Rural tourism development through cooperatives in Iran faces barriers. This document analyzes rural tourism potential in Iran and how rural cooperatives could help develop rural tourism by empowering individuals and communities. However, rural cooperatives in Iran currently have limited abilities and the government does not prioritize rural tourism development. Barriers to rural tourism through cooperatives include a lack of education, policy research, and advocacy for linking cooperatives to tourism opportunities.
This document discusses rural tourism in Iran. It outlines the benefits of rural tourism such as employment opportunities and poverty alleviation. However, it also discusses barriers like lack of infrastructure and lack of community participation. Rural tours organized by travel agencies are described, focusing on experiences with handicrafts, agriculture and nomadic tribes like the Qashqai. The impacts of political events like the 2009 election protests on rural tourism are also examined.
Rural tourism is growing in importance worldwide. It provides economic opportunities for rural communities while allowing visitors to experience rural lifestyles and activities. The document discusses definitions of rural tourism and examples from around the world. Top rural tourism destinations include Ontario, Canada known for agri-tours of farms and Dunedin, New Zealand for its scenic landscape and proximity to wildlife. Rural tourism is beneficial as it generates income for rural areas and encourages preservation of local culture and environment.
This document discusses the prospects for rural tourism development in Bangladesh. It defines rural tourism as activities that allow tourists to experience rural traditions and lifestyles through interactions with local people, culture, events and crafts. Rural tourism can benefit local communities economically and socially by showcasing rural life and creating entrepreneurial opportunities. However, rural tourism is still overlooked in Bangladesh despite its potential. The document calls for strategic planning and development of rural tourism infrastructure to realize its benefits and contribute to sustainable rural development.
Rural tourism has the potential to improve rural livelihoods and communities in India. It can generate jobs and income in rural areas through activities like farming, handicrafts, and cultural festivals. However, rural tourism also faces challenges like preserving culture and environment, developing infrastructure and skills, and ensuring benefits are shared. With support from the government and community cooperation, rural tourism could boost rural economies in a sustainable manner.
Sustainable Livelihood
Poverty Alleviation
Uplift of Rural Artists
Uplift of Rural Artisans
Empowerment of Women
Improvement in Urban and Rural Infrastructure
Better Image, Quality of Life and Attitude of People
Revival of Traditional Crafts
Heritage Conservation
Conservation of Natural Resources
Rural tourism has the potential to alleviate poverty, empower women, uplift rural artists and artisans, improve infrastructure, and generate employment through the revival of traditional crafts. It provides economic opportunities outside of agriculture and creates jobs through activities like handicrafts. Developing tourism requires establishing policies and institutions to facilitate investment, infrastructure development, skills training, and heritage conservation while ensuring local communities benefit.
Rural Tourism- A Catalyst for Rural Economic Growthinventionjournals
Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. Tourism which can be sustained over the long term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. For developing countries like India, it is also one of the prime income generators. But the huge infrastructural and resource demands of tourism (e.g. water consumption, waste generation and energy use) can have severe impacts upon local communities and the environment if it is not properly managed. The spirit of India resides in her villages and those living in cities and towns have their roots in rural life, which has pastoral beauty and touching simplicity, offer fresh comforting breezes and lavish openness. Tourism growth potential can be bind as a strategy for Rural Development in specific and rural tourism in general which definitely useful for a country like India, where almost 74 per cent of the population resides in rural areas. The tourism sector provides employment to about 50 million people. Even a modest 10 per cent growth in tourism sector would generate 5 million jobs every year and major beneficiary are weaker sections of society women and rural artisans. Rural tourism stands for showcasing the ethnic arts, crafts, culture and lifestyle in its traditional approach. The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the various forms of rural tourism, role of government and private sector in enhancing the efficient tourism prerequisite, to study the problems in rural tourism and to construct the suggestions and recommendations for rural tourism. The present study is based on the secondary data published in various journals, articles, books and others sources of information The study reveals that endorsement of village tourism is a competent device for socio-economic benefits to rural people. It is a multi-sectoral activity and the industry is affected by many other sectors of the nation’s economy. Therefore, government and private sectors should ensure healthier linkages and coordination. It also has to play a pivotal role in tourism management and promotion. Further, the study also discloses that rural tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behaviour and activities to preserve the environment.
Potential of Community Based Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh, India A Study of Z...ijtsrd
This document discusses the potential for community-based tourism development in Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. It begins by defining community-based tourism and outlining its benefits, which include economic, social, cultural, environmental, educational, and health benefits. It then provides an overview of Ziro Valley, describing its cultural and geographical features as well as existing tourist attractions. These include festivals, dances, agriculture practices, and natural beauty. The document analyzes tourism trends in Ziro Valley and identifies strategies to further develop community-based tourism there, such as improving infrastructure and raising awareness of impacts. It concludes that community-based tourism empower local communities and can promote long-term socio-economic development if supported and developed
This document discusses rural tourism in Iran. It outlines the benefits of rural tourism such as employment opportunities and poverty alleviation. However, it also discusses barriers like lack of infrastructure and lack of community participation. Rural tours organized by travel agencies are described, focusing on experiences with handicrafts, agriculture and nomadic tribes like the Qashqai. The impacts of political events like the 2009 election protests on rural tourism are also examined.
Rural tourism is growing in importance worldwide. It provides economic opportunities for rural communities while allowing visitors to experience rural lifestyles and activities. The document discusses definitions of rural tourism and examples from around the world. Top rural tourism destinations include Ontario, Canada known for agri-tours of farms and Dunedin, New Zealand for its scenic landscape and proximity to wildlife. Rural tourism is beneficial as it generates income for rural areas and encourages preservation of local culture and environment.
This document discusses the prospects for rural tourism development in Bangladesh. It defines rural tourism as activities that allow tourists to experience rural traditions and lifestyles through interactions with local people, culture, events and crafts. Rural tourism can benefit local communities economically and socially by showcasing rural life and creating entrepreneurial opportunities. However, rural tourism is still overlooked in Bangladesh despite its potential. The document calls for strategic planning and development of rural tourism infrastructure to realize its benefits and contribute to sustainable rural development.
Rural tourism has the potential to improve rural livelihoods and communities in India. It can generate jobs and income in rural areas through activities like farming, handicrafts, and cultural festivals. However, rural tourism also faces challenges like preserving culture and environment, developing infrastructure and skills, and ensuring benefits are shared. With support from the government and community cooperation, rural tourism could boost rural economies in a sustainable manner.
Sustainable Livelihood
Poverty Alleviation
Uplift of Rural Artists
Uplift of Rural Artisans
Empowerment of Women
Improvement in Urban and Rural Infrastructure
Better Image, Quality of Life and Attitude of People
Revival of Traditional Crafts
Heritage Conservation
Conservation of Natural Resources
Rural tourism has the potential to alleviate poverty, empower women, uplift rural artists and artisans, improve infrastructure, and generate employment through the revival of traditional crafts. It provides economic opportunities outside of agriculture and creates jobs through activities like handicrafts. Developing tourism requires establishing policies and institutions to facilitate investment, infrastructure development, skills training, and heritage conservation while ensuring local communities benefit.
Rural Tourism- A Catalyst for Rural Economic Growthinventionjournals
Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. Tourism which can be sustained over the long term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. For developing countries like India, it is also one of the prime income generators. But the huge infrastructural and resource demands of tourism (e.g. water consumption, waste generation and energy use) can have severe impacts upon local communities and the environment if it is not properly managed. The spirit of India resides in her villages and those living in cities and towns have their roots in rural life, which has pastoral beauty and touching simplicity, offer fresh comforting breezes and lavish openness. Tourism growth potential can be bind as a strategy for Rural Development in specific and rural tourism in general which definitely useful for a country like India, where almost 74 per cent of the population resides in rural areas. The tourism sector provides employment to about 50 million people. Even a modest 10 per cent growth in tourism sector would generate 5 million jobs every year and major beneficiary are weaker sections of society women and rural artisans. Rural tourism stands for showcasing the ethnic arts, crafts, culture and lifestyle in its traditional approach. The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the various forms of rural tourism, role of government and private sector in enhancing the efficient tourism prerequisite, to study the problems in rural tourism and to construct the suggestions and recommendations for rural tourism. The present study is based on the secondary data published in various journals, articles, books and others sources of information The study reveals that endorsement of village tourism is a competent device for socio-economic benefits to rural people. It is a multi-sectoral activity and the industry is affected by many other sectors of the nation’s economy. Therefore, government and private sectors should ensure healthier linkages and coordination. It also has to play a pivotal role in tourism management and promotion. Further, the study also discloses that rural tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behaviour and activities to preserve the environment.
Potential of Community Based Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh, India A Study of Z...ijtsrd
This document discusses the potential for community-based tourism development in Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. It begins by defining community-based tourism and outlining its benefits, which include economic, social, cultural, environmental, educational, and health benefits. It then provides an overview of Ziro Valley, describing its cultural and geographical features as well as existing tourist attractions. These include festivals, dances, agriculture practices, and natural beauty. The document analyzes tourism trends in Ziro Valley and identifies strategies to further develop community-based tourism there, such as improving infrastructure and raising awareness of impacts. It concludes that community-based tourism empower local communities and can promote long-term socio-economic development if supported and developed
RURAL TOURISM: SCOPE AND CHALLENGES IN INDIAN CONTEXTArnab Gantait
Rural Tourism exhorts tourists to spend quality time in a nuanced fashion by engaging them in different ethnic, indigenous and aesthetic practices in rural areas.The stresses generating fromurban life and the detachmentand distance from natural environment occasionally provoke the urbanitesto escape from their monoculture city life.In such case, rural locations seem to be an ideal place to release stress and also providean opportunity to be re-engagedin a simplerway of life that offers rest and absolute peace for a certain period of time. Not only that, such form of tourism is widely acknowledged because it can shape up rural society by bringing benefit both in monetary and social terms. Although the concept is relatively new one and has both positive and negative impacts, it has gained immense importance around the world in recent time. A large population in India, staying in rural areas, are still primarily dependent on traditional age old practice i.e. cultivation. But the profit, generating from agriculture is falling down day by day and these villagers are lacking sufficient alternative job scope.This situation is enforcing them to settle down in nearby urban localities in search of better income and better livelihood. If the rural India can be re-developed, rejuvenated and promoted as tourist spots, these villagers will obviously get adequate number of alternative job scope that can possibly reduce the tendency of leaving native villages and in such way the socio-economic condition of rural India can also be improved. In India, Rural Tourism is untouched for marketing. Now, thrust will be to promote village tourism as the primary tourism product to gain maximum socio-economic benefits from it.In this connection,we need to understand the rural setting, people, social, political and environmental background, local sentiments etc. of any place. In addition, we have to work out an effective plan that will involve the rural people in such form of tourism that can enhance their economic condition towards a positive direction. Marketers and entrepreneurs have already realized the scope and market opportunity and have adopted many effective strategies both for the short-term profits and its success in the long run.But they are also facing a number of challenges while marketing and promoting Rural Tourism.These challenges have to be overcome in coming future to get maximum benefits from Rural Tourism.
