Module 6
Transport and Application Protocols Browsing E-commerce website, Remote access to server from workstation, Chat application. Process-to-process delivery, UDP, TCP, Mobile Transport Protocols, Congestion control, DNS, TELNET, HTTP.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 9
Introduction – Transport Layer Protocols – Services – Port Numbers – User Datagram Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol – SCTP.
Congestion control and quality of servicesJawad Ghumman
It explain the need for congestion control and quality of service.Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to control the congestion and keep the load below the capacity.
Abstract - The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
connection oriented, reliable and end-to-end protocol that support
flow and congestion control, with the evolution and rapid growth
of the internet and emergence of internet of things IoT, flow and
congestion have clear impact in the network performance. In this
paper we study congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Reno,
Newreno, SACK and Vegas, which are introduced to control
network utilization and increase throughput, in the performance
evaluation we evaluate the performance metrics such as
throughput, packets loss, delivery and reveals impact of the cwnd.
Showing that SACK had done better performance in terms of
numbers of packets sent, throughput and delivery ratio than
Newreno, Vegas shows the best performance of all of them.
Module 6
Transport and Application Protocols Browsing E-commerce website, Remote access to server from workstation, Chat application. Process-to-process delivery, UDP, TCP, Mobile Transport Protocols, Congestion control, DNS, TELNET, HTTP.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 9
Introduction – Transport Layer Protocols – Services – Port Numbers – User Datagram Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol – SCTP.
Congestion control and quality of servicesJawad Ghumman
It explain the need for congestion control and quality of service.Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to control the congestion and keep the load below the capacity.
Abstract - The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
connection oriented, reliable and end-to-end protocol that support
flow and congestion control, with the evolution and rapid growth
of the internet and emergence of internet of things IoT, flow and
congestion have clear impact in the network performance. In this
paper we study congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Reno,
Newreno, SACK and Vegas, which are introduced to control
network utilization and increase throughput, in the performance
evaluation we evaluate the performance metrics such as
throughput, packets loss, delivery and reveals impact of the cwnd.
Showing that SACK had done better performance in terms of
numbers of packets sent, throughput and delivery ratio than
Newreno, Vegas shows the best performance of all of them.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. 24.2
24-1 DATA TRAFFIC
The main focus of congestion control and quality of
service is data traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.
Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles
Topics discussed in this section:
5. 24.5
24-2 CONGESTION
Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the
network—the number of packets sent to the network—
is greater than the capacity of the network—the
number of packets a network can handle. Congestion
control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to
control the congestion and keep the load below the
capacity.
Network Performance
Topics discussed in this section:
8. 24.8
24-3 CONGESTION CONTROL
Congestion control refers to techniques and
mechanisms that can either prevent congestion, before
it happens, or remove congestion, after it has
happened. In general, we can divide congestion
control mechanisms into two broad categories: open-
loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-loop
congestion control (removal).
Open-Loop Congestion Control
Closed-Loop Congestion Control
Topics discussed in this section:
12. 24.12
24-4 TWO EXAMPLES
To better understand the concept of congestion
control, let us give two examples: one in TCP and the
other in Frame Relay.
Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in Frame Relay
Topics discussed in this section:
16. 24.16
In the congestion avoidance algorithm,
the size of the congestion window
increases additively until
congestion is detected.
Note
17. 24.17
An implementation reacts to congestion
detection in one of the following ways:
❏ If detection is by time-out, a new slow
start phase starts.
❏ If detection is by three ACKs, a new
congestion avoidance phase starts.
Note
23. 24.23
24-5 QUALITY OF SERVICE
Quality of service (QoS) is an internetworking issue
that has been discussed more than defined. We can
informally define quality of service as something a
flow seeks to attain.
Flow Characteristics
Flow Classes
Topics discussed in this section:
25. 24.25
24-6 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS
In Section 24.5 we tried to define QoS in terms of its
characteristics. In this section, we discuss some
techniques that can be used to improve the quality of
service. We briefly discuss four common methods:
scheduling, traffic shaping, admission control, and
resource reservation.
Scheduling
Traffic Shaping
Resource Reservation
Admission Control
Topics discussed in this section:
31. 24.31
A leaky bucket algorithm shapes bursty
traffic into fixed-rate traffic by averaging
the data rate. It may drop the packets if
the bucket is full.
Note
34. 24.34
24-7 INTEGRATED SERVICES
Two models have been designed to provide quality of
service in the Internet: Integrated Services and
Differentiated Services. We discuss the first model
here.
Signaling
Flow Specification
Admission
Service Classes
RSVP
Problems with Integrated Services
Topics discussed in this section:
40. 24.40
24-8 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
Differentiated Services (DS or Diffserv) was
introduced by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) to handle the shortcomings of Integrated
Services.
DS Field
Topics discussed in this section:
44. 24.44
24-9 QoS IN SWITCHED NETWORKS
Let us now discuss QoS as used in two switched
networks: Frame Relay and ATM. These two networks
are virtual-circuit networks that need a signaling
protocol such as RSVP.
QoS in Frame Relay
QoS in ATM
Topics discussed in this section: