This document provides an overview of tourism in India and discusses the topic of aesthetic pollution. It begins with an introduction to tourism, outlining its economic and social impacts. It then discusses the history of tourism policy development in India, from the first tourism policy in 1982 to the current "Incredible India" campaign. The document also provides statistical information on foreign tourist arrivals and earnings in India from 2000-2010. It notes that while tourism growth has been impressive, India's share of global tourism is still quite small. The document concludes by introducing the topic of aesthetic pollution and its economic consequences.
In this presentation i described about tourism in India. Like- Merit and Demerit, problem in tourism, rate of FTA's , some beautiful places in India and much more...
In this presentation i described about tourism in India. Like- Merit and Demerit, problem in tourism, rate of FTA's , some beautiful places in India and much more...
Culture, has been defined as “the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, intellectual, & emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of a human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs”.
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com/
My training during the summer internship helped me recognize how the industry functions and how it manages to provide a wide range of services to customers with varied tastes and budgets.
The main purpose of my project is to understand the functioning of a Destination Management Company and how it is able to provide services to the tourists in the other country.
This project gives you a brief idea of travel and tourism in India with current data and all other factors which affect tourism industry with SWOT analysis...
its all about visits by tourists in INDIA....and a bit about its beauty... well I LOVE INDIA and I know many of you all do tooo.....Traveling in INDIA and staying in INDIA is so fun and nice to be somewhere like our INDIA...... you could find everything in INDIA then why go to any other country... i know everyone wants to explore th world but INDIA is better place for all of us... i wish you like what i made....love you INDIA and INDIANs <3><3
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Culture, has been defined as “the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, intellectual, & emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of a human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs”.
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com/
My training during the summer internship helped me recognize how the industry functions and how it manages to provide a wide range of services to customers with varied tastes and budgets.
The main purpose of my project is to understand the functioning of a Destination Management Company and how it is able to provide services to the tourists in the other country.
This project gives you a brief idea of travel and tourism in India with current data and all other factors which affect tourism industry with SWOT analysis...
its all about visits by tourists in INDIA....and a bit about its beauty... well I LOVE INDIA and I know many of you all do tooo.....Traveling in INDIA and staying in INDIA is so fun and nice to be somewhere like our INDIA...... you could find everything in INDIA then why go to any other country... i know everyone wants to explore th world but INDIA is better place for all of us... i wish you like what i made....love you INDIA and INDIANs <3><3
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Research Paper on Overfishing in Hellshire Beach Community in JamaicaStefano Chin
Hellshire Beach is a small fishing community that has been affected by Overfishing which is a global issue and the matter is complicated by several other factors; there are social factors, Climate Change and Pollution and this also comes with all the issues that any developing country has to deal with. The research dives in to an investigation into the effectiveness of an Environmental Education and Remediation Program as a Solution to Overfishing in Hellshire Beach.
SAID MASOUD.. SAVE TIBET,.... HISTORY OF TIBET.. THE STORY ABOUT THEIR ANCIENT TIMES IN TIBET.. DOCUMENTARY OF TIBET... IT CONCERNS ABOUT HOW TIBET HISTORY AND THEIR STRUGLING ABOUT THEIR FREEDOM IN THEIR OWN HOME COUNTRY AGAINST CHINA.
TANZANIA IS THE MOST ENJOYABLE PLACE IN THE WORLD IT HAS MANY PLACES TO VISIT AND SURVEY WHICH IT IS MORE ATTRACTIVE... IN TANZANIA THERE IS NATIONAL PARKS, ZANZIBAR ISLAND AND OTHER ISLANDS , NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERALS LIKE TANZANITE , CORAL REEFS, AND IT IS A PIECE COUNTRY AND BEATYFUL. DOCUMENT AND IT DESCRIBES ALL ABOUT TANZANIA AND THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES.
A detailed report of the Aviation industry of INDIA with a comprehensive analysis of "Indigo Airline". How India is maturing itself in this industry and what new ways are being taken by government to revive the same.
The global economic recession has posed new challenges to the world coupled with the challenges of new energy technology in response to global warming has dwindled the economy of so many nations today. Particularly petro-mono economy countries like Nigeria whose revenue base depends mostly on proceeds from crude oil exportation. Overdependence on crude oil is a sign of blunt future consequentially if the oil mine dries up. What would be the fate of the economy? Therefore it is time for Nigeria to spread the tentacles of her economic prowess to other service sectors such as Tourism for sustainable economic exploitation. Tourism is one of the most promising drivers of growth for the world economy. As a development vehicle, tourism resources are inexhaustible unlike crude oil. Nigeria specifically Awka has vast tourism potentials awaiting development. Little wonder the administration of former President Olusegun Obansanjo the set machinery in motion to turn the sector into a major revenue earner. The machinery included the introduction of various festivals across the country for the promotion of its rich cultural heritage to woo foreign tourists. With her appealing tourism resources, this paper advocates the development and exploitation of these resources for wealth creation.