This paper has highlighted the need, scope and marketing strategy for Rural Tourism in the Indian context. At the end, we have also discussed some of the issues and challenges of Rural Tourism and have suggested few solutions.
Chapter 5 Planning for Particular Sectors and Groups (Tourism Planning and De...Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Cultural tourism is an important tool for Bangladesh to showcase its rich cultural heritage and traditions. Some key cultural attractions for tourists include religious sites that demonstrate the religious diversity and harmony in Bangladesh, tribal communities with unique cultures and lifestyles, and numerous festivals celebrated throughout the year. Cultural tourism can provide significant economic benefits to Bangladesh through foreign exchange earnings, employment, and tax revenue. However, it also risks increasing income inequality and price levels if not managed properly.
Impacts of Rural Tourism on Architectural and Cultural Heritage -The Cases of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the impacts of rural tourism on the architectural and cultural heritage of rural communities in North-East India. It analyzes two case studies - Sualkuchi village in Assam and Mawlynnong village in Meghalaya. While rural tourism has brought economic benefits, it has also negatively impacted the traditional architecture, cultural practices, and environment of these villages. In Sualkuchi, traditional weaving practices and architecture are being replaced by commercialization and imitations. In both villages, construction and overtourism are threatening cultural sites and natural resources. The document argues for a more sustainable approach to rural tourism that preserves local heritage and environment.
This document discusses tourism, rural tourism, agritourism, and their relationships to climate change. It provides context on the rapid growth of tourism internationally since the 1950s and its contributions to economies and development goals. Rural tourism and agritourism are defined as forms of tourism that take place in rural areas and on farms. The document then discusses climate change and how the tourism sector is impacted by and must adapt to changing weather patterns and climates. International efforts to address climate change and tourism through organizations like UNWTO are also summarized.
Tourism an oppurtunity for community developmentAbby Varghese
Tourism can benefit local communities in several ways if managed properly. Economically, tourism creates many direct and indirect jobs for local communities, increases income and revenue, and leads to infrastructure development. Socially, tourism improves quality of life for host communities through facilities, healthcare, and preserving cultural traditions. It also culturally benefits visitors by enhancing appreciation of other cultures. Environmentally, tourism contributes to conservation by directly funding protected areas and raising environmental awareness, as natural attractions must be preserved to keep the tourism industry viable. Overall, tourism can drive community development when revenues support local communities and priorities.
Community based tourism by pooja andaniirshad husain
This document defines and discusses various types of community-based tourism including rural tourism, agri-tourism, village tourism, tribal tourism, and indigenous tourism. It explains that community-based tourism involves local residents inviting tourists to visit their communities to experience the local lifestyle and culture, with residents earning income. The goal is for tourists to interact with the local population while providing economic and social benefits to the overall community.
Potentialities and Problems of Rural TourismPedro Cravo
Spatial planning aims to ensure the adequate and sustainable location of activities, balanced social and economic development, and environmental protection through citizen participation. It functions to efficiently use land for economic and social benefit at national, regional, and local levels. At local levels, spatial planning can promote entrepreneurship, support small businesses, and encourage public and private networks through infrastructure development and mobilizing endogenous resources. Rural tourism has potential to preserve culture, environment and diversify economies through job creation and valuing social groups, but requires investment, dynamic management, and maintenance. Partnerships can help by sharing ideas and experiences, reducing promotion costs, and creating a unified brand while encouraging cooperation and training. Recommendations include changing mentalities,
Segment of Bangladesh Tourism Industry & Targeting Position Fazlea Allahie
This document provides an analysis of tourism market segmentation strategies for Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction to Bangladesh's tourism industry and potential. It then discusses various segmentation approaches including demographic segmentation of Bangladesh's population, geographic segmentation based on tourists' places of origin, psychographic segmentation using lifestyle and personality characteristics, and socio-cultural segmentation considering Bangladeshi culture, religion, language and festivals. For each segmentation type, relevant data is presented to characterize tourist groups and identify target markets for Bangladeshi tourism. The document aims to develop strategic recommendations to better promote and develop Bangladesh's tourism sector.
Rural tourism is a serious factor in the development of rural areas. This is also supported by global developments in which mass tourism is increasingly losing its dynamism in collision with the coming individualism in choosing the type of destination and travel model. Ecology, culture, identity of destinations active attitude towards holiday and recreation, new forms and contents of the offer, theme parks and health are some of the trends in differentiating tourist interests. In these and this kind of conditions rural tourism encounters growing developmental, marketing, managerial and economic difficulties in its development. This requires finding an appropriate model of rural tourism, management which would be based primarily on the sustainable development of rural areas. This study aims to point out a possible model of strategic management of the development of rural tourism.
RURAL TOURISM SITES IN INDIA AND ETP PROJECTAMALDASKH
- Out of 107 rural tourism projects supported by UNDP and the Government of India's Ministry of Tourism, 41 have been successful, 33 average, and 33 unsuccessful.
- Jammu and Kashmir had the most successful projects while Chhattisgarh and Orissa had the most unsuccessful.
- The projects aimed to build local capacity, support community tourism, and provide inputs for national tourism policy. They focused on activities like crafts, cuisine, and heritage across various Indian states.
Community bassed Tourism Handbook by Potjana Suantsri, Thailand.David Vicent
The document discusses the principles and meaning of community-based tourism (CBT). It begins by outlining the underlying ideas of CBT, including how globalization is impacting local communities and how CBT can be a tool for community development. It then defines CBT, differentiates it from other forms of tourism like ecotourism and short visits, and discusses its key elements. Specifically, it notes that CBT aims to strengthen community participation and distribution of benefits to improve quality of life. It emphasizes that CBT must be developed and managed by the community to truly achieve its goals.
The document discusses tourism resources and planning for sustainable tourism development. It defines tourism resources as tangible objects that are used by both tourists and locals, and are perishable. It outlines factors for developing tourism resources and discusses concepts like carrying capacity and the tourist area life cycle. Tourism planning aims to maximize economic benefits while minimizing environmental, social and cultural impacts through research, community involvement, and managing use levels to avoid deterioration of resources.
Showing the link between community and tourism. How tourism can help to improve community appearance and its members interest. How a community can grow economically from tourism investments.
I have done this CASE STUDY on Ecotourism policy of Uttar Pradesh as a part of my civic and social service Internship. My Focus area was culture and Tourism.
You guys can take this as a reference for your case study. I hope this will help you out. Thank you.
Like and share and pin if you need it.
This document discusses cultural tourism in Indonesia. It begins by providing background on Indonesia's national tourism development goals and emphasis on cultural tourism due to the country's rich, diverse cultures. It then defines cultural tourism as tourism focused on a place's culture, including traditions, art, architecture, and lifestyle. The remainder of the document discusses theories of tourism and culture, and how Indonesia promotes cultural tourism to attract visitors while preserving cultural heritage and ensuring local communities benefit. Cultural tourism allows Indonesia to develop its unique identity and compete internationally in the tourism sector.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
This document discusses community-based tourism (CBT), which involves local communities inviting tourists to visit and stay with them. CBT emphasizes local community development and control. It allows communities to participate in the global economy through activities like homestays and artisan goods, generating income while maintaining their way of life. CBT decreases poverty by increasing income and providing skills and knowledge for decision-making. Successful CBT models work with existing community initiatives, employ local residents, and maximize local economic benefits. The principles of CBT include respecting local identity, customs, environment, and giving local communities control over tourism decisions and benefits.
The document discusses the evolution of tourism planning since World War 2 from a state-oriented approach to a more regional and systems-based approach. It also discusses how tourism can benefit local communities economically and socially if planned carefully, but uncontrolled development can lead to false expectations. Finally, it stresses the importance of community involvement in tourism planning through various consultation methods to develop robust plans that consider local impacts and create recognizable tourism destinations.
Some Proposed Models for Successful Community Based TourismRashidul Hasan
Community-based tourism (CBT) refers to tourism activities or enterprises that are owned and managed by the local community. CBT aims to involve local communities in tourism development by giving them ownership and control over projects and retaining a major portion of earnings. It can promote sustainable development by bringing economic benefits to communities while conserving the environment and local culture. The document discusses why CBT is important, providing examples of how communities in countries like Bangladesh can benefit from CBT by developing homestays, restaurants, handicrafts, and other tourism services and products. It outlines steps for communities to assess their tourism potential and successfully implement CBT projects.
