols like RSVP are explained, including how they set up reservation state along network paths using PATH and RESV messages to signal bandwidth requirements from end hosts to routers.
1. The document discusses quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in computer networks, including leaky and token buckets used to police traffic and provide bandwidth guarantees.
2. It describes Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) approaches to implementing QoS.
3. Key aspects of QoS covered include resource reservation, admission control, scheduling, and the use of RSVP signaling to set up reservations along network paths.
APNIC Chief Scientist Geoff Huston gives a presentation on Buffers, Buffer Bloat and BBR at NZNOG 2020 in Christchurch, New Zealand, from 28 to 31 January 2020.
This document discusses integrated services and differentiated services for providing quality of service (QoS) on the internet. Integrated services uses resource reservation and traffic classification to provide guaranteed, controlled load, and best effort services. It requires per-flow state maintenance in routers. Differentiated services provides a simpler approach using traffic conditioning and per-hop behavior based on DS codepoints, without per-flow state. It aggregates traffic into behavior aggregates for forwarding.
This document discusses integrated services and differentiated services for providing quality of service (QoS) in IP networks. It introduces integrated services architecture (ISA) which allows applications to reserve resources. ISA uses RSVP for signaling and implements services like guaranteed service and controlled load service using queue management techniques like weighted fair queueing. Differentiated services provides QoS by classifying traffic into aggregates based on DS field values and applying different per-hop behaviors like assured forwarding and expedited forwarding. Interior routers apply simple queuing rules based on DS values while boundary routers do traffic conditioning functions like classification, metering, marking and shaping.
This document discusses scheduling and quality of service (QoS) in advanced telecommunication networks. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences:
It describes different scheduling techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing that can provide class-based differentiation for real-time and non-real-time traffic. Buffer management techniques like head of line blocking, partial buffer sharing, and push out buffer are discussed. The document also covers QoS standards from the IETF like RSVP for signaling, integrated services for per-flow reservations, and differentiated services for class-based forwarding behaviors.
Congestion control and quality of service focus on managing data traffic by avoiding congestion and ensuring appropriate network conditions. Traffic is characterized by descriptors like data rate and burst size. Congestion occurs when network load exceeds capacity and is controlled using open-loop prevention or closed-loop removal techniques. Quality of service provides classifications, scheduling, and resource reservation to meet flow requirements for reliability, delay, bandwidth and more. Integrated and differentiated services are QoS frameworks for IP that use signaling, admission control, and per-hop behaviors.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) techniques in computer networks. It describes four characteristics of data flows: reliability, delay, jitter, and bandwidth. It then discusses several QoS mechanisms including flow classes, scheduling, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, resource reservation, admission control, Integrated Services (IntServ) model, and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model. The IntServ model provides per-flow reservations using RSVP, while the DiffServ model provides class-based service using traffic conditioners and per-hop behaviors.
Traffic characterization parameters like bandwidth, delay, and jitter requirements are used to specify network traffic flows. Traffic shaping techniques like leaky bucket and token bucket regulate traffic into defined patterns to facilitate admission control and traffic policing. The leaky bucket traffic shaper uses a finite bucket that leaks data out at a constant rate to shape traffic bursts according to the bucket size and leak rate. Queue scheduling disciplines like weighted fair queueing determine which packet is served next to affect packet delay, bandwidth, and jitter. Resource reservation protocols negotiate quality of service guarantees by reserving required network resources.
Multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. When the bandwidth of a medium is greater than the needs of connected devices, multiplexing can be used to share the link and improve transmission efficiency. At the transmitter, multiplexing involves framing data, adding overhead information, and rate matching. At the receiver, demultiplexing requires data retiming, frame recovery, and parsing. Synchronization is important and is achieved through carrier recovery, clock recovery, and frame recovery. Multiplexing hierarchies like T1 and E1 are commonly used standards.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) in multimedia communication networks, including QoS parameters and classes, deterministic and predictive QoS parameters, guaranteed and best effort QoS, QoS-aware service models, scheduling and policing mechanisms like priority scheduling and weighted fair queueing, and QoS architectures like Integrated Services and Differentiated Services.