Role of Tourism in Economic Development A Case Study of Koraput District of O...ijtsrd
Tourism and hospitality is an important parameter of socio cultural identity and heritage of a country. In the era of globalization tourism and hospitality enhances the economic growth by job creation, source of foreign exchange and development of regions with potential for tourism. According to World Travel and Tourism Council 2014 , the contribution of travel and tourism in world GDP is estimated to increase from 9.5 of GDP in 2013 to 10.3 of GDP in 2024 WTTC, 2014 .Tourism and hospitality industry contributes 6.8 of GDP of India, contributes 7.7 in total employment generated and provides foreign exchange of US 18.13 billion . The tourism and hospitality sector is the third largest source of foreign exchange for India. The investment in tourism creates more jobs as compared to other sectors of economy. An investment of Rs. 10 lakh in tourism sector is estimated to create 89 jobs in hospitality industry as compared to 45 jobs in agriculture and 13 jobs in manufacturing sector Planning Commission .Hotel industry generates revenues of US 400 500 billion annually. In India tourism and hospitality has emerged as a sunrise industry with rise in number of foreign tourists. Shri Arun Kumar Tripathy | Shri Kishore Kumar Patra "Role of Tourism in Economic Development: A Case Study of Koraput District of Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47833.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47833/role-of-tourism-in-economic-development-a-case-study-of-koraput-district-of-odisha/shri-arun-kumar-tripathy
‘Athithi Kab Jaonge...Nahi Nahi Atithi Kab Aaonge...Aate Raho Kyoki Hum Us De...scmsnoida5
One of the oldest civilization of the world, one of
the greatest nation of the world, one of the greatest
democracy and obviously no need to speak about
the population. This great nation INDIA has
everything. We have every possible resource but
the one that we are blessed with is ‘MOTHER
NATURE’. A nation that has mountains and
oceans, deserts and monuments, heritage sites
and culture- All ingredients of a pure recipe that
makes up for a great tourism nation. Tourism
will not only build ‘BRAND INDIA’ but it will
create enormous employment opportunity for the
youth of India.
India – tourism development & sustainable growth 2020Harsh Ahuja
As Global warming, Climate change, rapid Industrialisation and the Internet make deeper inroads into our daily lives… we as responsible World citizen’s need to develop upon opportunities provided by the Hospitality & Tourism Industry ( the world’s largest Industry )1 to provide sustainable development and livelihood options to the local populace - worldwide. The United Nations has commendably chosen to undertake part of the same under the aegis of the UNWTO ( United Nations World Tourism Organisation ) declaring 2017 as the UN's International year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. A perspective for the development of sustainable tourism in India.
Rural Tourism- A Catalyst for Rural Economic Growthinventionjournals
Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. Tourism which can be sustained over the long term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. For developing countries like India, it is also one of the prime income generators. But the huge infrastructural and resource demands of tourism (e.g. water consumption, waste generation and energy use) can have severe impacts upon local communities and the environment if it is not properly managed. The spirit of India resides in her villages and those living in cities and towns have their roots in rural life, which has pastoral beauty and touching simplicity, offer fresh comforting breezes and lavish openness. Tourism growth potential can be bind as a strategy for Rural Development in specific and rural tourism in general which definitely useful for a country like India, where almost 74 per cent of the population resides in rural areas. The tourism sector provides employment to about 50 million people. Even a modest 10 per cent growth in tourism sector would generate 5 million jobs every year and major beneficiary are weaker sections of society women and rural artisans. Rural tourism stands for showcasing the ethnic arts, crafts, culture and lifestyle in its traditional approach. The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the various forms of rural tourism, role of government and private sector in enhancing the efficient tourism prerequisite, to study the problems in rural tourism and to construct the suggestions and recommendations for rural tourism. The present study is based on the secondary data published in various journals, articles, books and others sources of information The study reveals that endorsement of village tourism is a competent device for socio-economic benefits to rural people. It is a multi-sectoral activity and the industry is affected by many other sectors of the nation’s economy. Therefore, government and private sectors should ensure healthier linkages and coordination. It also has to play a pivotal role in tourism management and promotion. Further, the study also discloses that rural tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behaviour and activities to preserve the environment.
7 Leveraging Tourism for Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill States.pdfJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to look at the entire context of tourism in terms of human living and rapid urbanisation; tries to explain the impact of tourism in the hill Areas, culture and fragile environment . It also suggests few options to overcome existing challenges in hill areas to make tourism supportive of environment, ecology, growth, bio-diversity and sustainability.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Topics
1. Introduction to Tourism- Economic Growth and
Tourism-Tourism in India- Size of Indian Tourism-
Scope of Tourism in India
2. A brief history of Tourism Policy Development- The
First Tourism Policy- Tourism development in the
1990s- The New Tourism Policy- Incredible India- Visa
Policy- e-Tourist Visa
3. Aesthetic Pollution- Economic consequences
4. Review of Literature
5. Statistical Information
6. Conclusion
3. 1.1 Introduction to Tourism
Tourism has emerged as a key sector of the world economy and has
become a major workforce in global trade. It has been making a
revolutionary and significant impact on the world economic
scenario. Tourism has been identified as the major export industry
in the world (Gosh Viswanath, 1998). The multifaceted nature of this
industry makes it a catalyst to economic development and helps
balanced regional development. It is a low capital, labour intensive
industry with economic multiplier and offers opportunity to earn
foreign exchange at low social cost.