Exploring The Community Participation, Tourism Village, And Social-Economic T...inventionjournals
Pentingsari is one of tourist village destination areas because of the unique culture and beauty environment. This study aims to development the community participation in recent area of an effective tourism village that increases the economic growth, socio-cultural and environmental. The development of tourism in Indonesia is familiar with the trend of ecotourism as one approach to tourism development (Chang et al., 2012). This study uses a qualitative approach by adopting the interpretive paradigm. Result findings show empowerment of rural communities in Pentingsari village can maximize the utilization of potential of nature and environment, as well as to empower communities by maximizing the utilization of social culture, customs and historical heritage of rural communities by maximizing the potential of agriculture and plantation. Overall, government can improve the local economy, particularly encouraging for emergence of new entrepreneurs in this area, entrepreneur will boost the competitiveness of businesses in this village with an increase in entrepreneurial spirit by socio-economic and environmental impacts. Keywords: community participation, tourism village, socio-economic, and environment impact.
The Development Of Sustainability In The Tourism IndustrySheena Crouch
The document discusses the development of sustainability in the tourism industry, specifically focusing on tour operations. It aims to measure awareness levels and current practices that have enabled sustainable development. Tour operators combine travel services and sell packaged tours. This study aims to recognize plans that have enabled tour operators to remain profitable despite competition. Undifferentiated products and small margins characterize many British tour operators, with companies like Thomson, Airtours, and First Choice dominating the market.
RURAL TOURISM: SCOPE AND CHALLENGES IN INDIAN CONTEXTArnab Gantait
Rural Tourism exhorts tourists to spend quality time in a nuanced fashion by engaging them in different ethnic, indigenous and aesthetic practices in rural areas.The stresses generating fromurban life and the detachmentand distance from natural environment occasionally provoke the urbanitesto escape from their monoculture city life.In such case, rural locations seem to be an ideal place to release stress and also providean opportunity to be re-engagedin a simplerway of life that offers rest and absolute peace for a certain period of time. Not only that, such form of tourism is widely acknowledged because it can shape up rural society by bringing benefit both in monetary and social terms. Although the concept is relatively new one and has both positive and negative impacts, it has gained immense importance around the world in recent time. A large population in India, staying in rural areas, are still primarily dependent on traditional age old practice i.e. cultivation. But the profit, generating from agriculture is falling down day by day and these villagers are lacking sufficient alternative job scope.This situation is enforcing them to settle down in nearby urban localities in search of better income and better livelihood. If the rural India can be re-developed, rejuvenated and promoted as tourist spots, these villagers will obviously get adequate number of alternative job scope that can possibly reduce the tendency of leaving native villages and in such way the socio-economic condition of rural India can also be improved. In India, Rural Tourism is untouched for marketing. Now, thrust will be to promote village tourism as the primary tourism product to gain maximum socio-economic benefits from it.In this connection,we need to understand the rural setting, people, social, political and environmental background, local sentiments etc. of any place. In addition, we have to work out an effective plan that will involve the rural people in such form of tourism that can enhance their economic condition towards a positive direction. Marketers and entrepreneurs have already realized the scope and market opportunity and have adopted many effective strategies both for the short-term profits and its success in the long run.But they are also facing a number of challenges while marketing and promoting Rural Tourism.These challenges have to be overcome in coming future to get maximum benefits from Rural Tourism.
This paper has highlighted the need, scope and marketing strategy for Rural Tourism in the Indian context. At the end, we have also discussed some of the issues and challenges of Rural Tourism and have suggested few solutions.
Chapter 5 Planning for Particular Sectors and Groups (Tourism Planning and De...Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Cultural tourism is an important tool for Bangladesh to showcase its rich cultural heritage and traditions. Some key cultural attractions for tourists include religious sites that demonstrate the religious diversity and harmony in Bangladesh, tribal communities with unique cultures and lifestyles, and numerous festivals celebrated throughout the year. Cultural tourism can provide significant economic benefits to Bangladesh through foreign exchange earnings, employment, and tax revenue. However, it also risks increasing income inequality and price levels if not managed properly.
Impacts of Rural Tourism on Architectural and Cultural Heritage -The Cases of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the impacts of rural tourism on the architectural and cultural heritage of rural communities in North-East India. It analyzes two case studies - Sualkuchi village in Assam and Mawlynnong village in Meghalaya. While rural tourism has brought economic benefits, it has also negatively impacted the traditional architecture, cultural practices, and environment of these villages. In Sualkuchi, traditional weaving practices and architecture are being replaced by commercialization and imitations. In both villages, construction and overtourism are threatening cultural sites and natural resources. The document argues for a more sustainable approach to rural tourism that preserves local heritage and environment.
This document discusses tourism, rural tourism, agritourism, and their relationships to climate change. It provides context on the rapid growth of tourism internationally since the 1950s and its contributions to economies and development goals. Rural tourism and agritourism are defined as forms of tourism that take place in rural areas and on farms. The document then discusses climate change and how the tourism sector is impacted by and must adapt to changing weather patterns and climates. International efforts to address climate change and tourism through organizations like UNWTO are also summarized.
Tourism an oppurtunity for community developmentAbby Varghese
Tourism can benefit local communities in several ways if managed properly. Economically, tourism creates many direct and indirect jobs for local communities, increases income and revenue, and leads to infrastructure development. Socially, tourism improves quality of life for host communities through facilities, healthcare, and preserving cultural traditions. It also culturally benefits visitors by enhancing appreciation of other cultures. Environmentally, tourism contributes to conservation by directly funding protected areas and raising environmental awareness, as natural attractions must be preserved to keep the tourism industry viable. Overall, tourism can drive community development when revenues support local communities and priorities.
Community based tourism by pooja andaniirshad husain
This document defines and discusses various types of community-based tourism including rural tourism, agri-tourism, village tourism, tribal tourism, and indigenous tourism. It explains that community-based tourism involves local residents inviting tourists to visit their communities to experience the local lifestyle and culture, with residents earning income. The goal is for tourists to interact with the local population while providing economic and social benefits to the overall community.
Potentialities and Problems of Rural TourismPedro Cravo
Spatial planning aims to ensure the adequate and sustainable location of activities, balanced social and economic development, and environmental protection through citizen participation. It functions to efficiently use land for economic and social benefit at national, regional, and local levels. At local levels, spatial planning can promote entrepreneurship, support small businesses, and encourage public and private networks through infrastructure development and mobilizing endogenous resources. Rural tourism has potential to preserve culture, environment and diversify economies through job creation and valuing social groups, but requires investment, dynamic management, and maintenance. Partnerships can help by sharing ideas and experiences, reducing promotion costs, and creating a unified brand while encouraging cooperation and training. Recommendations include changing mentalities,
Segment of Bangladesh Tourism Industry & Targeting Position Fazlea Allahie
This document provides an analysis of tourism market segmentation strategies for Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction to Bangladesh's tourism industry and potential. It then discusses various segmentation approaches including demographic segmentation of Bangladesh's population, geographic segmentation based on tourists' places of origin, psychographic segmentation using lifestyle and personality characteristics, and socio-cultural segmentation considering Bangladeshi culture, religion, language and festivals. For each segmentation type, relevant data is presented to characterize tourist groups and identify target markets for Bangladeshi tourism. The document aims to develop strategic recommendations to better promote and develop Bangladesh's tourism sector.
Rural tourism is a serious factor in the development of rural areas. This is also supported by global developments in which mass tourism is increasingly losing its dynamism in collision with the coming individualism in choosing the type of destination and travel model. Ecology, culture, identity of destinations active attitude towards holiday and recreation, new forms and contents of the offer, theme parks and health are some of the trends in differentiating tourist interests. In these and this kind of conditions rural tourism encounters growing developmental, marketing, managerial and economic difficulties in its development. This requires finding an appropriate model of rural tourism, management which would be based primarily on the sustainable development of rural areas. This study aims to point out a possible model of strategic management of the development of rural tourism.
RURAL TOURISM SITES IN INDIA AND ETP PROJECTAMALDASKH
- Out of 107 rural tourism projects supported by UNDP and the Government of India's Ministry of Tourism, 41 have been successful, 33 average, and 33 unsuccessful.
- Jammu and Kashmir had the most successful projects while Chhattisgarh and Orissa had the most unsuccessful.
- The projects aimed to build local capacity, support community tourism, and provide inputs for national tourism policy. They focused on activities like crafts, cuisine, and heritage across various Indian states.
Community bassed Tourism Handbook by Potjana Suantsri, Thailand.David Vicent
The document discusses the principles and meaning of community-based tourism (CBT). It begins by outlining the underlying ideas of CBT, including how globalization is impacting local communities and how CBT can be a tool for community development. It then defines CBT, differentiates it from other forms of tourism like ecotourism and short visits, and discusses its key elements. Specifically, it notes that CBT aims to strengthen community participation and distribution of benefits to improve quality of life. It emphasizes that CBT must be developed and managed by the community to truly achieve its goals.
The document discusses tourism resources and planning for sustainable tourism development. It defines tourism resources as tangible objects that are used by both tourists and locals, and are perishable. It outlines factors for developing tourism resources and discusses concepts like carrying capacity and the tourist area life cycle. Tourism planning aims to maximize economic benefits while minimizing environmental, social and cultural impacts through research, community involvement, and managing use levels to avoid deterioration of resources.
Showing the link between community and tourism. How tourism can help to improve community appearance and its members interest. How a community can grow economically from tourism investments.
I have done this CASE STUDY on Ecotourism policy of Uttar Pradesh as a part of my civic and social service Internship. My Focus area was culture and Tourism.
You guys can take this as a reference for your case study. I hope this will help you out. Thank you.
Like and share and pin if you need it.
This document discusses cultural tourism in Indonesia. It begins by providing background on Indonesia's national tourism development goals and emphasis on cultural tourism due to the country's rich, diverse cultures. It then defines cultural tourism as tourism focused on a place's culture, including traditions, art, architecture, and lifestyle. The remainder of the document discusses theories of tourism and culture, and how Indonesia promotes cultural tourism to attract visitors while preserving cultural heritage and ensuring local communities benefit. Cultural tourism allows Indonesia to develop its unique identity and compete internationally in the tourism sector.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
This document discusses community-based tourism (CBT), which involves local communities inviting tourists to visit and stay with them. CBT emphasizes local community development and control. It allows communities to participate in the global economy through activities like homestays and artisan goods, generating income while maintaining their way of life. CBT decreases poverty by increasing income and providing skills and knowledge for decision-making. Successful CBT models work with existing community initiatives, employ local residents, and maximize local economic benefits. The principles of CBT include respecting local identity, customs, environment, and giving local communities control over tourism decisions and benefits.
