This PPT covers UNIT 1 of Social and Preventive Pharmacy , BP802T, B.Pharmacy 8th sem. and is as per the syllabus of PCI, in a very comprehensive language.

1. Social and Preventive Pharmacy
BP802T
Ms. Gaganjit Kaur
Associate Prof. in Pharmacology
Maharaja Agrasen School of Pharmacy,Baddi

2. Health and Disease
❖ According to WHO (1948)” Health is defined as state of complete physical,
mental and social well being, and not only absence of disease or infirmity”.
❖ Health has three dimensions: mental, physical and Social.
❖ WHO defined mental health as “ a state of well being in which individual
realises his/her own abilities, can cope with normal stress of life, can work
productively and is able to make contribution to community”.

3. Physical Health has two components, anatomical and physiological health
Anatomical health means at structural ,
cellular and organ level there is no
deformity.
All the body parts are intact and
anatomically functionally.
Physiological health means normal
function of the body, body parts and
systems.
There is no loss of function and disability.

4. ❖ Social health means ability to form interpersonal relationships with others in
society.
❖ It is science of understanding society, social relations, social actions and various social
aspects.
❖ A recent concept in health is Spiritual health, which is “intangible something that transcends
physiology and psychology” i.e spirit of man.

5. Indicators of Health
Indicator of health should be:
● Valid
● Reliable
● Sensitive
● Feasible
● Specific
● Relevant

6. Various indicators
1. Mortality indicators:
a) Crude death rate: Number of deaths/1000mid year population/year in a given community. Not a
good indicator of measurement of health.
b) Expectation of life: The average number of years that will be lived by those lived born alive into a
populationif the current age specific mortality rates persist. Good indicator of health and socio-
economic development of country.
c) Infant mortality rate: Death of infant(<1 year) /1000 live births in a year. Most universally accepted
indicator of health status.
d) Child death rate: Number of deaths of children (1-4 years of age)/1000 children in that age group in
the same year. It reflects nutritional status, immunization coverage and environmental exposure.
e) Under-5 mortality rate: Annual number of deaths of children under 5 years. It is best indicator of
social development and well being.
f) Maternal mortality ratio- Maternal death is death of a woman while pregnant or with in 42 days of
termination of pregnancy

7. g) Proportional mortality rate
● It is proportion of total deaths occuring in a particular disease.
● It is indicator of changing trends of disease pattern in a particular disease.
Case fatality rate: Indicates the killing power of disease
Total number of deaths due to a particular disease x100
Total number of cases of that disease

8. 2. Morbidity indicators
● It indicates the disease burden on the community.
● Longer the duration of disease , greater is it’s prevalenceas seen in chronic diseases
like TB
(i) Incidence- Number of new cases ,occuring in a defined populationduring a specified period of time
(ii) Prevalence- All current cases (old and new) existing at a given point in a time

9. 3. Disability rates
★ It is a measure of burden of a disease in a defined population as well as the
effectiveness of the intervention.
★ Measured by DALY i.e disability adjusted life years
★ One DALY is “one lost year of healthy life”.

10. 4. Nutritional status indicators
a. Anthropometric measurements- Length, height, weight, mid-arm circumference
b. Various ratios- Weight for age, height for age, weight for height
c. Prevalence of low birth weight baby
5. Health care delivery indicators : Doctor:population ratio,
Doctor:Nurse ratio, PHC:Population ratio
6. Utilisation rates: The proportion of people,who actually utilize health services in a given period
e.g
Proportion of infants who are fully immunized against the 6 vaccine preventable disease
7. Environmental indicators : Indicators related to air pollution, radiation, exposure to toxic
substance in food and water.
8. Health policy indicators:Suggest political commitment for health of people

11. Concept of Public Health
● The art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health
through the organized efforts of society
● Also include the provision of personal services to individual persons such as
vaccinations or behavioural counselling etc
WHO defines the core functions of public health as:
i) Assessment of health conditions: Regular collection, analysis, interpretation
and communication of information about health conditions in a community.
ii) Policy development: Deveopment, implementationand evaluation of of plans
Plans and policies in accordance with state Public health policy.