4. Tourism industry acts as a powerful agent of both economic and
social change. It stimulates employment and investment, modifies
economic structure and makes positive contributions towards
balance of payments. The money spent by the foreign tourists in a
country is turned over several times. In the process, the total
income earned from tourism is a number of times more than the
actual spending. The multiplier effect of tourism receipts is
completely recognized as spreading to secondary and tertiary
spheres of the economic activities of a nation. It encompasses
economic, social cultural, educational and political significance.
Marketing and promotion are of vital importance in tourism because
of the competitive nature of the industry both within and between
the generating countries. Tourism creates direct, indirect and
induced employment. It produces a vast spectrum of employment
form highly qualified and trained managers of five-star hotels to
room boys, sales girls, and artisans. With its faster growth, new
horizons of employment open up for the unemployed and
underemployed youth of the developing countries.
1.1.1 Economic Growth and Tourism
Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of the societies all
along. It is motivated by the natural urge of every human being for
new experience, adventure, education and entertainment. The
5. motivations for tourism also include social, religious and business
interests. The increase of education has fostered a desire to know
more about different parts of the globe. The basic human thirst for
new experience and knowledge has become stronger, as
communication barriers are getting overcome by technological
advances. Progress in air transport and development of tourist
facilities have encouraged people to venture out to the foreign
lands.
Tourism’s importance, as an instrument for economic development
and employment generation, particularly in remote and backward
areas, has been well recognized the world over. It is the largest
service industry globally in terms of gross revenue as well as foreign
exchange earnings. Tourism can play an important and effective
role in achieving the growth with equity objectives which India has
set for itself. Tourism is one economic sector in India that has the
potential to grow at a high rate and can make sure consequential
development of the infrastructure of the destinations. It has the
capacity to capitalize on the country’s success in the services sector
and provide sustainable models of growth.
It has the potential to stimulate other economic sectors through its
backward and forward linkages and cross-sectoral synergies with
sectors like agriculture, horticulture, poultry, handicrafts, transport,
construction, etc. Expenditure on tourism induces a chain of
transactions requiring supply of goods and services from these
6. related sectors. The consumption demand, emanating from tourist
expenditure, also induces more employment and generates a
multiplier effect on the economy. As a result, additional income and
employment opportunities are generated through such linkages.
Thus, the growth of the tourism sector can lead to large scale
employment generation and poverty alleviation.
The growth in the tourism sector emerged as a very important
contribution to the national economy and contributed quite a lot for
employment generation in various tourism related activities. The not
direct employment multiplier in the case of tourism is fairly high
and is estimated as 2.36 which implies that direct employment of
one person in the tourism sector creates employment to 1.36
persons in other sectors of the economy due to linkages with
tourism .These linkages are in the sectors like agriculture
horticulture, poultry, handicrafts, construction, sports etc. Further
these directly/indirectly employed following the development of
tourism may also need more goods & services as a result of such
employment than what they would have demanded otherwise.
Additional demand will thus generate more employment and further
multiplier effect will come into force through successive chain of
transactions. In fact investment in tourism has the potential to
create more jobs compared to many other sectors and all the more
at a lower level of investment. The labour-capital ratio is very
favorable in tourism sector compared to many other industries with
7. 47.5 jobs for a million rupee investment as has been seen in the
survey conducted by the Ministry of Tourism (MoT), Government of
India (Kanjilal, 2006).
The economic benefits that flow into the economy through growth
of tourism in shape of increased national and State revenues,
business receipts, employment, wages and salary income, buoyancy
in Central, State and local tax receipts can contribute towards
overall socio-economic improvement and accelerated growth in the
economy. Tourism is overwhelmingly an industry of Private sector
service providers, although the public sector has a significant role to
play in infrastructure areas either directly or through public–private
partnerships (PPPs) approach. It is a multi-sectoral activity
characterized by multiple services provided by a range of suppliers.
It is quite similar to manufacturing industry, where the supply chain
is as important as the end product. The related sectors include
airlines, surface transport, hotels, basic infrastructure and
facilitation systems, etc. Thus, the growth of tourism cannot be
attained unless the issues related to all the sectors are addressed
simultaneously.
Another important feature of the tourism industry, which is of
particular significance to India, is its contribution to national
integration and preservation of natural as well as cultural
environments and enrichment of the social and cultural lives of
people. Over 382 million domestic tourists visiting different parts of
8. the country every year return with a better understanding of the
people living in different regions of the country. They have a better
appreciation of the cultural diversity of India. Tourism also
encourages preservation of monuments and heritage properties and
helps the survival of arts forms, crafts and culture.
It is also important to note that tourism has become an instrument
for sustainable human development including:
Poverty alleviation
Environmental regeneration
Job creation
Advancement of women and other disadvantaged groups.
1.2 Tourism in India
India as a tourist destination exercises immense attraction from
various angles. Tourism has emerged as a major industry of the
Indian economy, contributing substantially to foreign exchange
earnings and serving as a potential generator of employment
opportunities. India is the largest democratic republic in the world
with immense possibilities of growth in the tourism sector, with its
vast cultural and religious heritage and varied natural attractions,
but the country has only a meager share in world tourism. It is a
land of contrasts, that is, from tropics to snows. It presents a
9. diversity of rare natural and cultural endowments, which is the
traditional symbol of India, i.e. unity in diversity. India has God’s
plenty of natural beauty ranging from the towering Himalayas in the
north to the sun-kissed beaches of the east and the breathtaking
beauty of the west. Each area of the country offers a different
experience with its own specific festivals and culinary culture.