The document discusses the evolution of tourism planning since World War 2 from a state-oriented approach to a more regional and systems-based approach. It also discusses how tourism can benefit local communities economically and socially if planned carefully, but uncontrolled development can lead to false expectations. Finally, it stresses the importance of community involvement in tourism planning through various consultation methods to develop robust plans that consider local impacts and create recognizable tourism destinations.
Some Proposed Models for Successful Community Based TourismRashidul Hasan
Community-based tourism (CBT) refers to tourism activities or enterprises that are owned and managed by the local community. CBT aims to involve local communities in tourism development by giving them ownership and control over projects and retaining a major portion of earnings. It can promote sustainable development by bringing economic benefits to communities while conserving the environment and local culture. The document discusses why CBT is important, providing examples of how communities in countries like Bangladesh can benefit from CBT by developing homestays, restaurants, handicrafts, and other tourism services and products. It outlines steps for communities to assess their tourism potential and successfully implement CBT projects.
Exploring The Community Participation, Tourism Village, And Social-Economic T...inventionjournals
Pentingsari is one of tourist village destination areas because of the unique culture and beauty environment. This study aims to development the community participation in recent area of an effective tourism village that increases the economic growth, socio-cultural and environmental. The development of tourism in Indonesia is familiar with the trend of ecotourism as one approach to tourism development (Chang et al., 2012). This study uses a qualitative approach by adopting the interpretive paradigm. Result findings show empowerment of rural communities in Pentingsari village can maximize the utilization of potential of nature and environment, as well as to empower communities by maximizing the utilization of social culture, customs and historical heritage of rural communities by maximizing the potential of agriculture and plantation. Overall, government can improve the local economy, particularly encouraging for emergence of new entrepreneurs in this area, entrepreneur will boost the competitiveness of businesses in this village with an increase in entrepreneurial spirit by socio-economic and environmental impacts. Keywords: community participation, tourism village, socio-economic, and environment impact.
The Development Of Sustainability In The Tourism IndustrySheena Crouch
The document discusses the development of sustainability in the tourism industry, specifically focusing on tour operations. It aims to measure awareness levels and current practices that have enabled sustainable development. Tour operators combine travel services and sell packaged tours. This study aims to recognize plans that have enabled tour operators to remain profitable despite competition. Undifferentiated products and small margins characterize many British tour operators, with companies like Thomson, Airtours, and First Choice dominating the market.
Community based tourism.
A community based tourism project to understand the term and its benefits .Community-based tourism case studies in various regions & lessons from them
This document summarizes a research study on challenges to community participation in heritage tourism development in two areas of New Delhi, India: Nizamuddin Basti and Shahjahanabad. The study aims to understand local residents' perceptions of their role in tourism decision-making and identify barriers that prevent community participation. It reviews literature on concepts like sustainable tourism, cultural heritage tourism, and barriers to community involvement. The methodology section describes how the researcher conducted field observations and semi-structured interviews over multiple trips to the two case study areas.
Community-based tourism case studies in various regions & lessons from themAvantikaBadgujar
The document summarizes two case studies of community-based tourism (CBT): Thanh Ha Pottery Village in Vietnam and Miso Walai homestay development in Malaysia. For Thanh Ha Pottery Village, CBT has helped preserve traditional pottery-making skills but faces challenges like a lack of young people entering the craft and competition from mass-produced ceramics. For Miso Walai homestay, local communities have benefited economically from tourism while protecting the local ecosystem through a CBT model involving over 35 homes and 400 residents. Both case studies show how CBT can empower communities and generate income, but managing tourism growth and engaging younger generations remains an ongoing challenge.
THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETANGGOR TO...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This study aims to determine the role of the community in planning and developing a tourist
village, knowing that planning and developing a tourist village can contribute to the village's original income,
and knowing that planning and developing a tourist village can improve the welfare of the people of Setanggor
Village, West Prayadistrict, Central Lombok Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with
the research subject of the community involved in the development of the Setanggor tourist village. Data was
obtained by conducting interviews with informants who have the ability to provide information related to this
research using the snowball sampling technique. The results of the study indicate that the role of the community
in the development of the Setanggor tourism village is as the initiator ,implementer, participant , observer,and
beneficiary. Planning and development of the Setanggor tourist village also contributes to village original
incomeand has an impact on improving the welfare of the Setanggor village community, West Praya District,
Central Lombok Regency.
Keywords: Community, Planning, Development, Tourism Village
This document discusses developing countryside tourism in Nala Village, Nepal to promote its natural and cultural values. Nala currently faces unemployment and deterioration issues. It has potential to become a new tourist destination due to its proximity to Kathmandu and Bhaktapur, accessible roads, and scenic views. Developing countryside tourism could generate income and employment for local communities through homestays, cultural activities, and rural tours while also preserving Nala's environment and culture. The document explores Nala's history and attractions to establish it as a countryside tourism location.
This document summarizes a research article about the impact of tourism development in Azerbaijan on the country's economy. Some key points:
1) Tourism development in Azerbaijan's regions is important for providing small loans to local populations and attracting individual investors. Improving infrastructure like roads and developing rural recreation areas can boost internal and external tourism.
2) A study found that from 2012 to 2018, ticket sales to foreigners increased 3.2 times, travel agency income rose 1.7 times, and total expenses grew 1.88 times. Regional tourism creates local jobs and revenue, reducing unemployment.
3) Developing rural tourism reduces pressure on urban tourism sectors and increases what tourists spend on local products. A balanced approach is
The Importance Of Human Rights In Tourism DevelopmentJenny Smith
This document discusses the importance of human rights in tourism development. It outlines some key human rights such as freedom, dignity, and protection from discrimination, slavery, and displacement. It then discusses some human rights issues in tourism, such as human trafficking in sex tourism. Children and women from developing countries are often forced into sex work. International agreements like the UDHR aim to protect individuals' rights regardless of attributes. Throughout, the document emphasizes that upholding human rights is important for sustainable tourism development.
This document discusses tourism in Albania, with a focus on the south of the country. It provides background on tourism globally and in Albania. The main purpose is to analyze how the government can contribute to sustainable tourism development and opportunities to improve tourism, especially in southern Albania. The hypothesis is that tourism in southern Albania has opportunities for growth and promotion. Key questions addressed are whether tourism in Albania is at the right level, if the south coast has suitable infrastructure, potential projects to increase the area's importance, and benefits of continued improvement.
Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and is a major source of income for many countries. It can have both positive and negative impacts towards the image of the particular destinations tourism image. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find the balance between Environment, Economic and Culture to create an improved quality of life for the host community. The paper analyses about the concepts, practices, strategies, issues and trends of Sustainable Tourism Development
This study compares tourism management in Bhutan and Peru by examining their approaches to tourism, current management practices, and level of host community involvement. The researcher conducted a literature review on tourism impacts and management strategies. They then used a guide to collect qualitative data on Bhutan and Peru from various tourism organization websites. The goal was to analyze the different approaches each country takes and how it impacts sustainability.
This document provides an overview of tourism in India and discusses the topic of aesthetic pollution. It begins with an introduction to tourism, outlining its economic and social impacts. It then discusses the history of tourism policy development in India, from the first tourism policy in 1982 to the current "Incredible India" campaign. The document also provides statistical information on foreign tourist arrivals and earnings in India from 2000-2010. It notes that while tourism growth has been impressive, India's share of global tourism is still quite small. The document concludes by introducing the topic of aesthetic pollution and its economic consequences.
Local institutional participation in agrotourism management of wonorejo reser...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes local institutional participation in agrotourism management of Wonorejo Reservoir in Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that participation of both formal and informal local institutions is moderate. Participation of formal institutions like the regional development agency is slightly higher than informal groups. Barriers to participation include a lack of coordination, unclear roles, and agrotourism being seen only as a side activity rather than core focus. The study assessed participation in planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling agrotourism activities in the area.
Cross border potentials to develop women entrepreneurshipali lacej
The document discusses developing women's entrepreneurship in tourism across borders. It recommends establishing a resource center for women in tourism and entrepreneurship to advocate for women, provide training programs and business support, and develop networks for women in business. Tourism is described as an important global industry that brings economic and social benefits but can also negatively impact the environment if not managed properly. Key components of the tourism industry and best practices are outlined.
The Factors Influencing IndividualsGroups to Undertake Tours T.docxtodd771
The Factors Influencing Individuals/Groups to Undertake Tours: The Case of Selected Individuals in Mombasa County
Introduction
Tourism in Kenya is one of the largest source of foreign exchange, only second to Agriculture. The main attractions are wildlife, athletes, game reserves and beautiful sceneries in Kenya. Mombasa County is one of the leading tourist attraction areas in Kenya both by locals and foreigners. Lee Jolliffe, in her book Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions and Transformations, argues that
Kenyan
tourism hasn’t developed on its conservation of natural resources, though “beach tourism, eco-tourism, cultural tourism, sports tourism all form part of the portfolio” (Jolliffe, 2007). Kenya won the Best Leisure Destination award at the World Travel Fair in Shanghai, China, in April 2008. The permanent secretary in Kenya’s Ministry of Tourism, Rebecca Nabutola, stated that the award “goes to testify that Kenya has a unique world acclaimed tourism product. The recognition will no doubt boost Kenya’s tourism and enhance its profile as a leading tourist destination.” Mombasa County is one of the 47 newly created counties in Kenya comprising: Changamwe, Jomvu, Kisauni, Nyali, Likoni and Mvita constituencies with the major town being Mombasa Town which is the second largest town in Kenya.
