Cultural Tourism offers a strong motivation to preserve the elements of cultural heritage in tourist destinations. It helps to preserve cultural elements as important tourist attractions. Cultural tourism’s notion is unlimited to visiting monumental attractions only, but it has also become an interactive experience with the social fabric of the community through attending exhibitions, festivals and events,and the purchase of traditional local products. Thus, the human capital factor in tourism is linked to the quality of tourism products. With the growth of international tourism, the importance of sustainable tourism development has emerged to protect natural, cultural, and human resources, in addition to achieving economic development. As non-sustainable tourism development has led to the deterioration of tourism resources. This research paper examines if cultural tourism contributes to decrease tourism seasonality and achieve sustainable tourism development in cultural heritage sites. A case study of Aswan was selected. Aswan has unique and important elements of cultural heritage (Tangible and Intangible), but it still faces many problems like tourism seasonality, besides its tourism is still weak compared with other cities that have the same tourism potential. Based on a literature review and analytical study of global examples that achieved sustainability in cultural heritage sites, a field study of Aswan was conducted to evaluate the current status of cultural tourism, besides illustrating the challenges of achieving sustainability. The major result that has emerged from the study is paying attention to cultural tourism is the possible solution to the challenges that Aswan tourism faces. Finally, the paper concluded that investment in human capital creates opportunities for cultural tourism which in return resolves one of tourism’s major challenges: seasonality.
Cultural and heritage tourism management; the value of cultural and heritage ...Witsathit Somrak
This research focuses on finding the value of local communities in Thailand and measuring the perception of local communities on the values of cultural heritage tourism and on the quality of life. The research scopes used in this study was to collect data from local people as a database, which was found by searching for local community values and creating a research tool to map the relationship between the values of cultural heritage tourism and activities relevant. This will be used to measure the perception of local communities in Thailand. The study found that most Thais recognise that the values of cultural heritage tourism has positive effects rather than negative effects, recognising that cultural heritage tourism has the most benefits economic impact, followed by culture, society and environment, respectively as well as the cultural heritage tourism has the most negative impact on the environment, followed by social, cultural and environmental issues.
In this paper, tourism is being explored as a social and economic phenomenon affecting the entire economic and social life. Therefore, there is a need to approach the overall tourism development more accurately and with greater responsibility based on principles of sustainability. In this context, the aim of the research in this paper is to identify and evaluate indicators that support the sustainable development of tourism. Selected patterns of sustainable development indicators from various available systems were used in the research. The research will examine the hypothesis that links sustainable development, responsible and excellence-based tourism using Istria as an example. We also confirm that the link between sustainable development, responsible tourism and destination excellence is measurable and unbreakable.
By linking culture and tourism we come to the cultural tourism, the form of tourism with the growing interest in the world, as the number of tourists increases. These are travels motivated by cultural reasons. However, in order to talk about them, it is necessary to introduce or educate potential tourists with the possibilities of destinations, in terms of cultural content. On the other hand, in order to make this tourist-cultural experience possible, it is necessary to have adequate education of all those on the side of the offer and provision of services. Serbia has potentials for the development of cultural tourism, but in order to prevent it from remaining only at the level of potentials, education of all participants in this chain is needed. However, cultural tourism is not and should not be directed exclusively towards foreign tourists; the offer should be harmonized with the requirements of national, regional, international as well as global tourists.
Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and is a major source of income for many countries. It can have both positive and negative impacts towards the image of the particular destinations tourism image. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find the balance between Environment, Economic and Culture to create an improved quality of life for the host community. The paper analyses about the concepts, practices, strategies, issues and trends of Sustainable Tourism Development
Cultural and heritage tourism management; the value of cultural and heritage ...Witsathit Somrak
This research focuses on finding the value of local communities in Thailand and measuring the perception of local communities on the values of cultural heritage tourism and on the quality of life. The research scopes used in this study was to collect data from local people as a database, which was found by searching for local community values and creating a research tool to map the relationship between the values of cultural heritage tourism and activities relevant. This will be used to measure the perception of local communities in Thailand. The study found that most Thais recognise that the values of cultural heritage tourism has positive effects rather than negative effects, recognising that cultural heritage tourism has the most benefits economic impact, followed by culture, society and environment, respectively as well as the cultural heritage tourism has the most negative impact on the environment, followed by social, cultural and environmental issues.