India’s rich cultural heritage and glorious tradition are linked with
the development of tourism in India. The great German scholar, Max
Muller, observed: if we were to look over the whole world to find out
the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and
beauty that nature can bestow in some parts a very paradise on
earth. The best performing states of India include Uttaranchal,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,
Orissa and Haryana. Even though India’s share in international
tourism is less than 0.4 percent, the tourism sector alone accounts
for 5.8 percent of the total employment generated in India. Tourism
contributes 5.6 percent of the national income with in India
(Anbalagan, M., Selvam, V., Amudha, R. 2005). According to World
Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from
2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. The
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in
India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of
safety and security. Despite short-and medium-term setbacks, such
as shortage of hotel rooms, tourism revenues are expected to surge
by 42% from 2007 to 2017. India’s 5,000 years of history, its length,
10. breadth and the variety of geographic features make its tourism
basket large and varied. It presents heritage and cultural tourism
along with medical, business and sports tourism.
1.2.1 Size of Indian Tourism
There has been a remarkable growth over the years in foreign
tourist arrival to India due to the various efforts made,
including promoting India through the Incredible India campaign
in overseas markets. This global campaign had attracted the
attention of tourism industry observers as well as tourists. Foreign
tourist arrivals (FTAs) in India increased from 2.65 million in 2000
to 5.58 million in 2010. The foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from
the tourism sector in 2010 were $ 14193 million, an increase of
$10729 million over 2007 (Ministry of Tourism India, 2010).
The contribution of the Travel & Tourism economy to employment is
expected to rise from 31,105,000 jobs in 2009, 6.4% of total
employment or 1 in every 15.6 jobs to 40,037,000 jobs, 7.2% of
total employment or 1 in every 13.8 jobs by 2019. Real GDP growth
for Travel & Tourism economy is expected to be 0.2% in 2009 and to
average 7.7% per annum over the coming 10 years (World Travel &
Tourism Council, 2009).
11. Table 1.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FAT) in India and Foreign Exchange
Earnings (FEE) in US million Tourism in India, 2000-2010
Year FTAs in India
(in million)
Percentage (%)
change over
the previous
year
FEE from
Tourism in
India (in US
million)
Percentage(%)
change over
the previous
year
2000 2.65 6.7 3460 15.0
2001 2.54 -4.2 3198 -7.6
2002 2.38 -6.0 3103 -3.0
2003 2.73 14.3 4463 4.38
2004 3.46 26.8 6170 38.2
2005 3.92 13.3 7493 21.4
2006 4.45 13.5 8634 15.2
2007 5.08 14.3 10729 24.3
2008 5.28 4.0 11832 10.3
2009 5.17 -2.2 11394 -3.7
2010 5.58 8.1 14193 24.6
Source:
Bureau of immigration, Govt. of India
Reserve Bank of India
Ministry of Tourism Govt. of India
Though the growth in tourism in India has been impressive, India’s
share in global tourist arrivals and earnings is quite insignificant.
India’s rank in world tourist arrivals in 2008 was 41. It is universally
acknowledged that the tourism resources in the country have the
potential to generate significantly higher levels of demand from the
domestic and international markets, and, if exploited intelligently in
12. a sustainable manner, can prove to be the proverbial engine of
growth for the economy.
1.2.2 Scope of Tourism in India
India has many tourist attractions that have healing abilities and are
capable of providing rewarding experiences of life. India has the
Himalayan ranges in the north, a long coastline surrounded by seas
in the south. In addition, India is rich in varied landscapes,
enchanting historical sites and royal cities, clean beaches, serene
mountain retreats, rich cultures and festivities to enjoy and
rejuvenate.
In any part of the year, India can offer a wide selection of
destinations and experiences. In summer, there are lovely retreats
amidst the heady beauty in the Himalayas or the lush-heights of the
Western Ghats with cool trekking trails, tall peaks, or stretches of
white water for the adventure seekers. In the cool Indian winter,
cities come alive with cultural feasts of music and dance. The sun-
clad beaches are ideal locations for rejuvenation in the winter. The
wild-life sanctuaries with their abundance of flora and fauna provide
delights to the mind and rejuvenation to the body.
13. 2.1 A Brief History of Tourism Policy Development
In the early days of independent India, quite rationally, the
Government didn't pay much attention to tourism. Worldwide, the
number of international tourists was still limited and among those
tourists there were only few who considered going to faraway places
like India. Moreover, the Indian Government had more urgent
matters at hand. The first public milestone in the history of tourism
was the creation of the Indian Tourism Development Corporation
(ITDC), in 1966. This federal organization was meant to develop
tourist infrastructure and services. On a state level, similar
Corporations were established, albeit reluctantly and after
considerable delay. Their budgets were small and the scales of their
operations were limited. Moreover the tourist services the y offered
were generally considered substandard and indifferent.
