BRD is a half yearly research journal with ISSN number and registered with the Government of India as a research journal.To subcribe mail to iirmoffice @gmail.com Rs.300 per year.
ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE ST...ijcsit
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
BRD is a half yearly research journal with ISSN number and registered with the Government of India as a research journal.To subcribe mail to iirmoffice @gmail.com Rs.300 per year.
ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE ST...ijcsit
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
Tourism beyond humans robots, pets and teddy bearsStanislav Ivanov
Tourism is universally considered as an activity specifically reserved for humans. Although not explicitly stated, all definitions of tourism assume that the tourists are human beings. However, the advances in animal ethics, artificial intelligence and experience economy in the last decades indicate that this fundamental assumption might need revision. Travel agencies already offer trips for teddy bears, hotels have special pet policies, companies sell stones as pets, while social robots will force companies to adapt to the new technological realities. This paper focuses on these non-human travellers in tourism (home robots, pets and toys) and the specific strategic, operational and marketing issues they raise for tourist companies.
Tourism beyond humans robots, pets and teddy bearsStanislav Ivanov
Tourism is universally considered as an activity specifically reserved for humans. Although not explicitly stated, all definitions of tourism assume that the tourists are human beings. However, the advances in animal ethics, artificial intelligence and experience economy in the last decades indicate that this fundamental assumption might need revision. Travel agencies already offer trips for teddy bears, hotels have special pet policies, companies sell stones as pets, while social robots will force companies to adapt to the new technological realities. This paper focuses on these non-human travellers in tourism (home robots, pets and toys) and the specific strategic, operational and marketing issues they raise for tourist companies.
World Tourism Trends and the Way Ahead - WYSETC Convention 2011 BarcelonaPlatma Tourism
An overview of the major trends in world tourism and the social movements behind these trends from UNWTO. Also contains key guidelines for public private partnerships in youth travel.
An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior o...inventionjournals
A logistic regression model has attempted for determining the potential determinants of traveling habit of Dhaka city dwellers. The regression parameters were estimated by Newton-Raphson iteration procedure. Occupation, Income, Age, Marital status, Sex, Family size and Education were found to have significant impact on traveling behavior.
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The Factors Influencing IndividualsGroups to Undertake Tours T.docxtodd771
The Factors Influencing Individuals/Groups to Undertake Tours: The Case of Selected Individuals in Mombasa County
Introduction
Tourism in Kenya is one of the largest source of foreign exchange, only second to Agriculture. The main attractions are wildlife, athletes, game reserves and beautiful sceneries in Kenya. Mombasa County is one of the leading tourist attraction areas in Kenya both by locals and foreigners. Lee Jolliffe, in her book Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions and Transformations, argues that
Kenyan
tourism hasn’t developed on its conservation of natural resources, though “beach tourism, eco-tourism, cultural tourism, sports tourism all form part of the portfolio” (Jolliffe, 2007). Kenya won the Best Leisure Destination award at the World Travel Fair in Shanghai, China, in April 2008. The permanent secretary in Kenya’s Ministry of Tourism, Rebecca Nabutola, stated that the award “goes to testify that Kenya has a unique world acclaimed tourism product. The recognition will no doubt boost Kenya’s tourism and enhance its profile as a leading tourist destination.” Mombasa County is one of the 47 newly created counties in Kenya comprising: Changamwe, Jomvu, Kisauni, Nyali, Likoni and Mvita constituencies with the major town being Mombasa Town which is the second largest town in Kenya.
Mombasa is an important tourism center due to its vast diversity of culture, beaches, old towns, hotels and restaurants, wildlife and economic activity. Mombasa is the original Arabic name for Mombasa and this city has an average population of about 1 million people. Mombasa is a place rich in history, yet at the same time fascinating commercial and cosmopolitan port town. Mombasa is an island connected to the mainland by bridges and ferries. The town overlooks a wide harbor, where commercial shipping mingles with traditional sailing dhows. The true heart of Mombasa is found in the exotic old town, among the narrow winding streets and Arab architecture (Magical Kenya, 2015). This paper will focus on factors affecting decision making by tourist by using Mombasa County as the case study.
Statement of the problem
Due to her high touristic potential and capacity, Mombasa’s tourism represents a fast growing sector of the economy. All over the region and the world at large, Mombasa represents an important attractive destination for many tourists who still consider it as a world prototype; consequently, the high demand has been increasing from one year to another. This strategic sector, however, still has to deal with: the large capital required to invest in this sector, poor government support, low level of technology in the country, poor infrastructure, lack of social services, diseases and natural calamities, expensive tourism facilities which may scare tourists away, environmental pollution, encroachment, terrorism and kidnapping of tourists. The Government should play the key role here by formulating legislation that support tourism and provide .
