Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors. These five categories are interconnected.
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors. These five categories are interconnected.
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
The determinants of health include: the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and. the person's individual characteristics and behaviours.
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
The determinants of health include: the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and. the person's individual characteristics and behaviours.
this presentation is help to the first year student for the basic concept of the health & about the various factors that can affect the patient's as well as the patients family member or individual
Determinants of health refer to the various factors that influence an individual's overall health status.
Dimensions of health, on the other hand, represent different aspects or components of health. I
Health economics is the study of how scarce resources are allocated among :-
Alternative uses for the care of sickness and the promotion
Maintenance and improvement of health
It include the study of how health care and health related services , their costs & benefits and health itself are distributed among
Individuals
Groups in society
It is defined as the application of the theories, concepts and techniques of economics to the health sector.
The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status are known as determinants of health.
What makes some people healthy and others unhealthy?
How can we create a society in which everyone has a chance to live a long, healthy life?.
Emphasizing an ecological approach to disease prevention and health promotion.
An ecological approach focuses on both individual-level and population-level determinants of health and interventions.
The key determinants of health in the Region, including the social determinants, food and nutrition, the physical environment and risk factors related to lifestyle.
Very basic determinants of health are
Social determinants
Physical environment
Education factors
Employment
Unemployment
Child health development
Biological and genetic endownment
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
The elements which comprise the meteorological environment are:
Atmospheric pressure,
Air temperature,
Humidity,
Rainfall,
Direction and speed of wind and
Movement of clouds and character of weather.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Determinants of Health
Dr. SASI KUMAR PJ,
1st Yr PG,
Dept. of Community Medicine,
Narayana Medical College.
2. Contents
❖ Introduction
❖ Biological determinants
❖ Behavioural and sociocultural conditions
❖ Environment
❖ Socioeconomic conditions
❖ Health services
❖ Ageing of population
❖ Gender
❖ Other factors
❖ References
3. Health
Determinants of Health
❖ Health is a multifactorial
❖ The factors which determine the health of an individual
are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic)
and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
❖ The interaction of these factors may either promote or
deteriorate the health.
❖ The important determinants of health are,
is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
and not merely absence of disease or infirmity.
4. Biological Determinants:
• Genetic makeup is unique which cannot be altered.
• Diseases like chromosomal anomalies, errors of
metabolism, some types of diabetes etc are genetic in
origin.
• From genetic point of view ,Health may be defined as “the
presence in the genetic constitution of the genes that
correspond to normal characterisation and to presence of
normal genes.
• Medical genetics offers hope for prevention and treatment
of widespread of diseases.
5. Behavioural & Socio-cultural conditions:
• Lifestyle - The way people live.
• It corresponds to cultural & behavioural patterns and
personal habits like smoking & alcoholism.
• Health requires promotion of healthy lifestyles.
• In many developed countries coronary heart disease,
obesity, lung cancer, drug addiction are associated with
lifestyle changes.
• In developing countries like india, risk of illness and death
are connected with lack of sanitation, poor nutrition,
personal hygiene etc.
6. Environment:
• Hippocrates - 1st related disease to the
environment.
• Pettenkofer - concept of disease -
environment association.
Environment
Internal External
7. • Environment has a direct impact on physical, mental &
social wellbeing of those living it.
• The environmental factors range from housing, water
supply, psychosocial stress and family structure through
social and economic support systems, to the organisation
of health and social welfare services in the community.
• Protection and promotion of family and environmental
health is one of the major issues in the world today.
Contd…
8. Socio-economic conditions:
For the majority of the world’s people, health is determined
primary by their level of socio-economic development, e.g.,
per capita GNP, education, nutrition, employment, housing,
the political system of the country, etc.
Those of major importance are :
Economic Status
Education
Occupation
Political System
9. Economic Status:
• The per capita GNP is most widely accepted measure of
Economic status.