This document discusses TCP and a new flow control algorithm called BBR. It provides background on TCP and how its sending rate is controlled via ACK pacing. While TCP rates increased from kilobits to gigabits per second over time, it is not keeping up with optical transmission speeds approaching terabits. BBR aims to be more efficient than TCP by probing the network to detect the onset of queueing rather than relying on packet loss. Testing shows BBR can crowd out other flows and operate inefficiently against itself. While promising for high speeds, BBR may not scale well if widely adopted and requires further research to improve fairness against other flows.
Quality of service (QoS) refers to the ability to provide different priority levels to different types of data or guarantee a certain level of performance. It is important because different applications have different requirements for reliability, delay, jitter, and bandwidth. QoS can be improved through techniques like scheduling, queuing, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Common queuing methods include FIFO, priority, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Integrated and differentiated service models provide frameworks for deploying QoS.
Quality of service aims to provide different levels of priority to different applications, users, or data flows. It is achieved through techniques like scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Scheduling methods include FIFO queuing, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Resource reservation reserves buffer space, bandwidth, and other resources beforehand. Admission control restricts packet admission based on specifications. Models for QoS include the Integrated Services Model, which requires resource reservation in advance using RSVP, and the Differentiated Services Model, which differentiates traffic into classes.
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document outlines two categories of congestion control: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective action using feedback from the network. Specific open-loop techniques discussed include admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
This document discusses approaches for providing quality of service (QoS) on the Internet. It describes two main service types: Integrated Services (IntServ) which uses resource reservation on a per-flow basis, and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) which prioritizes aggregates of traffic based on packet markings. While IntServ allows for strict QoS guarantees through signaling and per-flow state, it does not scale well. DiffServ aims to provide QoS for traffic classes through simple packet classification and queuing at network edges and core routers, avoiding per-flow state for better scalability. The document also covers challenges with end-to-end QoS and outlines components needed for a DiffServ architecture.
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document separates congestion control mechanisms into two categories: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective actions through feedback. Specific open-loop techniques discussed are admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
High performance browser networking ch1,2,3Seung-Bum Lee
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
The document discusses various congestion control algorithms and quality of service techniques used in computer networks. It describes approaches like traffic-aware routing, admission control, traffic throttling, and load shedding to control congestion. It also explains how quality of service is achieved through integrated services, differentiated services, and techniques like traffic shaping, packet scheduling, buffering, and jitter control.
Quality of service (QoS) refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic. QoS aims to provide different priority levels to different applications, users, or data flows. Key techniques to improve QoS include scheduling, queuing, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. There are two main models for deploying QoS - the Integrated Services model which requires resource reservations in advance, and the Differentiated Services model which defines classes of service.
The document provides an overview of network infrastructure components including networking hardware, software, and services. It then discusses several key network protocols including TCP, IP, routing protocols, and DNS. It provides details on the OSI model and describes each layer including typical functions, protocols, and vulnerabilities. For TCP and IP, it outlines the basic operation including packet formatting, connection establishment, flow control, congestion control, and error handling.
Availability Computer Communication Network .pdfYashShirude1
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated physical path between sender and receiver, while packet switching divides messages into packets that take different paths through the network. With circuit switching, transmission delay dominates at slow link speeds, while propagation delay dominates at high speeds. Packet switching introduces additional queueing delays but eliminates the need for circuit establishment. Overall, circuit switching provides lower delay at slow link speeds but higher delay at high speeds.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document discusses scheduling and quality of service (QoS) in advanced telecommunication networks. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences:
It describes different scheduling techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing that can provide class-based differentiation for real-time and non-real-time traffic. Buffer management techniques like head of line blocking, partial buffer sharing, and push out buffer are discussed. The document also covers QoS standards from the IETF like RSVP for signaling, integrated services for per-flow reservations, and differentiated services for class-based forwarding behaviors.
Congestion control and quality of service focus on managing data traffic by avoiding congestion and ensuring appropriate network conditions. Traffic is characterized by descriptors like data rate and burst size. Congestion occurs when network load exceeds capacity and is controlled using open-loop prevention or closed-loop removal techniques. Quality of service provides classifications, scheduling, and resource reservation to meet flow requirements for reliability, delay, bandwidth and more. Integrated and differentiated services are QoS frameworks for IP that use signaling, admission control, and per-hop behaviors.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) techniques in computer networks. It describes four characteristics of data flows: reliability, delay, jitter, and bandwidth. It then discusses several QoS mechanisms including flow classes, scheduling, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, resource reservation, admission control, Integrated Services (IntServ) model, and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model. The IntServ model provides per-flow reservations using RSVP, while the DiffServ model provides class-based service using traffic conditioners and per-hop behaviors.
Traffic characterization parameters like bandwidth, delay, and jitter requirements are used to specify network traffic flows. Traffic shaping techniques like leaky bucket and token bucket regulate traffic into defined patterns to facilitate admission control and traffic policing. The leaky bucket traffic shaper uses a finite bucket that leaks data out at a constant rate to shape traffic bursts according to the bucket size and leak rate. Queue scheduling disciplines like weighted fair queueing determine which packet is served next to affect packet delay, bandwidth, and jitter. Resource reservation protocols negotiate quality of service guarantees by reserving required network resources.
Multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. When the bandwidth of a medium is greater than the needs of connected devices, multiplexing can be used to share the link and improve transmission efficiency. At the transmitter, multiplexing involves framing data, adding overhead information, and rate matching. At the receiver, demultiplexing requires data retiming, frame recovery, and parsing. Synchronization is important and is achieved through carrier recovery, clock recovery, and frame recovery. Multiplexing hierarchies like T1 and E1 are commonly used standards.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) in multimedia communication networks, including QoS parameters and classes, deterministic and predictive QoS parameters, guaranteed and best effort QoS, QoS-aware service models, scheduling and policing mechanisms like priority scheduling and weighted fair queueing, and QoS architectures like Integrated Services and Differentiated Services.
This document discusses TCP and a new flow control algorithm called BBR. It provides background on TCP and how its sending rate is controlled via ACK pacing. While TCP rates increased from kilobits to gigabits per second over time, it is not keeping up with optical transmission speeds approaching terabits. BBR aims to be more efficient than TCP by probing the network to detect the onset of queueing rather than relying on packet loss. Testing shows BBR can crowd out other flows and operate inefficiently against itself. While promising for high speeds, BBR may not scale well if widely adopted and requires further research to improve fairness against other flows.
Quality of service (QoS) refers to the ability to provide different priority levels to different types of data or guarantee a certain level of performance. It is important because different applications have different requirements for reliability, delay, jitter, and bandwidth. QoS can be improved through techniques like scheduling, queuing, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Common queuing methods include FIFO, priority, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Integrated and differentiated service models provide frameworks for deploying QoS.
Quality of service aims to provide different levels of priority to different applications, users, or data flows. It is achieved through techniques like scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Scheduling methods include FIFO queuing, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Resource reservation reserves buffer space, bandwidth, and other resources beforehand. Admission control restricts packet admission based on specifications. Models for QoS include the Integrated Services Model, which requires resource reservation in advance using RSVP, and the Differentiated Services Model, which differentiates traffic into classes.
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document outlines two categories of congestion control: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective action using feedback from the network. Specific open-loop techniques discussed include admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
This document discusses approaches for providing quality of service (QoS) on the Internet. It describes two main service types: Integrated Services (IntServ) which uses resource reservation on a per-flow basis, and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) which prioritizes aggregates of traffic based on packet markings. While IntServ allows for strict QoS guarantees through signaling and per-flow state, it does not scale well. DiffServ aims to provide QoS for traffic classes through simple packet classification and queuing at network edges and core routers, avoiding per-flow state for better scalability. The document also covers challenges with end-to-end QoS and outlines components needed for a DiffServ architecture.
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document separates congestion control mechanisms into two categories: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective actions through feedback. Specific open-loop techniques discussed are admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
High performance browser networking ch1,2,3Seung-Bum Lee
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
The document discusses various congestion control algorithms and quality of service techniques used in computer networks. It describes approaches like traffic-aware routing, admission control, traffic throttling, and load shedding to control congestion. It also explains how quality of service is achieved through integrated services, differentiated services, and techniques like traffic shaping, packet scheduling, buffering, and jitter control.
Quality of service (QoS) refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic. QoS aims to provide different priority levels to different applications, users, or data flows. Key techniques to improve QoS include scheduling, queuing, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. There are two main models for deploying QoS - the Integrated Services model which requires resource reservations in advance, and the Differentiated Services model which defines classes of service.