Mombasa is an important tourism center due to its vast diversity of culture, beaches, old towns, hotels and restaurants, wildlife and economic activity. Mombasa is the original Arabic name for Mombasa and this city has an average population of about 1 million people. Mombasa is a place rich in history, yet at the same time fascinating commercial and cosmopolitan port town. Mombasa is an island connected to the mainland by bridges and ferries. The town overlooks a wide harbor, where commercial shipping mingles with traditional sailing dhows. The true heart of Mombasa is found in the exotic old town, among the narrow winding streets and Arab architecture (Magical Kenya, 2015). This paper will focus on factors affecting decision making by tourist by using Mombasa County as the case study.
Statement of the problem
Due to her high touristic potential and capacity, Mombasa’s tourism represents a fast growing sector of the economy. All over the region and the world at large, Mombasa represents an important attractive destination for many tourists who still consider it as a world prototype; consequently, the high demand has been increasing from one year to another. This strategic sector, however, still has to deal with: the large capital required to invest in this sector, poor government support, low level of technology in the country, poor infrastructure, lack of social services, diseases and natural calamities, expensive tourism facilities which may scare tourists away, environmental pollution, encroachment, terrorism and kidnapping of tourists. The Government should play the key role here by formulating legislation that support tourism and provide .
Tourism Planning And Development Of Sustainable...Sheri Elliott
The document discusses several key concepts regarding sustainable development and sustainable tourism planning. It focuses on how sustainable development issues must be addressed to minimize negative tourism impacts and maximize benefits for tourism planning and future development. Rural and small island communities are particularly impacted as they have small populations and lack of businesses, which can increase unemployment. International organizations play an important role in tourism development by helping to plan, develop, and preserve destinations in a sustainable manner.
Sustainable Tourism and Culture: A Symbiotic RelationshipIEREK Press
Cultural Tourism offers a strong motivation to preserve the elements of cultural heritage in tourist destinations. It helps to preserve cultural elements as important tourist attractions. Cultural tourism’s notion is unlimited to visiting monumental attractions only, but it has also become an interactive experience with the social fabric of the community through attending exhibitions, festivals and events,and the purchase of traditional local products. Thus, the human capital factor in tourism is linked to the quality of tourism products. With the growth of international tourism, the importance of sustainable tourism development has emerged to protect natural, cultural, and human resources, in addition to achieving economic development. As non-sustainable tourism development has led to the deterioration of tourism resources. This research paper examines if cultural tourism contributes to decrease tourism seasonality and achieve sustainable tourism development in cultural heritage sites. A case study of Aswan was selected. Aswan has unique and important elements of cultural heritage (Tangible and Intangible), but it still faces many problems like tourism seasonality, besides its tourism is still weak compared with other cities that have the same tourism potential. Based on a literature review and analytical study of global examples that achieved sustainability in cultural heritage sites, a field study of Aswan was conducted to evaluate the current status of cultural tourism, besides illustrating the challenges of achieving sustainability. The major result that has emerged from the study is paying attention to cultural tourism is the possible solution to the challenges that Aswan tourism faces. Finally, the paper concluded that investment in human capital creates opportunities for cultural tourism which in return resolves one of tourism’s major challenges: seasonality.
Ecotourism has grown rapidly in Costa Rica, the Galapagos Islands, and Tanzania. While it aims to promote environmental conservation and local economic development, its actual impacts are mixed. In the Galapagos, most tourism industry profits go to foreign operators rather than local communities. Both mass tourism and ecotourism can enable development but also negatively impact the environment. Costa Rica has had more success with ecotourism due to stable government and environmental protections. However, all tourist activities impact the environment to some degree. Mexico faces environmental problems from tourism like water pollution, but ecotourism could help by focusing on learning from and preserving culture and nature.
Community-based tourism ventures face challenges in marketing their rural tourism products similar to other rural producers. They depend on intermediaries like private companies, membership organizations, public institutions, and non-profits to facilitate market access. Each type of intermediary has strengths and weaknesses in terms of their marketing support capabilities. Instead of individual support strategies, combined approaches are needed depending on location, resources, and existing organizational structures.
Similar to Concept note for societies involvment in tourism (20)
This document discusses establishing a National Tourism Board in Pakistan to address various issues hampering the tourism sector after tourism was devolved to provinces following the 18th amendment. It proposes the board would coordinate tourism promotion and development across provinces. It identifies challenges such as lack of coordination, visa issues, inadequate infrastructure and facilities, environmental concerns, and negative perceptions of Pakistan. It recommends solutions like streamlining visa policies, improving airports, developing tourism infrastructure and skills training, protecting natural and cultural resources, boosting digital access and international promotion, and increasing private sector involvement through public-private partnerships. The board would work with federal and provincial stakeholders to implement strategies and monitor performance indicators to better develop tourism nationwide.
This document outlines the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Delegation of Financial Powers Rules 2018. It defines key terms and categorizes different levels of officers. It delegates specific financial powers to different categories of officers for various expenditure types such as fuel and power, fees, communications, utilities, occupancy costs, operating leases, and motor vehicles. Higher level officers like Secretaries and Deputy Commissioners have full powers while lower levels have powers capped at certain rupee amounts. All financial powers must be exercised according to various conditions including budget availability and codal requirements.
The document proposes solutions to issues facing Pakistan's tourism sector through the formation of a National Tourism Board. The Board would coordinate tourism promotion and development across provinces. It would standardize policies on visas, airports, roads, and marketing. The solutions also aim to improve infrastructure, training, cultural promotion, tax incentives and international cooperation to enhance Pakistan's image as a tourist destination. The proposals seek to address long-standing problems in an effort to boost the country's tourism industry.
The document is a World Bank project appraisal document that proposes $460.6 million in financing for the Khyber Pass Economic Corridor Project in Pakistan. The project aims to expand economic activity between Pakistan and Afghanistan by improving regional connectivity and promoting private sector development along the Khyber Pass corridor. It has three components: (1) expressway development, (2) development of the Khyber Pass Economic Corridor, and (3) project management. The project is categorized as having substantial political, technical design, institutional, environmental and social risks.
1. The document proposes forming a National Tourism Coordination Board to address issues hindering tourism growth in Pakistan like lack of federal coordination and declining image.
2. It recommends solutions like streamlining visa policies, improving airport facilities, upgrading roads and communication networks, and ensuring environmental sustainability of tourism projects.
3. A key action is establishing a centralized online portal with tourist information to facilitate planning and booking of travel. The board would work with provinces and private sector to boost the tourism industry.
This document provides details of a proposed 4-year project in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to provide small machinery and implements to farmers through Model Farm Service Centres. The project would cost Rs. 2254.077 million and aims to save farmers time and labor costs, increase productivity, and improve socio-economic conditions. It outlines the selection criteria for farmers to access the machinery, proposed machinery packages for different regions, existing machinery resources, and anticipated positive impacts such as reduced production costs and increased incomes.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management practices at the urban level in Peshawar City, Pakistan. It describes the existing waste generation and collection, and proposes three solutions: 1) Developing a sanitary landfill project at an estimated cost of 2.5 billion PKR. 2) Constructing a compost plant at an estimated cost of 2 billion PKR to process 300 tons of waste per day. 3) A waste-to-energy project at an estimated cost of 7.4 billion PKR to generate 30 MW of energy from 800-1000 tons of daily waste. It provides details on the estimated costs and benefits of each proposed solution.
Working paper on 1st off road rally (final)hosting guests
1. The 1st Off Road Jeep Rally was held on August 25-26, 2018 at Khanpur Dam in Haripur, Pakistan to provide recreational activities for locals and tourists.
2. The event included a jeep rally competition through difficult off-road terrain, cultural performances, food stalls, and was inaugurated by the Deputy Commissioner of Haripur.
3. On the first day, a cultural night was held with performances by local musicians and bands. The second day featured the main jeep rally competition along with concluding ceremonies attended by government officials.
The document outlines terms of reference for developing destination management plans for tourism destinations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It discusses hiring a consultant to analyze tourism markets, assess infrastructure needs, and prepare growth visions and investment plans for Naran and Kumrat National Park. The consultant will research tourism models, consult stakeholders, and produce reports on demand, needs, visions, and detailed public investment plans to guide sustainable tourism development in the selected destinations.
This document outlines several projects to improve access roads in mineral-rich areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It details four projects from 2012-2018 to construct and upgrade unpaved roads spanning a total of 134 kilometers in districts like Kohistan, Mansehra, Shangla and Abbottabad for around 500 million rupees. The roads aim to better connect chromite, granite, soapstone and phosphate deposits to markets to facilitate mineral exploration, development and transportation.
Project management unit for kite project (1)hosting guests
The project will be managed through an independent Project Management Unit located at the Department of Tourism. This PMU will oversee a Project Implementation Unit established at the Department of C&W to implement component 2. The PMU will be headed by a Project Director who reports to the Secretary of Tourism and has full fiduciary and approval authority. A Project Manager will head the PIU located at the Abbottabad Chief Engineer Office. Staff of the PMU and PIU will receive training from the World Bank to ensure compliance with policies.
Tourism task force with input of aftab ranahosting guests
The document outlines several issues facing Pakistan's tourism sector and proposes solutions to address them. The key issues include the absence of federal coordination after tourism became a devolved subject, visa and security barriers, lack of airport and aviation sector support, poor communication networks, environmental sustainability concerns, the lack of a centralized tourism portal, and Pakistan's negative international image. Solutions proposed are the formation of a National Tourism Board for coordination, various visa and security reforms, improving airports and aviation policy, upgrading roads and infrastructure, ensuring sustainable tourism practices, developing a national tourism portal, and implementing a branding and promotion strategy to improve Pakistan's image abroad. Multiple agencies would be responsible for implementing the solutions.
The document outlines various measures, projects, and activities taken by different ministries in Pakistan, including:
1. The Ministry of Information Technology & Telecommunication which expanded broadband connectivity and reduced taxes on telecom equipment to encourage private sector investment in telecommunications infrastructure.
2. The Ministry of Industries & Production which supported the textile, leather, chemical, engineering, and automotive industries through incentives, subsidies, and partnerships to enhance exports and competitiveness.