Both the TDCs (the ITDC especially) and private entrepreneurs set up
luxury hotels in the metropolitan, international entry and exit
points. These hotels accommodated foreign visitors as well as the
14. local elite, who patronized such hotels throughout the year. In some
regional tourist centers in the vicinity of main entry points (e.g.
Jaipur and Agra) such hotels were established relatively early on as
well. Most of the present Indian tourist destinations, however, were
developed through a slow
process which started with the arrival of rather 'adventurous'
backpacker tourists and their interaction with local communities.
The gradual, 'spontaneous' proliferation of various kinds of tourist
services along the backpacker trail has opened up areas for tourists
and paved the way for other forms of tourism development. The
local populations involved in opening up their towns and villages
showed great adaptation and flexibility in identifying and trying
ways of catering to the needs and tastes of (foreign) visitors. In
collaboration with these visitors, they created enclaves which were
more exotic than India and yet produced exactly the right mixture of
goods and services from home: peculiar places which are both
island-like and thoroughly Indian. In their efforts they were neither
supported nor guided by the Indian Government. Tourism
development was a largely unplanned exercise.
This held true for different states to different degrees. In Kerala,
Jammu and Kashmir, Goa and Himachal Pradesh tourism was much
more consistently incorporated into state (five year) plans than in
other states, even relatively early on - in the 1970s. At that time,
these states already attracted a relatively large share of India's
15. international tourists and were to become India's main tourist states
and 'models for tourism development' (Singh, 2001:143). Still, even
in these states, tourism was largely left to the private sector and to
a comparatively unrestricted market. While there have been slight
modifications in policy, this basic condition hasn't changed much
until the present day.
2.2 The First Tourism Policy (1982)
The first significant policy initiatives were forged in the early 1980s.
With the prospect of hosting the Asian Games of 1982, the Indian
Government had to start thinking about accommodating,
transporting and entertaining the large number of visitors attracted
by the event. This awakened a serious public interest in tourism,
which was enhanced by the fact that tourism was India's largest net
earner of foreign currency. The public interest was translated into
the Tourism Policy of 1982 which provided an action plan based on
the development of so-called tourism circuits (Singh, 2001).
A tourist circuit consists of a number of tourist sights which are
geographically and/or thematically grouped together with the idea
that the value of their sum is more than an adding up of the values
of the parts. Rather than being the result of an in-depth analysis
and marketing study, the circuit idea was born out of the feeling
that 'the Golden Triangle' destinations of Delhi-Jaipur-Agra and the
16. Bombay-Goa shopping-and-beach circuit were grossly oversold. In
order to lure away the tourists from these overcrowded 'circuits',
into the myriad of other potentially popular destinations in India,
the concept of alternative circuits - rather than alternative places
that could be grouped together by tourists themselves - was
somehow thought imperative (Gantzer & Gantzer, 1983).
2.3 Tourism development in the 1990s
In the 1980s, the growing public interest in tourism resulted in the
recognition of tourism as an export industry (including the implied
tax exemptions) and the creation of a special public tourism finance
corporation (1987). These initiatives were thought to openly and
explicitly invite private investors and entrepreneurs to participate in
tourism development. In 1997 the department of tourism published
a (new) National Tourism Action Plan. Apart from identifying a few
areas for 'integrated tourism development', along the lines of the
aforementioned (thematic) tourism circuits, the aim of the plan was
to achieve an overall growth and improvement of the tourism sector
in India, by stepping up marketing, infrastructure building and
human resource development. According to some, the plan didn't
present anything new. It just was phrased in a more fashionable
development sector jargon (Singh, 2001). Others maintained that
the plan was over-ambitious and unrealistic. Funding by no means
17. matched the challenging quantitative targets (Raguraman, 1998). In
fact, from independence onwards the budget outlays for tourism
have always been very small (less than 0.2%).
This goes for India's share in worldwide international tourism too.
During the first fifty years of independent India, the portion of
international tourists visiting India has not been more than 0.4%. It
is claimed to have risen to some 0.45% in 2004 (GOI 2004). Given
the rise of international tourists in the world, this implies that there
has been a steady increase in tourist arrivals which accelerated in
2004. Indeed, according to the Indian Tour Operators Promotion
Council (ITOPC), over the period 2001-2006, the number of foreign
tourists in India has nearly doubled (to some 4.4 million). While
these figures are unrealistically high (see next section), they do
show that in absolute terms the number of international tourists
visiting India has increased considerably.
The increase in tourism arrivals was aided by the growing
popularity of far-off and exotic destinations among Western
tourists and recent advances in the general outlook and
international image of India. The opening of its markets in the early
1990s and the recent years of high economic growth have
profoundly changed its surface. In the past India was naturally
associated with slums and poverty. Nowadays it is often portrayed
as a rapidly emerging economic superpower.
18. The rising economic significance and potential of tourism has gone
hand in hand with a growing public interest in the sector. With the
opening up of the Indian market, a lively competition between the
states emerged in attracting investors in industry and other sectors.