In this paper, tourism is being explored as a social and economic phenomenon affecting the entire economic and social life. Therefore, there is a need to approach the overall tourism development more accurately and with greater responsibility based on principles of sustainability. In this context, the aim of the research in this paper is to identify and evaluate indicators that support the sustainable development of tourism. Selected patterns of sustainable development indicators from various available systems were used in the research. The research will examine the hypothesis that links sustainable development, responsible and excellence-based tourism using Istria as an example. We also confirm that the link between sustainable development, responsible tourism and destination excellence is measurable and unbreakable.
By linking culture and tourism we come to the cultural tourism, the form of tourism with the growing interest in the world, as the number of tourists increases. These are travels motivated by cultural reasons. However, in order to talk about them, it is necessary to introduce or educate potential tourists with the possibilities of destinations, in terms of cultural content. On the other hand, in order to make this tourist-cultural experience possible, it is necessary to have adequate education of all those on the side of the offer and provision of services. Serbia has potentials for the development of cultural tourism, but in order to prevent it from remaining only at the level of potentials, education of all participants in this chain is needed. However, cultural tourism is not and should not be directed exclusively towards foreign tourists; the offer should be harmonized with the requirements of national, regional, international as well as global tourists.
Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and is a major source of income for many countries. It can have both positive and negative impacts towards the image of the particular destinations tourism image. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find the balance between Environment, Economic and Culture to create an improved quality of life for the host community. The paper analyses about the concepts, practices, strategies, issues and trends of Sustainable Tourism Development
Abstract:
This in-depth analysis examines how cultural heritage tourism may advance both sustainable
development and cross-cultural understanding. Cultural heritage travel provides a venue for cross-cultural
exchanges, raising cultural knowledge and encouraging respect among various visiting groups. It
generates economic benefits, such as income generation and employment opportunities, contributing to
the sustainable development of local communities. Moreover, cultural heritage tourism important role in
preserving heritage identity, traditions, customs, strengthening community pride. However, challenges
such as finding the right balance between commercialization and authenticity, addressing overcrowding,
and mitigating cultural commodification exist. The integration of digital technologies presents new
opportunities for enhancing cultural heritage tourism experiences and connecting visitors with local
communities. Additionally, recent studies have explored the potential of cultural heritage tourism in
promoting peacebuilding and reconciliation in conflict-affected regions. Future research should address
the limitations, such as regional and cultural context specificity, long-term impact assessments, and
stakeholder perspectives. Moreover, quantitative research methods, consideration of social justice issues,
and examination of negative impacts are crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of cultural
heritage tourism's potential and challenges. By addressing these gaps, cultural heritage tourism can
contribute to a more inclusive, interconnected, and culturally diverse world, promoting intercultural
understanding and sustainable development.
Keywords: Cultural heritage tourism, Sustainable development, Intercultural understanding, Economic
benefits, Community empowerment.
Excellent MLA Style Literature Review ExampleLit--Review
Hello! We want to share excellent MLA style literature review example with you! To get more information http://www.lit-review.net/mla-literature-review/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper aims to investigate the ways of strengthening and improving of cultural and historical heritage in order to enhance tourism attraction between cross border regions in Serbia (Vojvodina) and Hungary. In the long-run it can enhance tourism development and generate new job opportunities, contribute to the development of relevant partnership and networks, which are needed for rural tourism development.