This report is focused on world-wide case studies of positive examples of women empowerment through tourism. The research has been undertaken for purpose of contributing to the new action plan recently launched by United Nations World Travel Organization (UNWTO) in this area, which has been in consonance with UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) agenda number three on gender and women empowerment.
This report is part of the Master course of Leisure, Tourism and Environment, designed and supervised by Dr. Irena Ateljevic, an expert in this area, at Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), the Netherlands. In the beginning of this report, studies on researches done regarding women issues in relations to tourism from various points of views were discussed. Researchers revealed that women have been empowered through tourism directly and indirectly through some case studies done. Empowerment is defined as a critical aspect of gender equality implies a society in which women and men enjoy the same opportunities, outcomes, rights and obligations in all spheres of life.
A critical aspect of promoting gender equality is the empowerment of women, with a focus on identifying and redressing power imbalances and giving women more autonomy to manage their own lives. Women’s empowerment is vital to sustainable development and the realization of human right for all. Tourism is a tool to empower women from various aspects. Tourism could assist women to increase power and control over natural resources; economic empowerment; educational empowerment and political empowerment. These desk researches of information were collected by students from five different nationalities with regards to women empowerment through tourism in five regions: Africa, Asia, East Europe, Latin America and Middle East within approximately eight weeks.
Presentation made to Environmental Professionals of Sri Lanka Renton123
This is a presentation I made recently to the Environmental professionals. I beleive that there is no difference between the architects and environmental professions. They both are custodians of our natural, heritage and cultural assets. Unfortunately some among both groups merely go for the money in it and I believe that the model in which architects charge fees need change. It should not be a % of the cost of the project but a payment based on how much of free resources (sunlight, wind, renewable energy etc.) are utilised in design and building and also what savings it will bring to client and to Mother nature in the long term.
I continue to sing the same song no matter what government is power or who does what. Sorry I could not be with you to make a presentation , but I hope this and the other presentations i have sent links of will help establish my thinking. Renton
Sustainable development refers to environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects; not just mitigating negative impacts but pro-actively engaging with these areas with the full range of stakeholders, through a focus on corporate and sustainable responsibility initiatives. Given the high levels of mistrust in Haitian and Kenyan societies, this paper examines CSR initiatives in the tourism sector which could engage citizen diplomacy and increase transparency.
Not many academic papers have been adventurous enough to associate tourism development in black countries with other topics like peace, CSR, transparency and population engagement particularly in destinations like Kenya and Haiti where corruption and unequal distribution of wealth are almost part of the tradition. This paper contributes to the body of meta-literature by focusing on tourism as an economic activity can contribute to the reconciliation of the different classes but more importantly transcend the conception of the government being the oppressor.
Starting with some key concepts analysis, this article adopts a progressive approach successively presenting the studied destinations and then a comparative analysis. It seeks the answers one key question: To what extent CSR practices in tourism can bring peace in Kenya and Haiti? The objective is to discover if the impacts of CSR practices are the same in Kenya (the starting point) and Haiti (the extension point). In other words, is there any kind of dilution of the impacts of CSR practices the further you get from the starting point?
Methodologically, this article builds on academic critical literature on CSR practices and tourism development. This study is going to adopt a comparative and inductive approach.
2. Which are the main problems of working
females in the Tourism Industry?
(please name 5 and give explanation where/if
needed).
follow the red arrow
2
3. 1.Lucas, R., 2004, Employment relations in the
Hospitality and Tourism Industries, London:
Routledge. (slides: 13, 17, 19, 20)
2. Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999. Gender & Tourism: Women's
Employment and Participation in Tourism.
London: UNED-UK's Project Report. (slides:
15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26)
3. Food Service Europe & Middle East Nr. 01,
2012, The Female Factor. (slides: 16-18, 22-
24)
3
4. The first 2 Case Studies carry similar ideas and
are presented so through the research. And
the 3rd source is mostly used for bringing up
different relevant examples.
The research is structured in a gradual way,
around 3 parts:
-Tourism;
-Employment and
-Women’s employment as an issue in tourism.
4
5. Purpose: To bring out the gender
aspects of tourism.
Objectives:
- Analysis of the literature on the problem of
Gender Inequality in Tourism Industry,
examples;
- Establishment of the reasons of gender
inequality;
- Emphasis of some advantages of being an
employed female, examples.
5
6. Methods:
- literature/synthesis of the reviews,
- research method,
- analytical method,
- deductive methods,
- qualitative research,
- quantitative research,
- online research methods.