3. The Ministry of Health which aimed to improve healthcare access through initiatives like telemedicine, health insurance cards, and equipping facilities, as well as support the pharmaceutical industry.
4. The Ministry of Water Resources worked to increase power generation through hy
The document discusses the potential for electricity generation from municipal solid waste in major Pakistani cities. It notes that roughly 20 million tons of solid waste is generated annually in Pakistan, with a potential of 1000 MW that could be generated from municipal waste. It provides estimates of daily waste generation and corresponding potential megawatts for four major cities. The estimated cost for a waste-to-energy project is 7.4 billion PKR. Land requirements and benefits of waste-to-energy projects are also summarized.
The Planning and Development Department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is proposing the implementation of a new mega project called the Peshawar Uplift Program (PUP) to address civic issues in Peshawar. Rapid population growth and unplanned construction have caused health and infrastructure problems like sewage flowing into irrigation channels and rivers. Only a small percentage of the population is connected to sewer lines or uses solid waste facilities. Past development schemes were fragmented. The PUP aims to improve civic amenities, raise awareness, and coordinate stakeholders at a total cost of Rs. 1000 million over multiple years. The implementation strategy is to house PUP at P&D Department and execute it through program-based flexible coordination of
This strategic roadmap covers 13 sectors including oil & gas, energy, mines & minerals, youth, tourism, agriculture, industries, health, education, infrastructure, urban planning, sports, and water. For each sector, it outlines the existing situation, key achievements, issues, and proposed strategic options to address the issues. The goal is to provide strategic direction and legislative framework to support the development of these important sectors.
This document provides details of a proposed project to establish Model Farm Service Centres (MFSCs) across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The project aims to provide small machinery and implements to farmers through these MFSCs to help save time and labor costs, enhance productivity and improve socio-economic conditions. Over 20,000 pieces of machinery will be distributed across 1,001 union councils, 505 neighborhood councils, and 2,996 village councils in the province at a total projected cost of Rs. 2,254.077 million over 4 years. The machinery will be managed and distributed to registered farmers by MFSC committees.
The document outlines a small scale youth business development and support program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The objectives are to promote socioeconomic development through microcredit loans for technical enterprises targeting skilled youth. The program will provide interest free loans between 100,000-1,000,000 Pakistani rupees to youth aged 18-40 with viable business ideas. Approved applicants will receive enterprise management training and loans will be disbursed through a partnership between the Bank of Khyber and IM|Sciences, who will analyze business plans and monitor the program.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management practices in Peshawar, Pakistan. It notes that Peshawar currently generates 800-1000 tons of waste per day which is dumped at temporary sites. Three proposed solutions are outlined: 1) developing a sanitary landfill site for 500-1000 tons/day at an estimated cost of 2.5 billion PKR, 2) constructing a compost plant with 300-500 ton/day capacity for 2 billion PKR, and 3) a waste-to-energy project to generate 30 MW from Peshawar's waste at an estimated cost of 7.4 billion PKR. Details are provided on developing each of these proposed solutions.
The document summarizes a proposed geological mapping project of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. The objectives are to map the geology of KP at scales of 1:50,000 and in some areas 1:10,000-1:5,000 to provide data for investors and further mineral exploration. The outcomes will include geological maps, 3D models, and a geodatabase. Seven academic experts expressed willingness to execute the project. The proposed work plan is over two years with payments made based on submitted map work. The total estimated capital cost is 402.664 million Pakistani rupees.
What Challenges Await Beginners in SnowshoeingSnowshoe Tahoe
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This research dissertation investigates the complex interplay between transportation and the tourism industry in Nigeria, aiming to unravel critical insights that contribute to the enhancement of the overall tourist experience. The study employs a multi-faceted approach, literature review establishes a robust theoretical framework, incorporating The Service Quality and Satisfaction Theory to guide the research questions and hypotheses.
The methodology involves the distribution of a structured questionnaire, ensuring a representative sample and facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the gathered data.
Key findings include the nuanced perceptions of transportation infrastructure adequacy, safety and security concerns, financial influences on travel decisions, and the cultural and ecological impacts of transportation choices. These findings culminate in a comprehensive set of recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in the Nigerian tourism industry. The findings contribute to the existing literature by providing actionable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in the Nigerian tourism sector.
The recommendations encompass gender-sensitive planning, infrastructure enhancements, safety measures, and strategic interventions to address financial constraints, ensuring a holistic and sustainable development of the tourism industry in Nigeria.
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New Brunswick, a picturesque province in eastern Canada, offers a plethora of unique and charming places to stay for every kind of traveler. From the historic allure of Fredericton and the vibrant culture of Saint John to the natural beauty of Fundy National Park and the serene coastal towns like St. Andrews by-the-Sea, there's something for everyone. Whether you prefer luxury resorts, cozy inns, rustic lodges, or budget-friendly options, the best places to stay in New Brunswick ensure a memorable stay, allowing you to fully immerse yourself in the province's rich history, stunning landscapes, and warm hospitality.
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Concept note for societies involvment in tourism
1. 1
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COOPERATIVES: A COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS AND CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Abstract: The concept of rural tourism has become important around the world. It is
thought that rural tourism can revitalize the conventional concepts and views on
tourism, and bring in a new dimension in the sustainable development. It has been
realized that local communities based tourism can play a fundamental role in poverty
alleviation in rural areas. This paper used qualitative approaches to illustrated
development of rural tourism through rural cooperatives. The study also attempted to
highlight the barriers of rural tourism in Iran. This article looks at how rural
cooperatives can develop the rural tourism in rural area at the case study Iran This
research draws from our scientific experience in a variety of disciplines namely; rural
cooperatives, tourism development and community development.
Introduction
World Tourism Organization (WTO) used rural tourism concept for defining that
tourism product "that gives to visitors a personalized contact, a taste of physical and
human environment of countryside and as far as possible, allow them to participate
in the activities, traditions and lifestyles of local people." According to WTO it is
considered that take part from rural tourism a wide range of activities like: climbing,
riding, adventure tourism, educational travel, sport and health tourism, arts and
heritage tourism (Negrusa et al., 2007). Oppermann (1997) saw rural tourism as
tourism that occurs in nonurban settings where human activity is present (Beeton,
2006). Negrusa et al (2007) defines rural tourism as that form of tourism offered by
people from rural areas, with accommodation on small-scale and with the implication
of important components of their rural activities and customs of life Tourism it
appears to be developing an elitist bias as broadening of its social base with
participation from all sections of the society is clearly not visible. The important role
of participatory and community based organizations like cooperatives in promoting
tourism has yet to be recognized. As a result, the concepts like "sustainable
tourism", "poverty reduction through tourism", ‘community tourism’, etc. which can be
best implemented through participatory institutions have yet to be popularized in a
big way (Verma, 2008). Rural tourism development has become a top priority of the
economic agenda of all the countries. It is not unusual to hear that rural areas of Iran
are underdeveloped in text of tourism.
Hence this paper suggested development of rural cooperatives for the tourism
development in rural areas.
There are a variety of terms used to describe tourism in rural areas, including farm
tourism, agritourism, soft tourism and even ecotourism (Beeton, 2006). According to
the Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), rural tourism
is defined as tourism taking place in the countryside (Reichel et al., 2000). Rural
tourism is located in agricultural landscapes and is characterized by enjoyment of a
tamed nature or highly modified landscape. It is about the land uses and human
cultures that the interaction between humans and the land have created. It positions
agriculture and farms as the foundation upon which the attraction is built (Knowd,
2. 2
2001). Any form of tourism that showcases the rural life, art, culture and heritage at
rural locations, thereby benefiting the local community economically and socially as
well as enabling interaction between the tourists and the locals for a more enriching
tourism experience can be termed as rural tourism. Rural tourism is essentially an
activity which takes place in the countryside. It is multi-faceted and may entail
farm/agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, and
eco-tourism. As against conventional tourism, rural tourism has certain typical
characteristics like; it is an experience oriented, the locations are sparsely
populated, it is predominantly in the natural environment, it meshes with seasonality
and local events and is based on preservation of culture, heritage and traditions.
Rural tourism has many potential benefits for rural areas (Frederick, 1992). Rural
tourism can be an important source of jobs for local communities. Tourism can be an
important force for developing disadvantaged rural areas. In particular, rural
communities with few other options for development may perceive that tourism
represents a panacea for growth. While tourism can certainly be an important
component of a sound development plan, this is not always the case. Bontron and
Lasnier (1997) note that the rural tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions
and depends on a host of factors including work force characteristics and
seasonality issues. Figure 1 presents one way of viewing the complex nature of rural
regions and tourism’s role by mapping the links between elements and issues. The
map serves its purpose in illustrating the relationship between tourism and rural
regions. The community is central to this process, and in many ways cannot be
separated from any of the elements on the map.
3. 3
Methodology
The research was performed as a qualitative library in which the researcher had to
refer to relevant and related sources. Sources that we used to collect needed
information about Iran in order to write this article were the Cultural Heritage and
Tourism Organization, rural cooperatives, State Planning Organization, official
websites of tourism Iran, as well as relevant literature and articles about the tourism.
Likewise, we have used a number of articles and official websites of the various
world known organizations, such as United Nations Environment Programme, World
Tourism Organization, and World Trade and Tourism Council.
Rural Tourism in Iran
The rural cooperatives in Iran in the recent years have diversified themselves into
various areas of socio-economic activities. The failure of the government sector and
various limitations of the private sector have compelled the policymakers to pin their
faiths on the cooperative system. For certain activities/areas, the success of which is
based on the ability of the grassroots institutions to tackle them with their
participatory and people-based approach, the cooperatives are considered to have
an advantage over other organizations. For example, in Iran the rural cooperatives
are considered most effective organizations in the field of rural Agriculture. Similarly,
because of their vast network and reach, the rural cooperatives are considered best
promoters for agriculture in Iran. Rural tourism is often considered an economic
alternative for rural areas facing decreasing profits and requiring a second or third
economic footing (Verma, 2008). However, like other tourism activities, rural tourism
results in a full range of environmental impacts (Kuo, 2008). Rural tourism in Iran
doesn’t have a long history because of insufficient infrastructure and preparation.