The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness...YogeshIJTSRD
The article highlights the importance of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, their economic, social and environmental aspects, and analyzes their role in achieving economic efficiency. In addition, the level of study of sustainable tourism in terms of the area and their problems are illuminated. The most developed countries widely implement educational programs in the field of tourism. These programs cover virtually all levels from high school to university and virtually all prism sectors. The initial programs are focused on the hospitality sector, whose educational function is aimed at those who intend to work in the catering or leisure sector. In addition, the STEP and TEDQUAL training standards in the development of the Sustainable Tourism Program of the World Tourism Organization, which is being implemented within the framework of the UN program are extensively introduced. Its activities over the past decades and more have mainly been aimed at supporting the development of tourism education worldwide. This has been accomplished in a variety of ways. Sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan during the pandemic and its impact on economic efficiency and education and sustainable tourism has proven to be the best way out of this global epidemic without an economic crisis. Khayrullaeva Nilufarbeim Nematilloyevna | Kadirova Shafoat Khabibulloyevna | Aripova Makhliyo Salakhiddinovna | Latifova Mekhrigul Ergashovna "The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness during a Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39823.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/39823/the-role-of-education-and-sustainable-tourism-in-achieving-cost-effectiveness-during-a-pandemic/khayrullaeva-nilufarbeim-nematilloyevna
This slide was shared in Provincial Youth Conference - Karnali Province in September 17, 2020. This explains the linkages of Culture and Tourism, youth engagement for achieving SDGs.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
More Related Content
Similar to Sustainable Tourism and Culture: A Symbiotic Relationship
Abstract:
This in-depth analysis examines how cultural heritage tourism may advance both sustainable
development and cross-cultural understanding. Cultural heritage travel provides a venue for cross-cultural
exchanges, raising cultural knowledge and encouraging respect among various visiting groups. It
generates economic benefits, such as income generation and employment opportunities, contributing to
the sustainable development of local communities. Moreover, cultural heritage tourism important role in
preserving heritage identity, traditions, customs, strengthening community pride. However, challenges
such as finding the right balance between commercialization and authenticity, addressing overcrowding,
and mitigating cultural commodification exist. The integration of digital technologies presents new
opportunities for enhancing cultural heritage tourism experiences and connecting visitors with local
communities. Additionally, recent studies have explored the potential of cultural heritage tourism in
promoting peacebuilding and reconciliation in conflict-affected regions. Future research should address
the limitations, such as regional and cultural context specificity, long-term impact assessments, and
stakeholder perspectives. Moreover, quantitative research methods, consideration of social justice issues,
and examination of negative impacts are crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of cultural
heritage tourism's potential and challenges. By addressing these gaps, cultural heritage tourism can
contribute to a more inclusive, interconnected, and culturally diverse world, promoting intercultural
understanding and sustainable development.
Keywords: Cultural heritage tourism, Sustainable development, Intercultural understanding, Economic
benefits, Community empowerment.
Excellent MLA Style Literature Review ExampleLit--Review
Hello! We want to share excellent MLA style literature review example with you! To get more information http://www.lit-review.net/mla-literature-review/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper aims to investigate the ways of strengthening and improving of cultural and historical heritage in order to enhance tourism attraction between cross border regions in Serbia (Vojvodina) and Hungary. In the long-run it can enhance tourism development and generate new job opportunities, contribute to the development of relevant partnership and networks, which are needed for rural tourism development.
The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness...YogeshIJTSRD
The article highlights the importance of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, their economic, social and environmental aspects, and analyzes their role in achieving economic efficiency. In addition, the level of study of sustainable tourism in terms of the area and their problems are illuminated. The most developed countries widely implement educational programs in the field of tourism. These programs cover virtually all levels from high school to university and virtually all prism sectors. The initial programs are focused on the hospitality sector, whose educational function is aimed at those who intend to work in the catering or leisure sector. In addition, the STEP and TEDQUAL training standards in the development of the Sustainable Tourism Program of the World Tourism Organization, which is being implemented within the framework of the UN program are extensively introduced. Its activities over the past decades and more have mainly been aimed at supporting the development of tourism education worldwide. This has been accomplished in a variety of ways. Sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan during the pandemic and its impact on economic efficiency and education and sustainable tourism has proven to be the best way out of this global epidemic without an economic crisis. Khayrullaeva Nilufarbeim Nematilloyevna | Kadirova Shafoat Khabibulloyevna | Aripova Makhliyo Salakhiddinovna | Latifova Mekhrigul Ergashovna "The Role of Education and Sustainable Tourism in Achieving Cost Effectiveness during a Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39823.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/tourism/39823/the-role-of-education-and-sustainable-tourism-in-achieving-cost-effectiveness-during-a-pandemic/khayrullaeva-nilufarbeim-nematilloyevna
This slide was shared in Provincial Youth Conference - Karnali Province in September 17, 2020. This explains the linkages of Culture and Tourism, youth engagement for achieving SDGs.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 55
become increasingly interested in learning about the culture, heritage, and history of the destinations they visit.
Therefore, cultural tourism creates a growth market, and cultural tourists are seen as desirable tourists in cultural
destinations. Consequently, this had led to tremendous growth in the number of cultural places around the world in
the last twenty years, which had led to the emergence of competitions between cultural places with each other and
with other types of tourist attractions. Due to these competitions, some cities began to search for innovative solutions
to develop cultural tourism, increase income and jobs, and at the same time support culture of local communities.