• The economic status determines :
• The purchasing power,
• Standard of living,
• Quality of life,
• Family size and the pattern of disease &
• Deviant behaviour in the community.
Upper socio-economic groups may also be a
contributory cause of high rates of coronary heart
disease, diabetes and obesity.
10. Education: • 2nd major factor influencing health status.
• Especially female education.
• Illiteracy can be a major cause of poverty,
malnutrition, ill health, high infant and
child mortality rates.
• low education levels are linked with
poor health, more stress and lower self-
confidence.
11. Occupation:
The very state of being employed in productive work
promotes health, because the unemployed show a higher
incidence of ill health and death.
Loss of work can cause psychological and social damage.
Occupation can lead to disorders like :
Silicosis,
Coal workers pneumonia,
Asbestosis,
Byssinosis etc.
12. Political System:
• Main obstacle to the implementation of health
technologies are not technical, but rather political.
• Percentage of GNP = Quantitative indicator.
• India spends about 3% of its GNP on health and family
welfare
If poor health patterns are
to be changed, then
changes must be made in
entire sociopolitical
system.
13. Health Services:
Purpose - to improve the health status of population.
eg., Immunization of children's,
Provision of safe water ,
Care of pregnant women.
To be effective, health services must reach the social
periphery, equitably distributed, accessible at a cost that the
country afford and socially acceptable - Primary Health Care
14. Aging of the population:
Even though health service prolong the life of the people ,
aging of population itself a matter of concern because
chronic diseases and disabilities accompany the aging
process and deserve special attention.
Some diseases of aged include :
❖ Diabetes
❖ Hypertension
❖ Coronary Heart Disease
15. Gender:
• Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at
different ages.
• In 1993, the Global Commission on Women’s Health was
established with an agenda for action on women’s health
covering nutrition, reproductive health , the health
consequences of violence, aging, lifestyle related
conditions and the occupational environment.
16. Other Factors:
• The services from the health related dept. and
agriculture, social welfare, education, rural development,
urban development, etc. are the other contributory
factors for improving the standards of living.
• Their services are provision of protected water supply,
good roads, lighting etc. This is called intersectoral
coordination.
17. References
• Park. k, Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,
22rd edition, Chp 2, P 18-20.
• Suryakantha. AH, Community Medicine with Recent
Advances, 3rd edition, Chp 2, P 8-10.
• http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/
Physical and mental traits of every human being are determined by the nature of his genes at the moment of conception.
Chromosomal anomalies downs,turners,kilefelters
errors of metabolism phenylketonuria,porphyria,glycogen storage disorders
3) lifestyles are learnt through social interaction with parents,peer groups, finds & siblings and through school and mass media,
7) not all lifestyle factors are harmful, many can promote health like adequate nutrition, enough sleep, sufficient physical activities etc.
8) greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health. Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health.
8) Achievement of optimum health demands adoption of healthy lifestyle.
3) Internal environment consists of each & every component part, every tissue,oragn & organ system and their hormones functioning in the system.
2) In many developing countries it is the major factor in reducing morbidity, increasing life expectancy and improving quality of life.
((Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the citizens of a country.)))
6) Kerala is an striking example, it has an estimated infant mortality rate of 12 compared to 42 for allindia in 2012
7) Major factor in low infant mortality rate is due to its high literacy rate of 91.98 % as compared to 65.46 % for all india.
Health is also related to the country’s political system.
% of GNP spent on health system is a quantitative indicator of political commitment.
5) To achieve Health for all ,WHO has set the target of at least 5% expenditure of each country’s GNP on health care.
Health & family welfare services cover a wide spectrum of personal and community services for RX of disease, prevention of illness and promotion of health.
Immunization of childrens- influence the incidence,prevalance of particular disease
safe water - prevent mortality,morbidty from water borne diseases
care of pregnant women & children- contribute to the reduction of maternal & child morbidity and mortality.
Access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health
1) Medicine is not the sole contributor to the health and wellbeing of population.