Along similar lines, states started competing for their share of
international and domestic tourists. Particularly in the traditional
tourist states there was an urge to develop tourism to its full
potential. A notable example is Kerala, a relatively small state with a
rich variety of natural tourist settings. The Kerala government took
up a largely enabling role, supporting and promoting a great
number of different tourist activities.
In the new millennium, Kerala witnessed a remarkable
diversification in the supply of tourist services. As never before,
the government allowed tourists to move around in rather secluded
areas of natural parks and sanctuaries. Private entrepreneurs
pioneered 'heritage tourism', combining stays in nicely situated
heritage buildings with Ayurvedic treatment. They also started
organizing expeditions by foot, boat, raft, jeep or bullock cart,
through the hills of the Western Ghats and along the backwaters.
Varied packages including nature, local tradition and culture,
heritage and relaxation were developed by a rapidly increasing
number of entrepreneurs. Inevitably, with the widespread discovery
of their potential, all such bits of special tourism have spread over
other parts of India and have become ordinary fare in Kerala. During
19. this process both the government and the private sector have
adopted several forms of 'eco-tourism'. Such adoption was
promoted by the aforementioned 1997 Action Plan. In practice, it
was largely opportunistic. Everything with a more or less natural feel
to it was termed 'eco'. The governments of other states increasingly
follow Kerala's example. They do so by: (a) recognizing the income
earning and job generation potential of tourism; (b) (more) actively
promoting tourism through publicity campaigns and giving support
and incentives to the private sector; and (c) largely putting private
entrepreneurs in charge of the provision of tourist services.
The example of Kerala shows that Indian tourist destinations
can outgrow the phase of basic backpacker enclaves referred to
above and offer a more differentiated mix of products to a socio-
economically much more varied group of tourists. Amongst these
tourists, there is a large section of people from India, i.e. domestic
tourists.
The importance of domestic tourism was recognized by public
policy makers in the 1990s. They included it as an important issue
in the Tourism Action Plan of 1997 and decided that it was a state
government (policy) issue. The central government was to take care
of international tourists. Traditionally, domestic tourism mainly
concerned pilgrimage and work-related travel. From the 1990s
onwards there has been a steep rise in modern forms of domestic
tourism. This new phenomenon is related to the booming Indian
20. economy and the new susceptibility of the Indian middle and higher
classes to rather alien, Western ideas of Holiday making. At present,
an ever growing group of Indian tourists travels around the country
for rather prosaic, leisure and sightseeing-related reasons. This new
trend is underscored by the emergence of Indian travel magazines
and the growing explicit attention for domestic tourist destinations
in leading newspapers.
2.4 The New Tourism Policy (2002)
In 2002, when the action plan was finally translated into a tourism
policy. Tourism policy officially became a joint central-state
government concern. The new policy itself, however, was designed
by the central government. To a large extent, it concerns old wine in
new bottles. It holds the kind of goals and expectations exemplary
for the first policy. To start with, the policy document attempts to
establish tourism's great contribution to national development and
its role as an engine of growth. It suggests that tourism not only
generates government revenue, foreign currency, but also provides
an optimal use of India's scarce resources, sustainable
development, high quality employment (especially to youngsters,
women and disabled people), and finally, peace, understanding,
national unity and stability (GOI, 2002). The policy starts from the
21. idea that tourism can be used as a development tool, e.g. that it can
generate high quality, mass employment and prosperity among
vulnerable groups in backward areas.
In more practical terms, the policy aims at increasing the number of
domestic and international tourists. In order to do this, the
government proposes to diversify the Indian tourism product and
substantially improve the quality of (tourism) infrastructure,
marketing, visa arrangements and air- travel. The aforementioned
tourism-as-a-development-tool largely concerns domestic tourism,
which in this capacity is conceptually linked to 'sustainable' rural
development. As far as international tourism is concerned the Indian
Government mainly wants to target the 'high-yielding variety' of
tourists.
These major policy aims are derived from three main sources. The
idea of tourism-as-a-development- tool leading to sustainable rural
development is rooted in traditional socialist-style Indian
Government thinking. An equally important source however, is the
ideology of the international development community, represented
by organizations such as the UNDP. The idea to specifically target
the long haul, high yielding variety of international tourists , on the
other hand, is part and parcel of the worldview of lobby
organizations representing international airline and hotel
companies. The WTTC in particular has played an important role in
shaping the Indian tourism policy. Its predictions and suggestions
22. form an integral part of the policy. While it is understandable that
organizations such as the WTTC and the UNDP have influenced the
Indian Tourism Policy, it is surprising to see how apparently easily
and without much adaptation their recommendations have become
official policy. This implies that the policy is founded upon rather
contrasting ideas.
The policy does not include a clear strategy, linking means and
ends, assigning responsibilities and roles across government and
private agencies, and setting realistic targets according to a list of
prioritized goals. Rather, it seems an expression of intent to
improve on everything. The policy document itself reads like a
tourist brochure, piling up a great variety of tourist activities and
sights that could and should be developed (it includes a 4 page list
of all forms of tourism one can possibly think of - GOI, 2002). The
same goes for the 'world class infrastructure' (including 'integrated'
tourist circuits) through which such activities and sights are to be
connected to the rest of the world. But there is nothing like the kind
of systematic approach one would normally associate with
government plan and policy. An obvious complication in the Indian
context, particularly with respect to the division of roles and
responsibilities, is the federal system of government. While the
central government is not powerless and does in fact determine
policy and control most of the funds, for the implementation of its
policy it is largely dependent on state governments, whose plans,
23. policies and projects are often determined by concerns other than
those formulated in national plans.