This had done by adopting new and innovative strategies that rely on human capital (Richards & Raymond, 2000).
Many researchers including El-Sayed (2006), Lut & Vlad (2010) and Esu (2012), agreed that the main factor of
success and achieving competitiveness in the tourism sector is "human capital". Where human capital in tourism is
the essence of the tourist offer, due to the nature of tourism services that requires a direct interaction between the
tourist and the tourism workers. Therefore, developing human capital leads to improving tourism services, and
consequently, the ability to compete with other tourist countries.
Egypt has diversity in the tourism field and possesses many tourism assets. At the same time, cultural tourism in
Egypt is a competitive, unique, and non-recurring type of tourism. Due to the existence of the successive civilizations,
which resulted in unique social and architectural cultures stemming from the natural environment, in addition to the
local community traditions that considered as one of the most important attraction elements (Ibrahim, 2013).
Furthermore, Egypt is one of the most populous countries in the Middle East. It also has the advantage of being a
young country, due to having a large number of young people under 30 years old, representing around 61% of its
total population (MPMAR, 2016).
This research aims to examine if cultural tourism contributes to decreasing tourism seasonality, overcome political
issues and terrorist attacks, and achieve longlasting advancement in cultural heritage sites. The Methodology of this
study is based on the integration between three main approaches: The first one (descriptive approach): is based on
literature review concerning the paper topic, the second one (analytical approach) is based on a comparative analytical
study between Three cities from different countries focusing on developing the cultural tourism, and the third one
(case study) is based on field study took place from 6th -8th of March, 2019, interviews with hotels owners & workers
in Gharb Soheil, shop owners in Aswan market, tour guides & tourism companies, Aswan Municipality employees
and a random sample of Aswan residents including youth, women & men.
Nomenclature
CH Cultural Heritage
CT Cultural Tourism
ECoC European Capital of Culture
GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning
TD Tourism Development
ST Sustainable Tourism
STD Sustainable Tourism Development
UNWTO World Tourism Organization
2. Literature Review:
2.1. Cultural Heritage & Cultural Tourism
In the past, Cultural Heritage merely addressed perceptible heritage or monuments. Now the meaning of CH has
widened to include all the evidence of people’s lives and activities from the past; comprising imperceptible heritage,
historic areas, and cultural landscapes. In particular, the manifestations of CH can be grouped into two wide
categories: a) Tangible heritage: denoting the physical heritage such as monuments, traditional buildings,
archaeological sites, temples, and historic cities. b) Intangible heritage: signifying the abstract societal cultural
expressions, such as conventional customs, societal practices, festivals, music, and craftsmanship (UNESCAP, 2008).
3. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 56
The cultural heritage sites are major tourist attractions, therefore, cultural heritage is the key asset for cultural tourism
endurance (UNESCAP, 2008). The European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education "ATLAS' defines CT
as: "All movements of persons to specific cultural attractions, such as heritage sites, artistic and cultural
manifestations, arts and drama outside their normal place of residence" (EENCA, 2017). And UNWTO defines
cultural tourism as “A form of tourism motivated by representations of peoples and their cultures” (UNESCAP, 2008).
Hence, CT's concept emphasizes culture and its environment, locals’ standards and traditions, arts and entertainment
resources including cultural pr8oceedings, museums, and legacy areas and socializing with the local residents
(CHERPLAN, 2013). Therefore, heritage and arts are considered to be "primary elements" of cultural tourism.
Whenever tourism and heritage harmonize, tourism returns would be used to ensure the endurance of heritage
environments. Hence, CT can boost the community and help maintain cultural and social benefits (EENCA, 2017).
2.2. Cultural Tourism Impacts on Heritage Sites:
Tourism influences heritage sites in both positive and negative ways. CT conserves cultural heritage through
revenues’ augmentation and local crafts’ revitalization. It can also boost employment and generate additional income
for local businesses (UNESCAP, 2008). CT also could be considered as a part of solving tourism concentration
problems, through redirection of cultural tourists to visit less popular destinations or go at less popular times of the
year (Richards, 2005). On the other hand, CT has negative impacts; some impacts might be fast and direct, such as
draining cultural heritage resources and infrastructure, this could take place through congestion, crowding, and high
demands. Other impacts are indirect and slow; such as socio-cultural values altering, high housing prices and the
natural environment depletion (UNESCAP, 2008). Tourism aids host communities by providing motivation for local
residents to care for their legacy and cultural practices (UNESCAP, 2008).