The document provides an overview of network infrastructure components including networking hardware, software, and services. It then discusses several key network protocols including TCP, IP, routing protocols, and DNS. It provides details on the OSI model and describes each layer including typical functions, protocols, and vulnerabilities. For TCP and IP, it outlines the basic operation including packet formatting, connection establishment, flow control, congestion control, and error handling.
Availability Computer Communication Network .pdfYashShirude1
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated physical path between sender and receiver, while packet switching divides messages into packets that take different paths through the network. With circuit switching, transmission delay dominates at slow link speeds, while propagation delay dominates at high speeds. Packet switching introduces additional queueing delays but eliminates the need for circuit establishment. Overall, circuit switching provides lower delay at slow link speeds but higher delay at high speeds.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. What to expect?
• Discuss latest developments and research issues,
current and possible future QoS/CoS technologies
• Queue management, traffic monitoring/shaping,
admission control, routing, …
• Focus on Internet extensions and QoS-sensitive
protocols/applications
• Integrated Services and RSVP
• Differentiated Services
• Multi Protocol Label Switching
• Traffic Engineering (or QoS Routing)
3. What to expect?
• Proposal:
pre-proposal, full proposal, presentation
• Paper presentation
• 2 quizzes
• Active participation
4. What is QoS?
• A broad definition: methods for differentiating traffic
and services
• To some, introducing an element of predictability and
consistency into a highly variable best-effort network
• To others, obtaining higher network throughput while
maintaining consistent behavior
• Or, offering resources to high-priority service classes at
the expense of lower-priority classes (conservation law)
• Or, matching network resources to application demands
5. What is Quality? Service? Why Integrated?
• Quality encompasses data loss, induced delay or latency,
consistency in delays (jitter), efficient use of network
resources, …
• Service means end-to-end communication between
applications (e.g., audio, video, Web browsing), a
protocol type (e.g., TCP, UDP), …
• A single network is better --- unused capacity is available
to others, one network to manage
• Better to give each user/traffic what it wants
• QoS mechanisms for unfairness: managing queuing
behavior, shaping traffic, control admission, routing, …
• Engineering the network is hard, and over-engineering it
is expensive (especially for long-distance links)
6. Why the recent interest in QoS?
• No longer enough for an ISP to keep traffic flowing, links
up, routing stable --- offer QoS to be more competitive
• QoS is becoming more cost-effective with improved
implementation of differentiation tools (classification,
queue-manipulation, …), more reliable tools for
measuring delivered QoS
• Hard to dimension the network as it is becoming
increasingly hard (if not impossible) to predict traffic
patterns (e.g., 80 local/20 remote rule no longer reliable,
now mostly reversed 25/75)
• If you throw more bandwidth, there will be more demand
(a “vicious cycle”)
7. Applications of a QoS Network
• Real-time: voice, video, emergency control, stock quotes ...
• Non-real-time (or best-effort): telnet, ftp, …
• Real-time:
- hard with deterministic or guaranteed QoS: no loss, packet
delay less than deadline, difference in delays of 2 packets
less than jitter bound, …
Note: reducing jitter reduces buffers needed to absorb delay
variation at receiving host
- soft with statistical or probabilistic QoS: no more than x%
of packets lost or experience delay greater than deadline, …
• Best-effort do not have such timing constraints
8. Why end-to-end control not enough?
• Problem: with common FCFS schedulers at routers, delay and delay
variance increase very rapidly with load
• For an M/M/1 model:
average delay = 1 / [ServiceRate - ArrivalRate]
= 1 / [ServiceRate (1 - Load)]
delay variance = 1 / [ (1 - Load)]
• As load increases, buffer overflows and router starts dropping packets
• Solution: TCP reduces load (slow start and congestion avoidance
algorithm)
• 2 TCP users on different hosts sharing the same bottleneck may get
different share of the bandwidth (uncontrolled unfairness) ==>
users should not trust network
• Some users may not “play by the rules” and reduce their sending rates
upon congestion, i.e. not TCP-friendly sources like a voice or video
UDP-based application ==> network should not trust users
2
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ServiceRat
9. How to provide guarantees?
• Some form of resource reservation within the network;
hosts can’t “hide” delays
• Challenge: do it asynchronously (i.e., as needed), don’t
reserve peak rate for a voice connection/flow active 30% of
the time
• Want to support as many real-time flows as possible to
increase revenue
• Key question:
Can the network admit a new flow at its requested QoS,
without violating QoS of existing flows?