6
8. Gender & Tourism:
Employment relations in
Women's Employment
the Hospitality and The Female Factor
and Participation in
Tourism Industries
Tourism
• complex • complex • not complex
• key terms – defined • key terms – defined • key terms – not
defined
• mostly a primary data
• mostly a secondary • mostly a secondary
material
data material data material with
primary data
• involves a collection of • it is a case study
• involves a huge
collection of case case studies
studies
• contains general info • contains general info • contains specific info
8
9. Tourism is “the activities of a person outside his
or her usual environment for less than a
specified period of time and whose main
purpose of travel is other than exercise of an
activity remunerated from the place visited.”
(Source: Chadwick, 1994:66 in Pender and Sharpley,
2005, p.4)
9
10. The travel and tourism industry is one of the
largest and most dynamic industries in
today’s global economy.
(Source: www.ilo.org )
- Travel & Tourism contribution to World’s
Economy = over US $6 trillion or 9% of global
GDP (2011).
- Provided 255 million jobs = 8,7% of total
employment (2011).
(Source: www.wttc.org)
10
11. Tourism industry nourishes a country’s
economy, stimulates development process,
restores cultural heritage, and helps in
maintaining international peace and
understanding.
(Source:http://www.tradewinginstitute.com/world/m
ore.htm)
11
12. 1.
Accommodation
2. Adventure
7.
Tourism and
Transportation
Recreation
6. Tourism
3. Attractions
Services
5. Food and 4. Events and
Beverage Conferences
(own figure, adapted based on: www.cthrc.ca)
12
13. “Work dominates the lives of men and women”
(Source: Blyton and Turnbull, 1998: 3 in Lucas, R.,
2004, p. 8)
Tourism has a great potential for creating
direct and indirect employment possibilities
in almost all sectors of the national economy.
“Female workforce in the Tourism Industry
sector - 46 %.” (2007)
(Source: www.wttc.org)
13
14. There are also known to be challenges facing
women in tourism. Women are often
concentrated in low status, low paid and
precarious jobs in the tourism industry.
(Source: Global Report on Women in Tourism 2011,
p. 3)
14
15. As in many other sectors, there is a significant
horizontal and vertical gender segregation of
the labour market in tourism.
Horizontally - women and men are placed in
different occupations - women are being
employed as waitresses, chambermaids,
cleaners, travel agencies sales persons, flight
attendants, etc., whereas men are being
employed as barmen, gardeners, construction
workers, drivers, pilots, etc.
15
16. Vertically - the typical "gender pyramid" is
prevalent in the tourism sector - lower levels
and occupations with few career development
opportunities being dominated by women
and key managerial positions being
dominated by men.
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999, p. 3)
When it comes to management positions and
entrepreneurship, the picture changes and
men largely dominate the field.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
16
17. Women “have shorter service, work fewer hours
and earn less pay, but are more likely to do jobs
performed equally by men and women.”
(Source: Lucas, R., 2004, p. 199)
1. "I do not 'present' myself as a woman. I'm a chef
and I do as much as I ask my male counterparts
to do and noticed that my gender is very easily
forgotten! In fact, my colleagues and my
employees call me 'Chef', never 'Madame' or
such, which I appreciate very much.“ says Susy
Massetti - Executive chef, the Masso for the
Palace Bahrain Hotel.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
17
18. 2. "Women always have to work twice as hard
at any job they do and especially in a male
dominated environment.“ Suzanne Husseini -
Dubai-based celebrity chef, book author and
TV presenter.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
18
19. “Harassment is unwanted behavior of a sexual
nature including physical, verbal and non-verbal
behaviour.”
(Source: Sherry, 1995 in Lucas, R., 2004, p. 97)
Tourism “HRM has utilized and underpinned
existing sex segregation, with the core being
defined partly by reference to masculine
attributes. […] Assessment in selection […] is
understood in terms of power-based relations,
[…] tend to interact with gender and racial
stereotypes and lead to discrimination”.
(Source: Taylor and Tyler, 2000 in Lucas, R., 2004, p. 97)
19
20. Female labour may be sexualized, requiring
workers to flirt or suffer harassment to earn
tips.
(Source: Lucas, R., 2004, p. 228)
Women are expected to dress in an "attractive"
manner, to look beautiful (ie slim, young,
pretty) and to "play along" with sexual
harassment by customers.
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999, p. 7)
20
21. Prehistorically facts
Value of male & female
Biological considerations
skills
- Men’s power
- Women’s ability to give birth Reasons for
- Body’s different constitution gender
inequality in
Tourism
“Gender stereotypes are prevalent in “In addition, traditional gender
most cultures and rather resemble roles assign to women the
Family/household responsibilities
each other than being countries
Socio-cultural traditions of culturally main responsibilities for
specific.
(ex. Turkey, Dubai, Africa).stereotypes
Gender raising children, caring for the
influence the way we perceive each elderly, and doing household
other and how we see ourselves.” work.”
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o., 1999,
(own figure based on Jackson, Van der Cammen, and
(Source: Berhane, H.,
p. 4-5)
R., o., 1999, p. S., a.