2.3. Sustainable Tourism Development:
Due to the constant growth of worldwide tourism, Sustainable TD has emerged to protect natural, cultural, human
resources, and achieves economic development. As unmanaged tourism expansion has led to the deterioration of
tourism resources. According to UNTWO, sustainable TD manages resources achieving economic, social, and
aesthetic needs (UNESCAP, 2008). UNWTO further defined ST as “Sustainable tourism development meets the
needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged
as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled
while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity and life support systems”
(UNESCAP, 2008). It is essential that relevant stakeholders including the local community, conservationists, tourism
operators, property owners, planners, site managers, and policymakers are involved as this is required for the
sustainable tourism industry and maintain heritage resources for future generations (UNESCAP, 2008).
Previous international initiatives and conventions emphasized the significance of culture in sustainable development.
UNWTO in 2001 adopted the “Global Code of Ethics for Tourism” (CHERPLAN, 2013), that embodies the milestone
of (ST). The key themes of cultural and eco-tourism according to UNWTO are (CHERPLAN, 2013): first, the
contribution of tourism to create mutual esteem between people and their societies; second, tourism acts as an
important factor of sustainable development, third, as tourism exploit cultural heritage, it also contributes to its
enrichment. Fourth, an equitable share of socio-economic benefits that tourism activities generate should be targeted
to local residents.
UNESCO’s latest initiative on “Culture: A Bridge to Development” aimed to improve cultural heritage in all its forms
as a prevailing tool for a sustainable multilayer development approach (UNESCO, 2011). According to UNESCO
(2015), culture represents a key aspect that fosters sustainable urban development, this takes place through urban
identity and environmental protection, encouraging relevant activities to attract visitors, and creating a flexible
economy.
According to UNESCO (2012), the outcome document of UN’s Rio+20 Conference highlighted the importance of
cultural diversity; “We acknowledge the natural and cultural diversity of the world and recognize that all cultures and
civilizations can contribute to sustainable development” (article 41). The document accentuated the importance of
the occurrence of a robust relationship between people, their environments and their cultural heritage (30); it also
4. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 57
strengthened the importance of financing cultural tourism-related projects (130 and 131); “the need for conservation
of the natural and cultural heritage of human settlements, the revitalization of historic districts, and the rehabilitation
of city centers” (134); it also affirmed the vital affiliation between culture and biodiversity (197) (UNESCO, 2012).
2.4. Human capital importance to Sustainable Tourism:
According to Abu-Aljdael (2012), achieving a competitive advantage in tourist destinations is not depends on
traditional resources such as natural, technical or other resources, as these resources become easy to imitate, but it
depends on the scarce resources that are difficult to imitate like culture & human capital. And according to El-Sayed
(2006), the investment in human capital through training and education reflected in the improvement of tourism
services and the ability to compete with other tourist destinations. As the tourism industry requires direct interaction
between the tourist and the local community. Moreover, the UN’s Rio+20 Conference emphasizes the role of the
local community in sustainable development (UNESCO, 2012). Article (6) recognizing that “people are at the center
of sustainable development”. Article (30) distinguishing the complex bond between people, their ecosystems and
their cultural heritage. Article (41) focus on human development and the role of cultures and civilizations in the
contribution to sustainable development (UNESCO, 2012).
After the literature review, the importance of culture could be emphasized, as it’s considered as a basis of sustainable
tourism. It helps to conserve the cultural heritage, ensure economic returns to local communities, and provide
motivation to maintain the heritage and cultural practices. Also, it involves a large number of people including the
local population, stakeholders, and tourists. We also illustrated the importance of human capital in sustainable tourism
development, as an investment in human capital through training and education reflected in the improvement of
tourism services and the ability to compete with other tourist destinations.
3. Sustainable Tourism Development in Egypt:
Ministry of Planning Monitoring and Administrative Reform in Egypt issued report entitled "Sustainable
Development Strategy: Egypt's Vision 2030" (MPMAR, 2016). The development strategy is based on the three main
dimensions of sustainability (Economic, Social, and Environment), and includes 10 main pillars. However, this study
will be limited to the pillars concerning tourism, culture and human capital. The following part illustrating the
challenges faces sustainable tourism development in Egypt followed by the proposed strategic policies & programs
to achieve tourism sustainability:
3.1. Challenges facing Sustainable Tourism Development in Egypt (MPMAR, 2016):
− The instability of political issues that have led to security problems over the last decade.
