Modes of intervention

Modes of Intervention
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
Assistant Professor
Department Of Swasthavritta &Yoga
1

Intervention
Definition - Any attempt to intervene or
interrupt the usual sequence in the
development of disease in man.
This may be by the provision of treatment,
education, help or social support.
2

Modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
4. Disability limitation
5. Rehabilitation
3

1. Health promotion
Definition -“The process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve
health”.
 It is not directed against any particular disease,
but is intended to strengthen the host through a
variety of approaches (intervention).
4

The well known intervention under health
promotion are -
1. Health Education
2. Environmental modifications
3. Nutritional interventions
4. Lifestyle and behavioral changes
5

Health promotion
1. Health education:
 It is cost effective approach.
 Large number of diseases can be prevented
with little or no medical intervention if
people are informed and encouraged to
take necessary precautions against
these diseases.
6

 WHO constitution states that – the
extension to all people of the benefits of
medical, psychological and related
knowledge is essential to the fullest
attainment of health.
 The target groups for educational
efforts may include general public, patients,
health providers, community leaders and
decision makers.
7

Health promotion
2. Environmental modification
 Provision of safe water supply
 Sanitary latrines installation
 Insect and rodent control
 Improvement of housing
The history of medicine shown that, many
infectious diseases have been successfully
controlled in western countries through
environmental modifications, even prior to the
development of specific vaccines or
chemotherapeutic drug. 8

Health promotion
3. Nutritional interventions –
It includes -
a. Food distribution and nutritional
improvement of vulnerable groups.
b. Proper weaning practices/child feeding
programme.
c. Food fortification
d. Nutrition education – balanced diet
9

Health promotion
4. Life Style and behavioral changes -
 Health education is the basic element of all
health activity.
 It is of paramount importance in changing the
views, behavior and habits of people.
 Encourage physical activity, hygiene and healthy
life styles.
 Discourage smoking, physical inactivity,
addiction.
 Modifying diet patterns. 10

2. Specific protection
 To avoid disease altogether is the ideal but
this is possible only in a limited manner.
 Currently available interventions includes:
1. Immunization
2. Use of specific nutrients
3. Chemoprophylaxis
4. Protection against occupational hazards
11

5. Protection against accidents.
6. Protection from carcinogen.
7.Avoidance of allergens.
8. The control of specific hazard in the general
environment ex.Air pollution, noise control.
9. Control of consumer product quality and
safety of foods , drugs & cosmetics.
12

3. Early diagnosis and prompt
treatment
 WHO Expert Committee in 1973 defined
early detection of health disorders as “ the
detection of disturbances of homoeostatic
and compensatory mechanism while
biochemical, morphological and functional
changes are still reversible.”
 The earlier the disease is diagnosed, and treated
the better it is for prognosis of the case and in the
prevention of the occurrence of other secondary
cases. 13

 Early diagnosis - better prognosis, better prevention
of further occurrence of a disease / long term disability.
Screening
ContactTracing
Individual exam (History, lab investigation)
 Prompt treatment
1. Individual treatment
2. Mass treatment - Total massT/M
Juvenile massT/M
Selective massT/M
14

4. Disability limitation
 When a patient report late in the
pathogenesis phase, the mode of
intervention is disability limitation.
 Objective:
To prevent or halt the transition of the
disease process from impairment to
handicap.
15

Disability limitation
• The sequence of events leading to disability
and handicap-
Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
16

a. Impairment
 Impairment is “any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological or anatomical
structure or function.”
 Ex. Loss of foot, defective vision, mental retardation
 Impairment may be-
Visible or invisible
Temporary or permanent
Progressive or regressive
17

 One impairment may lead to the development
of secondary impairment.
Ex. Leprosy
Primary impairment – damage to the nerves
Secondary impairment – plantar ulcers
18

b. Disability
 Inability to carry out certain activities
considered normal for his age, sex etc.
 Definition - Disability is “any restriction or
lack of ability to perform an activity in the
manner or within the range considered
normal for the human being.”
19

c. Handicap
Definition - Handicap is defined as - “a
disadvantage for a given individual, resulting
from an impairment or a disability, that limits
or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is
normal (depending on age, sex, and social and
cultural factors) for that individual.”
20

Concept of disability
• Accident example –
 Accident – disease or disorder
 Loss of foot – Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)
 Can not walk – Disability
 Unemployed - Handicap
21

5. Rehabilitation
Definition - It is “The combined and
coordinated use of medical, social, educational
and vocational measures for training and
retraining the individual to the highest
possible level of functional ability”.

22

 It includes all measures aimed at –
• Reducing the impact of disabling and
handicapping conditions and
• Enabling the disabled and handicapped to
achieve social integration
( Social integration - active participation of
the disabled and handicapped people in
the mainstream of community life.)
23

Rehabilitation
Medical
rehabilitation
Vocational
rehabilitation
Social
rehabilitation
Psychological
rehabilitation
24

Rehabilitation types
1. Medical rehabilitation - restoration of
function.
2. Vocational rehabilitation – restoration of
capacity to earn a livelihood.
3. Social rehabilitation – restoration of family and
social relationship.
4. Psychological rehabilitation – restoration of
personal dignity & confidence.
25

Examples of rehabilitation -
 Establishing schools for blind.
 Provision of aids for the crippled.
 Reconstructive surgery in leprosy.
 Muscle reeducation & graded exercises in
neurological disorders like polio.
 Change of profession.
 Modification of life.
Purpose of rehabilitation – To make productive
people out of non productive people.
26

Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 28
ThankYou

Modes of intervention

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