• A flow has to specify its QoS (Rspec) and also its traffic
pattern (Tspec)
10. Contract or SLA
• Service Level Agreement between client (subscriber) and
network (provider): the network keeps its promise as long as
the flow conforms to the traffic specification
• The network must monitor/police/shape incoming traffic
• The shape is important: E.g. a gigabit network contracting
with a 100Mbps flow. A big difference between sending one
100Mb packet every second and sending 1Kb packet every
10 microsec.
11. Traffic Shaping
• Leaky bucket:
- Data packets leak from a bucket of depth “sigma” at a rate
“rho”.
- Network knows that the flow will never inject traffic at a
rate higher than “rho” --- incoming traffic is bounded
- Easy to implement
- Easy for the network to police
- Accommodates well fixed-rate flows (“rho” set to rate),
but does not accommodate variable-rate (bursty) flows
unless “rho” is set to peak rate, which is wasteful
12. Token Bucket
• Allows “bounded” burstiness
• Tokens generated at rate “rho” are placed in bucket with
depth “sigma”
• An arriving packet has to remove token(s) to be allowed
into the network
• A flow can never send more than [sigma + rho * t] over an
interval of time t
• Thus, the long-term average rate will not exceed rho
• More accurate characterization of bursty flows means better
management of network resources
• Easy to implement, but harder to police
• Can add a peak-rate leaky bucket after a token bucket
13. Token Bucket
• Example:
Flow A always send at 1 MBps
==> rho = 1 MBps, sigma = 1 byte
Flow B sends at 0.5 MBps for 2 sec, then at 2
MBps for 1sec, then repeats
==> rho = 1 MBps, sigma = 1 MB
We can also this Tspec for Flow A, but that would
be an inaccurate characterization
14. Link Scheduling
• Challenge: Tspec may change at exit of scheduler (e.g., FCFS)
because of interactions among flows
• FCFS increases worst-case delay and jitter, so we admit less flows
• Solution: non-FCFS scheduler that isolates different flows or
classes of flows (hard, soft, best-effort)
• Emulate TDM without wasting bandwidth
• Virtual Clock provides flows with throughput guarantees and
isolation
• Idea: use logical (rather than real) time
• AR: average data rate required by a flow
• When a packet of size P arrives, VC = VC + P/AR
• Stamp packet with VC
• Transmit packets in increasing order of time stamps
• If a flow has twice AR, it will get double a double rate
15. Virtual Clock
• If buffer is full, the packet with largest timestamp is
dropped
• Problem: A flow can save up credits and use them to
bump other flows in the future
• Fix: when a packet arrives, catch up with real time first
VC = MAX (real time, VC)
VC = VC + P/AR
• Also, if AI is averaging interval, upon receiving AR*AI
bytes on this flow, if VC > real time + Threshold, then
send advisory to source to reduce its rate
16. WFQ
• WFQ provides isolation and delay guarantees
• FQ simulates fair bit-by-bit RR by assigning packets
priority based on finishing times under bit-by-bit RR
- E.g. Flow 1 packets of size 5 and 8, Flow 2 packet of size
10: size 5 first, then size 10, then size 8
• Round number increases at a rate inversely proportional to
number of currently active flows
• On packet arrival: recompute round number, compute finish
number, insert in priority queue, if no space drop packet
with largest finish number (max-min fairness)
• Approximation error bounded by max_pkt_size / capacity
• WFQ can assign different weights to different flows
17. Computing Deterministic Delay Bounds
• If flow is shaped by a token bucket (sigma, rho), all routers
along the “h”-hop path employ WFQ schedulers, and the
flow is assigned a rate of rho at each hop, then end-to-end
delay of a packet is bounded by:
(sigma / rho) + (h * max_pkt_size / rho) +
total approximation error + total propagation delay
• A flow is totally isolated, even if other traffic is not shaped
at all
• Cons: bandwidth and delay are coupled
• WFQ does not bound jitter
• A non-work-conserving scheduler (e.g., Stop-and-Go, jitter-
EDD) may be used to bound jitter
18. Earliest Due Date (EDD)
• Unlike WFQ, delay bound is independent of bandwidth
requirement
• Packet with earliest deadline selected
• EDD prescribes how to assign deadlines to packets
• Deadline = expected arrival time + delay bound
• “Expected” arrival time is the time the packet should
arrive according to traffic specification (to deal with
bunching of packets downstream)
• Delay bound is the smallest feasible bound, computed
assuming worst-case arrival pattern from all flows
Xmin1 = 10
Xmin2 = 4
3
3 2
19. Bounding jitter
• Assume we want to eliminate all jitter
• We can achieve this by making the network look like a