− Insufficient tourism infrastructure, in addition to the absence of linkages between tourism recent trends and
existing services
− Absence of diverse tourism amenities, insufficient advertisement as they are only directed towards private
resorts, in addition to the negligence of cultural tourism, health tourism, religious tourism, eco-tourism, desert
safaris, oases tourism, and conferences and exhibitions tourism
− The rigidity of organizational institutions due to the various number of stakeholders including ministries, and
different administrative bodies, and their conflict of interests.
− Absence of coordination between different institutions.
− Absence of public awareness of the significance of cultural heritage and their role in preserving heritage sites
− Insufficient financial resources that are targeted to keep and protect heritage sites, in addition to lack of
financing cultural and artistic works.
− Lack of Protection of Egypt’s intangible heritage.
3.2. Egypt Strategic Policies & Programs to Achieve Sustainable Tourism Development:
a) Human Capital (MPMAR, 2016):
− Allowing different incentives either through financing development projects or tax minimizing.
5. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 58
− Develop human skills through subsidizing labors training in the tourism sector and relevant activities.
− Encouraging technical education exclusively tourism and hotel education.
− Establish training centers in the tourism sector according to international standards.
b) Tourism & Culture:
According to MPMAR (2016), the first objective of the strategy is to encourage culturally relevant businesses
including entertainment and traditional crafts. The second objective is to ensure the efficiency of tourism bodies
along with minimizing the terrestrial gap of amenities provided due to location. The third objective is to preserve
Egypt’s heritage through protecting, maintenance, and increasing awareness as well as attracting national and
international visitors and supporting local cultural activities. Polices & programs will be as follows:
− Adopting innovative programs to increase societal’s historic and cultural awareness.
− Establishing a database including cultural products and activities in Egypt.
− Increasing the efficiency of cultural tourism infrastructure and expand its scope.
− Protecting and developing local crafts through financing them and endorsing exhibitions and agendas.
− Establishing stimulating environments to encourage local industries.
− Updatig techniques of protection and reconstruction of heritage.
− Formation of efficient policies and plans to protect heritage (MPMAR, 2016).
As a result, the above section explains that developing cultural industries and developing human skills through
training & education, are key factors in Egypt’s strategic policies & programs that were set to overcome challenges
faces tourism sustainability.
4. Global Experiences:
The following part is a presentation of global cities aimed at achieving sustainable tourism development through the
development of Cultural Tourism. Three cities were selected, two of them were chosen from UNESCO World
Heritage List, and the third one won the title of the European Capital of Culture in 2012.
4.1. Maribor, Slovenia (European Capital of Culture 2012):
Maribor city is the second-largest city in Slovenia, with a total number of residents of 95'881 persons in 20161
. The
old city center which built in the 13th
century has a rich historical heritage which is evident in numerous churches,
monuments, museums, and other sites. The city faced many political alterations and after World War I, it came under
the rule of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1991 and after the breakup of Yugoslavia, it became part of Slovenia
(Maribor, 2015). The breakup subsequent collapse of heavy industry that was at the time the flagship of the national
economy, resulted in heavy economic, social, and infrastructural damage for the city of Maribor. By the 20th
century,
the city was developed as an educational and cultural center and became one of the major education centers of
Slovenia (Maribor, 2016).
Maribor titled as the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) in 2012 (Maribor, 2015). The preparation period was 6
years before the title-year. In 2010 the City Council of the Municipality of Maribor established the public institute
“Maribor 2012” to be responsible for the inclusive process of planning and executing the “Maribor 2012 – European
Capital of Culture” project (Maribor, 2015). The ECoC criteria require the nominated city to host hundreds of top-
level cultural events spread out throughout the year, and to develop physical infrastructure (cultural venues,
accommodation capacities, and transport connections), also to develop “human infrastructure” which is needed to
host the ECOC. The criteria also require significant engagement with the citizens of a city: involve schools,
universities, youth clubs, civil society organizations, and the engaging of the private sector in the cultural and creative
industries (EUROPEAN-COMMISSION, 2012).