12. …functions of public health
iii) Assurance : Encouragement, regulation of programs and interventions that
improve public health are carried out.
iv) Identify/ investigate community health problems
v) Educate and empower people about health issues
vi) Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
vii) Evaluate effectiveness and accessibility of personal/population based health
services

13. Concept of Disease
A condition in which body health is impaired or a departure from state of health
Or
A condition of body or some parts of body organism which functions are disrupted
or deranged
The ecologist says it is a maladjustment of man and environment
The sociologist says it occurs due to particular cultural and social factors prevalent
in the society

14. …Concept of Disease
● Three important words are associated with disease-disease,illness and
sickness
● Disease is a physiological/psychological dysfunction,illness is a subjective
state in which person does not feel well and Sickness is state of social
dysfunction

15. Prevention of Disease
a) Primordial prevention - Actions and measures that inhibit the appearance of risk
factors. It is the prevention of the emergence of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not appeared yet, through individual and
mass education
b) Primary prevention- The action taken prior to the begining of disease , which
removes the possibility that disease will ever occur. It may be accomplished by
“Health promotion” and specific protection”
Health promotion includes :
★ Health education
★ Enviornment modification
★ Nutritional interventions, life style and behavioural changes

16. Specific protection
● Immunization
● Chemoprophylaxis
● Protection against occupational hazards
● Use of specific nutrient or supplement
● Safety of food and drugs
● Control of enviornmental pollution

17. Secondary Prevention
Arrest the disease process ,restore the health by seeking out and treating disease
before irreversible pathological changes takes place
Reverses communicability of infectious diseases
Protects others from acquiring infection
Requires detection of high risk individuals by use of clinical methods

18. Tertiary Prevention
Used when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairment and
disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adustment to irremediable conditions
Impairment is “ any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or
anatomical structure or function”
Disability is “ any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity, considered
normal for human being”
Handicap is “ impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of

19. Of a role bin the community that is normal(depending on age,sex,social
and cultural factors) for that individual
Rehabilitation is “the combined and coordinated use of medical,social ,
educational and vocational measures for training and restraining the
individual to the highest possible level of functional ability”

20. Health and Hygiene
Hygiene means a series of practices performed to preserve health or
hygiene is a art of health
❖ Hygiene can be classified as :
❖ Home hygiene
❖ Personal hygiene
❖ Food hygiene
❖ Medical hygiene

21. ❖ Home hygiene means cleanliness of home and surrounding
❖ helps to prevent contagious and communicable diseases
❖ Can be done by either mechanically with chemical like disinfectants
Personal hygiene -
❖ Taught during our school days or at home
❖ First stage weapons to fight against many communicable diseases
❖ Also Known as sanitary barrier, as it prevents the contaminations of five
“F” i.e food, formites, fingers, fluid and flies
❖ Sanitary barrier prevents majority of communicable diseases mainly
respiratory, gastrointestinal,skin or even eye

22. Food hygiene
● Prevention of contamination of food while raw,prepared,stored or even while
eating
● Food poisoning is contamination of food by bacteria, viruses, chemicals etc
● Food poisoning is mostly caused by salmonella, staphylococcus, clostridium and
compylobacter
Can be prevented by
★ Inspection of raw food material
★ Personal hygiene of food handlers
★ Sanitation of preparation and serving area of food
★ Surveillance of food born diseases

23. Medical hygiene
Medical hygiene at home is how to prevent infections from from one family
member to another
Many communicable diseases have potential to transmit in family like common
cold or skin diseases like scabies

24. Social causes of disease
1. Supernatural theory of disease causation: Certain people believe that
diseases are due to wrath of some god or goddess like chickenpox, smallpox
2. Unemployment: It could cause ill health. There is association between
mortality rates and unemployment
3. Social and cultural change: Industrialisation, urbanisation,migration,social
occupational geographical mobility
4. Life events: Sudden death/accident/illness of a close relative, molestation,
rape can lead to disease
5. Health behaviour : Smoking, drinking, lack of exercise , sedantary life style ,
use of prohibited drugs etc can cause disease
6. Physical enviornment: Air pollution, water hardness

25. Social Problems of a Disease
1. Education problem: Chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes may took toll on
patient’s education
2. Scarcity of funds: Some diseases like cancer might deplete patient’s funds
3. Social stigma : Diseases like AIDS, STDs have social stigma associated with
them
4. Communication problems; Chronic diseases may cause communication
problems beacause patient may face lack of confidence
5. Transportation problem: patient from rural area have to travel long distances
to seek specialised medical advice.