constant delay line
• Idea: At the entry of each switch/router, have a regulator
that absorbs delay variations by delaying a packet that
arrived ahead of its local deadline at previous switch
• Traffic characteristics are preserved as traffic passes through
the network
• Schedulers with regulators are called “rate-controlled”
schedulers
• Reduce burstiness within network, thus less buffers needed
• Average packet delay is higher than with work-conserving
schedulers, but that’s fine for hard real-time traffic
20. Statistical/soft/predictive QoS
• Goal: bound the tail of the measure distribution
• Not a good idea to use worst-case delay bounds since
very few packets (or none!) will actually experience
this worst-case delay
• Computing statistical bounds (e.g., using effective
bandwidths) is usually approximate and often
conservative
• FIFO+ attempts to reduce worst-case delay and jitter
using minimal isolation (and maximal statistical gain)
• At each router, a packet is assigned lower priority if it
left previous routers ahead of measured average delay,
and higher priority if behind average delay
21. Admission Control with Statistical Guarantees
• Key idea (law of large numbers): as capacity increases,
number of flows that can be supported increases, the
probability that a significant number of flows burst
simultaneously decreases, so the sum of peak rates can
be higher than the available capacity
• As the number of flows increases, the capacity allocated
to each flow is “effectively” its average rate
• Put in enough buffers to make probability of loss low
22. Measurement-based Admission
• Key assumption: past behavior is a good indicator of
the future
• User tells peak rate
• If peak rate + measured average rate < capacity, admit
• Over time, new call becomes part of average
• Can afford to make some errors for predictive (or
controlled load) service
• Obviously, can admit more calls than admission at
peak rate
23. Summary
• Performance guarantees can be achieved by combining
traffic shaping and scheduling schemes
• How good the bounds are? Loose or tight?
• How easy to implement these schemes?
• What kind of guarantees they provide?
• How good is the utilization of the network?
• How do clients signal their QoS requirements?
• What is the best path to route a flow?
• How to achieve QoS for multicast flows and with
mobility?
24. RSVP ReSerVation Protocol
• Designed to handled multicast flows, where multiple receivers may
have different capabilities
• RSVP is receiver-initiated, i.e. receiver generates reservation
• PATH message tentatively reserves resources, RESV makes
reservation (travels as far back up as necessary)
• RSVP supports merging of reservations
• RSVP is decoupled from routing
• PATH and RESV messages periodically sent to refresh state before
timeout (i.e. soft state)
• Multiple senders can share the same reservation
• In contrast, ATM signaling (Q.2931) is sender-initiated, coupled with
routing, uses hard state (i.e. explicit delete), and handles only uniform
QoS
25. Where to Implement Policies in a Network Topology?
Or, QoS Architectures
• Key to scaling is to maintain levels of hierarchy: core, distribution,
and access
• Link speeds should be faster toward the core of the network
• Access routers generally do not have to handle high packet switching
rates and thus can do complex traffic identification, classification,
policing and marking
• The overhead of implementing QoS policies in the core would affect a
large amount of traffic
• Access routers can mark the IP precedence field in the packet header
• Core routers simply map precedence to queuing or drop actions
• This is similar to the IETF DiffServ architecture (as opposed to the
“less scalable” per-flow IETF IntServ architecture)
26. Tension: Scalability versus QoS
• Scalability calls for aggregating flows into precedence
classes
• Also, aggregating destinations results in fewer routing
entries, but less granularity of routing decisions
• Performing disaggregation gives finer granularity at a
higher cost
• E.g. more detailed routing advertisments can allow more
granular choice of paths that better satisfy QoS
requirements
• OSPF can advertise multiple costs per link, and compute
multiple shortest paths
• Or, loose source route through a particular service
provider, or multiple addresses/names per host
27. Other QoS Requirements/Issues
• Pricing/Billing
- can shift demand to off-peak times
- charge more during peak hours
- rational users help the network by helping themselves
• Privacy
• Reliability and availability
• Operating systems support
- reduce costs of data copying, interrupts, …
- real-time CPU scheduling, ...