1 http://population.city/slovenia/maribor/
6. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 59
According to Maribor (2015), multiple stakeholders carried out 308 programs and projects in Maribor in the title year,
including the local community, the Slovenian, and international partners. In addition to nearly 5,300 events took place
in 2012 and included more than 30 different countries. “Maribor 2012” mission and vision were based on cultural
promotion as this approach represents essential factors focusing on the importance of having a strong bond gathering
individuals, cities, regions, and countries. It also targeted the founding of strengthening social relations through
various cultural ventures. The plan also integrated different segments of the local community in the cultural projects
after providing the required training and attending cultural awareness programs (Maribor, 2015).
The following Figure 1, the benefits of ECoC in Maribor
Figure 1 Illustrating the tourists & overnights numbers from 2000 to 2017 in Maribor 2
(Adapted by the researcher)
From the above, we can notice that ECoC brought new opportunities to Maribor, it revitalized the city center through
various cultural festivals & events spread out throughout the whole year and proven that cooperation is a key step to
achieve sustainability, as local community involvement played an important role in the ECoC project’s success, after
providing them with the required training. It also was able to attract more visitors, which consequently lead to
recognize Maribor as “one of the top ten tourist destinations in Europe” (Maribor, 2015).
Establishment of
Maribor 2012
(planning, preparation,
organization)
Cultural Products
(Festivals & Events)
Local Community
Participation
(Training & Cultural
Awareness)
Figure 2 Maribor key steps to achieve tourism sustainability (Adapted by the researcher)
4.2. Morelia, Mexico (World Heritage List):
Morelia is the capital of the Michoacán state and is sited within the middle of the Mexican Republic (Alfaro, et al.,
2012); with a population of 899'000 persons in 20163
. It has one of the most important Universities in Mexico (Alfaro,
et al., 2012). Morelia was built in the 16th
century and contains 249 monuments that reflect the town's architectural
history. UNESCO declared Morelia Historic Centre as a World Cultural Heritage in 1991. Morelia Historic Centre is
the main attraction, and it is protected by robust regulations and legislations (UNESCO, 1991). In addition,
Morelia joined UNESCO Creative City Network in 2017 as a Creative City of Music (UNESCO, 2017),
it built a distinguished dynamic musical character through its large musical program. Since 1989, the Morelia Music
Festival Miguel Bernal Jiménez takes place as an international event that is festive with famous artists along with its
many musical educational activities (UNESCO, 2017).
2 From 2000 to 2011 statistics are from (Horvat, 2012), and from 2012 to 2017 statistics are data collected & adapted by the researcher from Slovenia official
website https://slovenia.info
3 https://populationstat.com/mexico/morelia
40000
49000 57000 69000
85000
100000
123000
147000 156500
178686
80000
124000 135000
161000
190000
215000 220000
264000
281700
348000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
2000 2003 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017
Tourists
&
Overnight
Stays
Numbers
Tourists Overnight Stays
ECoC 2012
Preparation Phase
7. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 60
Morelia being rich with exquisite architectural, cultural, and historic sites along with its beautiful natural destinations
has led to its being among the most visited tourist destinations in Mexico. It also has a wide variety of entertainment
facilities such as; theaters, museums, cinemas, and bars. It also has an international airport, and a bus terminal with
nine lines that offer transfers to the entire state, as well as major cities across Mexico (Alfaro, et al., 2012). In 2005
Morelia City established the “Council of Cultural Sites of the Historic Centre of Morelia”, to be responsible for the
Development Program of the Historic Centre Urban. Morelia’s plan targeted its transformation into a world-class
sustainable city that would take place through economic progress, residents’ quality of life improvement, adequate
use of public services and spaces, and environmental management. In addition, tourism was introduced as an
important factor for economic revenues by Mexico’s development policies (UNESCO, 1991).
Morelia includes the “Conservatorio Musical”, a 277 years old music school that encompasses various numbers of
artists in different specializations (Alfaro, et al., 2012). Morelia also has fifteen universities, six of them offering
tourism as an undergraduate program, and two as an area of expertise. Four universities offer seminars and courses
related to tourism, and one of them has established a research center for tourism (CIETEC), which has conducted an
annual survey from 2010 to 2014 to study the profile of tourists visiting the state in an effort to provide information
for decision-makers. And the result was that city is primarily a domestic destination since 85 % of tourists are
domestic tourist stays an average of 3.5 days, and international tourists (15%) stay an average of 10 days, visiting
museums or attending cultural festivals & events (Medina, 2014).