2012, 4-5)
Jackson, R., 2012, Ch. 2, p. 29-48)
21
22. More
Multi-
attention
tasking
to details
Express
their
feelings
More open
‘Caretaker’ to
creativity
(own figure based on ‘The Female Factor’, 2012, p.
37) 22
23. - Gabriele Kurz: "We may approach things
sometimes in a different way, but we are no
less focused, tough or professional than our
male colleagues," […] But it takes time to get
to the top in any company.“
- Susy Massetti: "There are obvious differences
mainly connected to the customs and
religious beliefs that affect the way a woman
is perceived or received. However, I found
very little if any challenges in this regard.”
23
24. As a female chef, I guess I am still seen as a
'novelty', in a positive way, I must note.“
- Suzanne Husseini: “Some men have preconceived
ideas about women but these are quickly
changed when they slice their way through any
task with excellence. That said, I know women
chefs do encounter their share of 'macho man
chefs' who still can't get over the fact that they
have to share their pots and pans with them.“
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
24
25. 1.Women make up a large proportion of the
formal tourism workforce.
2.The tourism sector has almost twice as many
women employers as other sectors.
3.Women are well represented in service and
clerical level jobs but poorly represented at
professional levels.
4.Women in tourism are still underpaid, under-
utilized, under-educated, and under-
represented; but tourism offers pathways to
success.
25
26. 5.Women in tourism are typically earning 10%
to 15% less than their male counterparts.
6.A large amount of unpaid work is being
carried out by women in family tourism
businesses.
(Source: Global Report on Women in Tourism 2011,
p. 4)
7.Tourism development should be seen as a
major sector of development addressing all
issues related to all forms of tourism and
their impact.
(own conclusions, based on Berhane, H., Van der
Cammen, S., a. o., 1999, p. 13)
26
27. Data should be treated with caution, because it
is not the most recent.
Further discussions and review topics:
East Asian states’ culture and females’
implication in the economy
Sustainable gender policies of the future
Feminist approach in Tourism.
27
28. Food Service Europe & Middle East Nr. 01,
2012, The Female Factor, UAE, Bahrain, p. 37.
Lucas, R., 2004, Employment relations in the
Hospitality and Tourism Industries, London:
Routledge.
Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o., 1999.
Gender & Tourism: Women's Employment and
Participation in Tourism. London: UNED-UK's
Project Report.
Pender, L. and Sharpley, R., 2005. The
Management of Tourism. Padstow, Cornwall:
TJ International Ltd.
28
29. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and
the Employment of Women (UN Women),
2011, Global Report on Women in Tourism
2011.
Jackson, R., 2012, Seminar: What causes
gender inequality?
www.cthrc.ca acc. 22.10.2012
www.ilo.org acc. 03.10.2012
www.tradewinginstitute.com acc. 15.10.2012
www.wttc.org acc. 03.10.2012
29
32. Please form 3-4 groups.
Think of a real example of gender
discrimination in the employment sector that
took place in your life, your friends’ or family
members’. (2 min)
Give solutions of how could the situation be
managed. (3 min)
Give recommendations for Government,
NGOs, tourism organizations of how to avoid
or eradicate female discrimination. (10 min)
32
33. - providing child-care;
- affirmative action and equal opportunity
programmes;
- increased education and training for women
in non-traditional areas;
- create community based institutions and
services to help women and men to cope with
the double burden of family and household
work as well as work outside the home to
generate income;
33
34. - school curricula should address issues of
cross-gender respect;
- providing educational programmes about
women's rights and how to properly respect
them in an inter-cultural context;
- loans to women's initiatives;
- providing information about customers and
successful strategies of marketing products;
- providing trainings for women to promote
activities that are indirectly linked to tourism,
such as printing, dying and folk-arts;
34
35. - training and education programmes should
aim at encouraging women to move into non-
traditional occupations which require more
skills and are better paid and at encouraging
women to aim at rising into key managerial
positions;
- women should be encouraged to get involved
in independent community based tourism
initiatives: through promoting the
opportunities, offering advice, contacts and
networks, training and education, access to
information and access to credit - by national
and local governments, trade unions, NGOs
35
36. and industry collaborating with women's local
initiatives;
- international networking among women
should be built up more effectively and
widespread;
- create effective incentives for employers to
take measures towards the advancement of
women;
- employers should set targets for the
percentage of women in key management
positions;
36
37. - the tourism industry and tourism boards
should abolish marketing strategies using
women's stereotypical images as part of the
product;
- employers should review their standards and
criteria of employing women and men, and
their policies to protect women from sexual
objectification and sexual harassment by
customers.
(adapted based on Berhane, H., Van der Cammen,
S., a. o., 1999, p. 10-15)
37