Iran definitely has the great potential for tourism especially rural and ecotourism. The
only problem and difficulty are in attracting the tourists. Unspoilt nature, varied
picturesque landscapes, a thousand-year-old cultural and architectural heritage, a
profusion of leisure opportunities and recreation, closeness to the urban centres as
well as the authentic character and rural charm, all these are the most important
factors for development of rural tourism in Iran. However there are some other steps
that should be taken, because Iran isn’t ready for welcome rural tourists yet:
Attractions (for example development of rural tourism around a heritage site), rural
infrastructure, accessibility (roads, transportation) and Building rural capacity for
tourism development
There is a still more budget needed for rural areas. Rural tourism has some
advantages in rural are in Iran, for example, it provides employment for local
residents and prevents their immigration to cities. Currently young people leave
countrysides and go to big cities to study or work. Usually they never come back to
their homelands. Some of the reasons for failure of these efforts are as follows: The
role of the rural cooperatives in this industry is not defined, sociocultural and political
barriers, and lack of human and economic resources.
4. 4
Barriers of Rural Tourism
Understanding barriers of rural tourism is important when a community is getting
organized for involvement in tourism activates. This understanding can help
individuals, community and organizations more effectively impact the tourism policy-
making process. Further, it is important for government to understand that rural also
face barriers that can hinder its progress in responding and recognizing the priorities
of local communities in Iran. Overcoming the barriers to tourism development
presents a challenge to both communities and government, and will serve to
facilitate the policy making process. There are several literatures that directly deal
with the barriers of tourism development through local communities particularly in
third world countries. Rural tourism in Iran has several barriers that cannot develop.
Roads and accommodation infrastructures were cited as the two main barriers for
growing rural tourism in our case study. In the long-term, developing
accommodation, sealing the road, and providing other services like cafes and shops
are essential to fulfill the tourism potential of Iran, and attract a broader range of
visitors to stay in the region overnight. Beside The rural cooperatives in Iran yet have
not to recognize the importance of tourism despite the rapid growth of tourism sector
in the world. Following are the main barriers:
Inability to analyze the changing socioeconomic dimensions of rural tourism in Iran,
and demarcate the areas in which rural cooperatives have a strategic advantage
over other forms of organizations.
Lack of policy research in this field which can provide definite indicators for future.
Inability to strategically link the rural cooperatives with the rural tourism in those
cities in which tourism is in a boom. For example, in Esfahan and Shiraz, tourism
has emerged as a big force. But, the rural cooperatives have not yet to come up in
this field.
Inability of the cooperatives to extend their areas of operations or activities in the
field of rural tourism.
Weak advocacy for rural tourism development is also a big hindrance. Holding of
Advocacy conferences by the cooperatives in the area of cooperative tourism can
set the ball rolling in a big way and create a conducive atmosphere for rural tourism
development (Verma, 2008).
Bushell & Eagles (2007, p. 154) also states tourism as a phenomenon of affluent
contemporary societies is a particularly difficult concept in local communities in
developing countries to grasp. In this sense tourism development may be more
difficult than other activities. Shortcomings are similar to those local communities,
but a few factors tend to be more pronounced among local area:
Lack of formal education and appropriate managerial training
Lack of foreign language skills
Different ways of dealing with hygiene, litter, maintenance of infrastructure
5. 5
Limited knowledge of food preparation for foreigners, including catering to
dietary, nutritional and culinary tastes
Lack of decision making and planning skills concerning the possible
consequences of tourism, coupled with limited ability to control tourism,
unpredictable political climates, and long-term funding uncertainty
As consequence, rural tourism facilities and services may be unacceptable for
international tourists. Hence building capacity through rural cooperatives is
necessary for stakeholders involved in tourism in local communities (Bushell
& Eagles, 2007). However, due to lack of awareness, this is not being done at
present.
Similarly, lack of development of cooperatives in the field of cooperative
tourism is also a sign of weak advocacy. There is also lack of documentation
of few successful models of cooperative tourism in the Region.
Rural cooperatives for rural tourism
The rural cooperative has worked in Iran After land reform in 1963. Today there are
more than 10000 rural cooperative. However, their ability of these cooperatives is
limited and the Iran government is still not doing considering rural tourism as one of
the development factors for rural area. This paper attempted to outline the concept
of rural tourism development in relation to rural cooperatives. Rural cooperatives
have been cited as a goal in rural participation for rural development processes. Aref
(2009) in his study recommended establishing tourism cooperatives to support the
local people for investment in tourism development. According to his findings, the
level of organizational capacity in tourism development in Iran is weak. Hence
establishment of tourism cooperatives in Iran can boost tourism development. From
this analytic perspective, rural cooperatives can be an effect on rural tourism
development through three major capacity levels ; community, organizational and
individual levels (Daniela, 2002). For rural tourism development the organizational
level refers to a tourism organization; community context refers to informal groups
bounded geographically; and individual context refers to people. In the
organizational level, rural cooperatives can contribute to the rural tourism
development through empowering the tourism organizational (Daniela, 2002). The
individual level leads to community empowerment in the rural tourism development
process through empowerment rural people. The individual level in this process
plays out repeatedly, increased individual power toward rural tourism development.
In considering the application of rural cooperatives in tourism development, the role
of the rural leaders deserves consideration (Aref & Ma’rof, 2009). A leader frequently
plays the importance role in these processes. Important goals of leaders with
respect to rural cooperatives in tourism development would include facilitating;
encourage participants, encouraging learning, and developing local skills in rural
areas.
6. 6
7. Conclusion
The main objective of the present paper is to determine status of the rural tourism in
Iran. Rural tourism is considered to be a multi- dimensional activity essential to the
local area not only rural areas in Iran, but all the nations of the world. However Iran
has many potential in development of tourism especially rural tourism but
development of rural tourism in Iran is still in its nascent stage. Iran has perfect
opportunities to enhance its rural tourism. This paper showed a brief conception of
rural tourism and its barriers in the rural areas of Iran. The main importance
approaches which suggested in this study were development of rural cooperatives
for rural tourism development. Thus rural cooperatives are a major critical success
factor in rural tourism. Hence this study can be motivation for futures investigate in
rural cooperatives for tourism development in the local areas in Iran.
Tourism is a multi-dimensional activity essential to the local area not only rural areas
in Iran, but all the nations of the world. However Iran has many potential in
development of tourism especially rural tourism but development of rural tourism in
Iran is still in its nascent stage. Iran has perfect opportunities to enhance its rural
tourism. This paper showed a brief conception of rural tourism and its barriers in the
rural areas of Iran. The main importance approaches which suggested in this study
were development of rural cooperatives for rural tourism development. Thus rural
cooperatives are a major critical success factor in rural tourism. Hence this study
can be motivation for futures investigate in rural cooperatives for tourism
development in the local areas in Iran.
It is worth mentioning, even when data are collected and aggregated on the basis of
registers of cooperatives, it is often of questionable reliability due to the fact that at
times registered co‐operative have, in reality become inactive.
Stemming from the above, the world of work in cooperatives, in general, and the
economic value of cooperatives in terms of employment and income generation, as
a source of productive labour in particular, remains inadequately measured and
insufficiently studied.
Rural
Cooperatives
Rural Tourism
Development
Individual Empowerment
Rural Empowerment
Organizational Empowerment
Self help groups
7. 7
Currently, not a single international organization collects socio‐economic data
characterizing the world of cooperatives in their pure sense. The existence of this
problem through the entire 20th century was deplored by those trying to understand
and fathom the cooperative movement in its whole.
Indeed, the ILO Recommendation No 193 on the promotion of cooperatives
mentions that national policies should “seek to improve national statistics on
cooperatives with a view to the formulation and implementation of development
policies”.
The report of the UN Secretary General on Cooperatives in social development
(2001) invites Governments to “…create or improve statistical databases on
cooperative development…” The Annex of the same report states in more concrete
terms in the paragraph 18 on Statistics:” Several measures may be undertaken to
improve statistics for and about cooperatives in view of integrating statistics on
cooperatives in regular programmes of the national statistical service and participate
in international efforts to improve cooperative statistics, including the establishment
of a uniform set of definitions for use by national statistical services”
Notably, the 57th Session of the International Statistical Institute (Durban, 16‐22
August 2009) called on more intensive collaboration with the private sector and civil
society on developmental issues. The cooperative sector is directly concerned.
For some time, the ILO Cooperative Branch has been requested to assist
Governments in setting up a reliable cooperative statistics system geared towards
the measurement of employment, wages and hours of work in this sector of the
economy.
For example we received recently a high level request from the Russian Federation
Council (Upper House of the Russian Parliament) signed by the Vice President of
this body interested in the promotion of the cooperative sector in Russian
Federation.
The Russian experience could be extended through the International Cooperative
Academy based in Moscow to other CIS countries where the situation regarding the
current status and perspectives of developing and measuring the cooperative sector
seems to be more or less similar.
It should be noted that an international tripartite cooperative conference in Bishkek
(Kyrgyzstan) in 2009 recommended that the National Statistic Committee develops a
methodology for recording cooperative societies, employment and cooperative
economic activities.
A positive experience in this regard exists in the Republic of Lithuania where the
Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Social Security and Labour is already
collecting and publishing data on cooperative employment and enterprises
production.
8. 8
Indeed, in the past our experience in statistical data was rather limited. Since 1921,
the ILO Cooperative Branch has regularly published an international directory of
cooperative organizations based on a world‐wide inquiry. The last edition (the
thirteenth) was published in 1988. I participated in this work. Since then, the
publication has been interrupted because of the financial and organizational
constraints.