In the past, this may have been one of the reasons for assigning a
'lesser' form of tourism to the states: domestic tourism. In any case,
the distinction between domestic and international tourism is
another source of confusion. The new national policy starts from
the largely implicit assumption that domestic and international
tourism concern different market segments, with distinct products
(destinations and tourist services) catering to distinct sets of
demand. It nowhere makes clear, however, what these differences
actually are, what it is that causes such differences and what the
relationship between domestic and international tourism
development is or should be.
In summary, we have a tourism policy document that conceives
tourism both as a great boon and as a potential threat. In this latter
viewpoint tourism should be publicly controlled and guided in order
to prevent it from degenerating into a menace. According to the first
viewpoint, however, mainstream tourism, especially of the long
haul, luxury variety, is highly beneficial to start with. It concerns
such an important engine of growth and source of employment, that
it merits only public facilitation.
2.5 Incredible India
24. Incredible India is the name of an international marketing campaign
by the Government of India to promote tourism in India in 2002 to
an audience of global appeal. The campaign projected India as an
attractive tourist destination by showcasing different aspects of
Indian culture and history like yoga, spirituality, etc. The campaign
was conducted globally and received appreciation from tourism
industry observers and travelers alike. However, the campaign also
came in for criticism from some quarters. Some observers felt that it
had failed to cover several aspects of India which would have been
attractive to the average tourist.
2.6 Visa Policy
India requires citizens of most countries to have a valid passport
and apply for a visa at their local Indian embassy or consulate,
before they travel. They can apply directly by mail or in person, or
through their local travel services company. India has recently
implemented an online method for citizens of 40 countries to apply
and receive an e-Tourist Visa. Nationals of Bhutan, Maldives and
Nepal do not require a visa. Citizens of Afghanistan, Argentina,
Bangladesh, DPR Korea, Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia,
Nepal, South Africa and Uruguay are not required to pay a fee when
obtaining Indian visa.
25. A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is required to enter the states of
Nagaland, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Manipur, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Uttaranchal. A Restricted
Area Permit (RAP) is required to enter the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and parts of Sikkim. Special permits are needed to enter
Lakshadweep Islands.
2.6.1 e-Tourist Visa
In order to boost tourism numbers the Indian Government decided
to implement a new visa policy, allowing visitors to obtain a visa on
arrival at 16 designated international airports by obtaining an
Electronic Travel Authorisation online before arrival without the
need to visit an Indian consulate or visa centre. As a result of this,
56,477 tourist arrived on e-Tourist Visa during the month of
October, 2015, as compared to 2,705 during the month of October,
2014 marking to a growth of 1987.9%. During January–October,
2015 a total of 2,58,182 tourist arrived on e-Tourist Visa as
compared to 21,995 during January–October, 2014 registering a
growth of 1073.8%.
The facility will be made available to citizens of about 180 countries
in several phases. On 27 November 2014, India introduced its visa
on arrival enabled by ETA facility for tourists and business visitors,
to citizens of following countries – Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Cook
26. Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan,
Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands,
Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue
Island, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South
Korea, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UAE, Ukraine, USA, Vanuatu and
Vietnam. The facility was extended to China, Macau and Hong Kong
on 30 July 2015. The facility was further extended to citizens of
Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia,
Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta,
Malaysia, Mongolia, Monaco, Mozambique, the Netherlands,
Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam, Sweden, Taiwan,
Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands, the United Kingdom, Uruguay
and Venezuela on 15 August 2015.
28. 4.1 Aesthetic Pollution
Often tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural
features and indigenous architectural of the destination. Large
resorts of disparate design may look out of place in a natural
environment and may clash with the indigenous structural design.
A lack of land-use planning and building regulations in many
destinations has facilitated sprawling developments along
coastlines, valleys and scenic routes. The sprawl includes tourism
facilities themselves and supporting infrastructure such as roads,
employee housing, parking, service areas and waste disposal.
4.2 Economic consequences
The public often perceives the quality of recreational water to be
very different from its actual microbial and/or chemical quality
(Philipp, 1994). Some studies have shown that rivers of good
microbial or chemical quality have been perceived as poor by the
public because of aesthetic pollution (Dinius, 1981; House, 1993).
Poor aesthetic recreational water and beach quality may, however,
also imply poor microbial/chemical water quality.
The economic aspects associated with cleaning the coastline have
previously been reviewed (Bartram & Rees, 2000). Local economies
may depend on the aesthetic quality of recreational water areas, and
29. many fear that environmental degradation of beaches could lead to
loss of income from tourism (WHO, 1990; Godlee & Walker, 1991;
Philipp, 1992). At resort beaches, litter may have an economic effect
on the region. During 1987 and 1988. The economic effects
attributed to the loss of use of the environment for tourists and
other economic purposes were:-
• Loss of tourist days
• Damage to the local tourist infrastructure (loss of income for
hotels, restaurants, bathing resorts, other amenities, etc.)
• Damage to tourist-dependent activities (loss of income for
clothing manufac-ture, food industry, general commerce, etc.)
• Damage to fisheries activities (reduction in fish catch, depreciation
of the price of seafood)
• Damage to fisheries-dependent activities (fishing equipment
production and sales, fisheries products, etc.)
• Damage to the image of the Adriatic coast as a recreational resort
at both national and international levels (WHO, 1990; Philipp, 1992).
A further economic factor that should be taken into consideration is
the health care cost associated with beach litter, in particular
hospital waste washed up on beaches (Philipp, 1991; Walker, 1991;
Anon., 1994). The direct health care costs arising from discarded
30. hypodermic syringe needles have been studied and found to be
considerable (Philipp, 1993).
Review of Literature
31. Pirece (1996) in his book viewed tourist destination form five board
sectors namely attraction, transport, accommodation supporting
facilities and instructions. He explain that attraction encourage
tourist to visit the location, the transport service enable them to do
so, the accommodation and supporting facilities cater for the
tourists well being, their stay and the infrastructure assures
essential functioning all of the sectors.
Admitting international visitors and facilitating their travel within a
nation’s borders is a political action therefore country approach to
international tourism is a part of its foreign policy, as well as a part
of its economics and commercial policy. There are endless examples
of the political and foreign policy implication to international
tourism, increased contacts between people of different cultural can
lead to increased knowledge and understanding in turn can
contribute to a relaxation of tension between nations. (Hall, 2000)
32. Statistical Information
• The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism
generated ₹6.4 trillion (US$94 billion) or 6.6% of the nation's GDP in
2012.
• It supported 39.5 million jobs, 7.7% of its total employment.
• The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.9%
till 2023 making India the third fastest growing tourism destination
over the next decade.
• India has a large medical tourism sector which is expected to grow
at an estimated rate of 30% annually to reach about ₹95 billion
(US$1.4 billion) by 2015.
• About 22.57 million tourists arrived in India in 2014, compared to
19.95 million in 2013. This ranks India as the 38th country in the
world in terms of foreign tourist arrivals.
33. • Domestic tourist visits to all states and Union Territories
numbered 1,036.35 million in 2012, an increase of 16.5% from
2011.
• In 2014, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were the
most popular states for tourists.
• Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai and Agra have been the four most visited
cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2011.
• Worldwide, Chennai is ranked 38 by the number of foreign
tourists, while Mumbai is ranked at 50, Delhi at 52 and Agra at 66
and Kolkata at 99.
Top 10 Source Countries for Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India
in 2013
36. Conclusion
Tourism is a major driver of economic growth globally. India's
tourism industry is experiencing a strong period of growth, driven
by the burgeoning Indian middle class, growth in high spending
foreign tourist and coordinated government campaigns to promote
'Incredible India'. For a developing country like India which is on the
path of modern economic growth through structural transformation
of the economy, tourism is the right vehicle. With its forward and
backward linkages with a host of sectors like transport, hospitality,
education, health, banking etc. India is all set to reap full potential
of this vibrant sector.
Tourism sector is not only a major contributor to the growth of the
economy but a generator of employments opportunities as well.
Various initiative have also been taken by the Tourism Ministry of
India, the Tourism Ministry of various states and the private players
to transform India into a lucrative tourist destination in the world.
Let us hope that Indian tourism will have massive impact and will be
a global leader by the year 2020.
37. Bibliography
Bhatia A.K , Tourism Development, Principles and Practices, Sterling
Publishers, New Delhi, 1982
Singh Ratandeep , Infrastructure of Tourism in India, Kanishka Publishers,
New Delhi,
Sinha P.C., Tourism Marketing, Anmol Publications, New Delhi 2002
Reilly T. Robert, “Travel and Tourism Marketing Techniques”, Delmar
Publications New York
Sastry Poorna, “Studies in Tourism Development Planning”, T.T Maps and
Publications Madras:1994
Bhatia A.K. “Tourism Management and Marketing”, Sterling Publishers, New
Delhi 1997
38. References
GOI, (2004) India Tourism Statistics 2004. Ministry of Tourism, Market
Research Division New Delhi: GOI
GOI, (2008) India Tourism Statistics 2007. Ministry of Tourism, Market
Research Division New Delhi: GOI
GOI, Ministry of Railways (2007) Indian Railways Yearbook 2006-2007.
New Delhi: GOI
Government of India (GOI). National Tourism Policy 2002. New Delhi: GOI
Mansukhani B. (2003) Indian Tourism - Ready to Exhale? In: Express
Travel & Tourism, October 2003
IUCN The World Conservation Union (1996), Tourism,
Ecotourism and Protected Areas
UNEP and UNESCO (1993), Managing Tourism in World
Heritage Sites
Agarwal Parvej (1991) Developing regionalTourism,
Ecomomics Times,9th May.
Dr.A.Ramachandran, "A study on Tourism Awareness and Satisfaction in
Tamil Nadu"-Indian Journal of Marketing Volume xxxviii, Nov., 2008
Dr. Anju Singla," Assessment of Tourism Potential-A Study of Punjab
State"-Journal of Management Studies, Volume 4, 2005-2006