The launch of the International Cooperative Alliance’s Global 300 Project listing in
2006 was also the serious attempt to quantify and rank the largest cooperative and
mutual businesses in the world. The top 300 cooperatives worldwide are responsible
for an aggregate turnover of USD 1.1 trillion, equal to that of the world’s tenth largest
economy.
As part of the General Survey concerning employment instruments in light of the ILO
Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008), ILO member states
were asked to inform the Office also on the legal situation concerning cooperatives.
In order to better assist ILO constituents and cooperative organization in further
improving this situation, ILO is currently collecting data, also in collaboration with the
Department of Statistics on the following issues:
‐Part of the country GDP produced by cooperatives.
‐Global turnover of cooperatives and Credit Unions per country.
‐Cooperatives turnover per country.
‐Credit Unions turnover per country.
‐Population active in cooperatives.
‐Number of cooperatives per country.
‐Number of Credit Unions per country.
‐Number of cooperative members per country.
These figures, based on audited accounts, shall increase the visibility of the
cooperative business model, provide evidence to help argue the cooperative case
and be a powerful communications tool to advance the cause of cooperatives. The
data will also help us to have a more detailed macro economic analysis on the role
cooperatives play in their respective economies, sectors and countries.
Definitely the ILO Department of Statistics and Cooperative Branch should produce
a useful and valuable output using methodological guidelines on the measurement
of employment in the cooperative sector and its decent work dimensions.
Now, few words about the ILO Hotels, Catering and Tourism (HCT) Sector. The ILO
promotes Decent Work in the HCT sector by assisting ILO constituents in developing
appropriate policies and programmes. They are guided by the Working Conditions
(Hotels and Restaurants) Convention, 1991 (No 172) and associated
Recommendation (No179).
9. 9
The ILO mission is to address employment and development challenges such as
gender promotion, social dialogue opportunities, HIV/AIDS, child labour, safety and
health, migrant labour in close collaboration with governments and employers’ as
well as with workers’ organizations. All of these subjects are at the heart of the ILO’s
decent work agenda.
Employment issues are of greatest importance for all sectors of the economy. As for
the Tourism sector, the travel and tourism economy creates (directly and indirectly)
more than 230 million jobs, which represent some 8% of the global workforce. For
comparison, cooperatives today provide 100 million jobs worldwide.
Last year, the 5th UNWTO International Conference on Tourism Statistics‐Tourism:
An Engine for Employment Creation was held in Bali (30 March‐2 April 2009). The
Conference was organized jointly with the ILO and provided a lot of information on
the issue. As I informed you in my previous presentation, another joint ILO/UNWTO
initiative was the preparation and publication of the reference issue entitled: “Source
and Methods: Labour Statistics on Employment in the Tourism Industries”.
Now, I would like to tell you about the link between the Cooperative Sector and of
Tourism.
Very few people know that the modern concept of tourism for working people was
conceived by the French movement of consumer cooperatives and promoted by the
first ILO Director‐General, Albert Thomas. In 1930 the congress of the French
Federation of Consumer Cooperatives set up the “Comité national de loisirs” which
represented a very new and huge social challenge for cooperatives. It was a
new challenge after the adoption in 1919 of the ILO Convention Limiting the Hours of
Work in Industrial Undertakings to Eight in the Day and Forty‐eight in the Week No.
Later on, in France, statistical offices in some regions reported the increasing of
consumption of alcohols by the workers and it was necessary to find an appropriate
solution to stop or reduce this dangerous trend. A reply was found in the form of the
organization by cooperatives of leisure activities including management of
cooperative hotels, the set up of cooperative holiday villages and other related
activities. Just before the death of Albert Thomas the International Leisure
Committee (Comité International du Loisir) was created in the ILO on his initiative. It
is considered by historical science like his last master piece.
Social tourism cooperatives first developed in France and constitute a strong
movement, both in that country and Belgium. Later on, they were governed by
special legislation in these countries and in Italy. Today, in Europe, we can also find
them in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
In four European countries, the United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark and Switzerland
there are cooperatives, particularly of consumers, which have created networks of
travel agencies such as Travelcare, Eroski Tour and Dansk Folke Ferie, COOP
Voyage and M Travel.
10. 10
In Europe, the European Council for Social Tourism (CETOS), founded in 1986, can
make available some 3,300,000 beds for tourism and accounts for an annual
turnover of about US$7.2 billion. Its members, however, apart from consumer
cooperatives, also constitute associations promoting family values, youth
organizations, tourism departments of consumer cooperatives and consumers’
organizations, service providers or a mixture of both. Although these organizations
work along cooperative lines, they have not legally been registered as a cooperative
society.
In Italy, Legacoop Tourism is a huge sector organization affiliated to Legacoop, the
largest national cooperative structure. Legacoop Tourism counts some 350
associated cooperatives. It is the second largest group in Italy for the number of
privately owned chains of retail agencies. Legacoop Tourism has fifteen consortiums
of hoteliers and other tourism operators, both incoming and outgoing tour operators,
numerous workers cooperatives which manage hospitality structures such as hotels,
camp sites, holiday homes and mountain refuges. Legacoop Tourism also has as
members farming cooperatives which offer farmhouse holidays, fishing cooperatives
which offer hospitality in the fishermen’s homes and offer opportunities to tourists of
participating in professional fishing from fishing boats, cooperatives which operate in
wildlife parks and offer eco‐tourism, school trips, education for the environment and
trekking. Some thirty Italian tourism cooperatives are members of Italian Association
of Responsible Tourism.
In Belgium, there is a special financing agency for social tourism, the Caisse
Nationale des Vacances Annuelles. Its reasons for promoting social tourism are
many: it provides assistance to families, youth, handicapped and the elderly, it
brings development to remote and economically weak areas. It generates income for
farmers to support their earnings and it creates employment by encouraging
environmental protection and the preservation of local crafts and tourist attractions.
Users are usually interested in a fair price, while local entrepreneurs, official bodies
and the construction industry promote social tourism as a means to create
employment, generate taxable income, attract demand and investment into their
area and advertise and sell beyond their previous geographical horizon.
The European alliance for Responsible Tourism and Hospitality was established
recently with the active participation of European cooperative tourism organizations.
It is recognized by the European Commission and the UNWTO.
Tourism cooperatives exist not only in Europe. In Latin America, I would particularly
like to mention Cooprena, in Costa Rica, a cooperative that has become a leader in
the field of eco‐tourism and community‐based tourism.
In Asia, there are important companies that have their origins in cooperatives
created to provide services for their members, in particular in Japan and Korea,
there are also cooperatives operating in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Vietnam, India
and China.
11. 11
The Indian Government, for example, is now considering Rural Tourism as one of
the thrust areas. Keeping into account the strength of Indian cooperatives it wants
that cooperatives should come up in the field of Rural Tourism as the cooperatives
cover 100% of the villages in the country.
In Africa, I can mention the cooperative of mountain guides of Kilimanjaro region in
Tanzania.
In Canada, the cooperative tourism is a subject of serious university studies and
workshops in relation with job creation, social cohesion and local economic
development.
As we can see, the cooperative tourism is a world large phenomenon. It is
necessary to say some words about the former International Association of Tourism
Cooperatives (TICA), a sectoral organization of the International Cooperative
Alliance. It operated since 1992 as an international network of about 90 cooperatives
regrouping tourism cooperatives or companies owned by cooperatives in Europe,
Asia and Latin America. TICA had a strong partnership with BITS (Bureau
International du Tourisme Social) based on common values, principles and goals.
BITS is the international association of social (or associative) tourism, including
cooperative tourism. The ideals of sustainable and responsible tourism are very
close to the ideals of the cooperative movement. BITS is a member of the World
Tourism Organization which recently became an United Nations’ official
organization.
In our days TICA doesn’t exist any longer as a sectoral ICA organization.
International Cooperative Alliance itself has replaced TIKA as a member of BITS and
the ICA is represented in the Board and the Executive Committee of BITS. BITS
organizers in September 2010 in Rimini (Italy) the World Congress of Social
Tourism.
ICA might also play a very relevant role: relations with other cooperatives are of
fundamental importance. It is essential to bear in mind the vast and significant
phenomenon of diversification of activity in the field of tourism as represented by
numerous cooperatives belonging to sectors that include consumers, agriculture,
banks and financial services, insurance, fishing, etc. The diversification of the
cooperative different activities in the field of tourism is of great importance for the
future of this sector.
As to the employment effects of cooperative activities in tourism, up to now the
number of additional jobs created by tourism cooperatives cannot be assessed
accurately. Because this would not only mean having to count the new jobs created
in tourism cooperatives but also knowing how many jobs have disappeared in other
sectors. However, judging by the growth in numbers of tourism cooperatives there
must be positive net employment effects.
12. 12
As a general rule, the quality of tourist services provided is contingent upon the
employment and working conditions of the service staff. That is equally true for
cooperatives providing such services. In most countries user‐owned cooperatives
are bound to comply with legally prescribed minimum standards and publicly agreed
tariff structures when employing HCT personnel. Although cooperatives might offer
their staff a greater opportunities to influence decisions which have repercussions on
their working conditions, they might also create more uncertainly because of difficult
financial situations or only employ lesser qualified personnel. The working and
employment conditions in provider‐owned cooperatives might vary significantly
depending on the legal and financial situation they face. Minimum protection and
working standards should always apply, but might be circumvented due to initial
capital shortages.
As in all service industries one issue is crucial to cooperatives: their working
members might find it more lucrative to work elsewhere.
Other activities in tourism are more difficult to define and are little represented at the
institutional or associative level. As an example, communities in tourism destinations
are very active in marketing as well as in running local public facilities for tourists.
The community‐based tourism involves the entire population, not just the tourism
operators. These activities are not properly covered by tourism statistics, but they
are very important for community strategies such as sustainable tourism
development. The association of informal tourist agents in form of cooperatives and
the formalization of their activities could improve considerably the situation with
statistical data. It is hoped that the methodology embedded in the revised
International Recommendations 2008, will help to generate better measures of these
activities.