With the changes of the administrations of the state government and the municipality of Morelia in the second half
of 2015, new vision-related to tourism management of the city was set. The main idea was “to make the Historic
Center a vibrant heart of the culture and citizenry that attracts more visitors”. This vision promoted various actions
and projects in the last two years; such as the rescue of the public spaces of the city for the benefit of its inhabitants,
celebrating the 25 years of the recognition of Historic Center of Morelia as a World Heritage, and position Morelia
within the Wedding and Romance tourism segment. The following figure 3 illustrating the tourist numbers from 2000
to 2017 (Pardo, 2017):
Figure 3 Illustrating the tourists' numbers from 2000 to 2017 in Morelia (Pardo, 2017) (Adapted by the researcher)
From the above, we can notice that Morelia faced tourism sustainability challenges, which represent in seasonality,
terrorist attacks in 2008 and insecurity, violence, and instability issues in 2012 through the mixture of two
characteristics. a) The development of Human Capital, as human capital in Morelia considering as a strengths point,
due to its adherence to the customs, traditions, and expressions of regional culture, as well as its training education
through specialized tourism programs. b) Morelia's political intention to strengthen the tourism sector through CT
development. In addition to the beauty of the city’s architecture, natural and cultural attractions as well as the
festivities related to the intangible heritage which provided an important foundation to develop the tourism sector.
720.7
746.6
702.9
819.4
767.5
781.9
742.2
813.2
738.3
723.3
816.1
705.3
529.8
721.5
885.0
717.0
803.0
1700.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
Tourists
Numbers
by
(1000)
Tourists
Terrorist attack on Morelia
Cultural Heritage Center
USA forbid citizens from traveling
to Mexico due to insecurity issues
Pope
Francis
Visited
Morelia
8. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 61
Establishment of
Council of Cultural Sites
of the Historic Centre of
Morelia
(Development Program of
the Historic Centre Urban)
Cultural Tourism
(Festivals & Events
throughout the Whole Year)
Human Capital
(Training & Education)
Figure 4 Morelia key steps to achieve tourism sustainability (Adapted by the researcher)
4.3. Fez, Morocco (World Heritage List):
Located in the north of Morocco, Fez is the capital of the Fas-Meknes province and the second-largest city in
Morocco, its population in 2014 was around 1,146,500 inhabitants (Morocco, 2018). Dating back to the 9th century
with the oldest university in the world (UNESCO, 1981). After the transferring of the political capital from Fez to
Rabat back in 1912, its position as the cultural and spiritual center of Morocco was attained. Fez city is considered to
be among the most well conserved historic municipality in the Arab region. Fez is well known for its superb
architectural, rich artifacts sites, urban heritage along with its elegant lifestyle, tenable skills, and iconic culture. In
1981 Fez city was listed as a world heritage city by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1981).
Fez conservation strategy encompasses all intangible and tangible heritage. The renewal project was based on the
rehabilitation and revitalization approaches and the restoration of heritage sites with the partnership of multiple
investors. The plan also targeted infrastructure upgrading. Accordingly, Fez’s image changed from a stagnant,
depleted city into a livable and evolving city. During the period of 1981 to 2005; different investments and
conservation projects took place; an overall budget was conceded including a 52.9% for infrastructure, 22.1% for
rehabilitation projects, 11% for the restoration of monuments, 6.6% for environmental protection, 4.9% for cultural
and tourism development and finally 1.3% and 1.2% respectively targeted for training and institutional support
(Radoine, 2008).
Recently, Morocco framed its development strategies to encompass CT as its main target through the development
of historic quarters, resulting in a distinctive city for tourism attraction. The development notion sought to attract
tourism-related to historic sites and various cultural events (Alami, et al., 2017). To achieve the conservation strategy,
the Morocco government created a new institutional framework in 1989 (ADER-Fès) to be responsible for the
development of Fez. “ADER-Fès” set a vision of Fez’s heritage revitalization through the enhancement of inhabitants’
quality of life (Radoine, 2008). Fez’s CT has evolved in the recent years, it had transformed to an economic touristic
hub attracting multinational immigrants to settle, work and mainly found guesthouses; that had multiplied through
the past 20 years from one guesthouse back in 1997 up to 112 guesthouses in 2016 (Alami, et al., 2017).
In 2013, the government has implemented a project named “Ziyarates Fez”. The project was based on the adaptive
reuse of locals’ homes into guesthouses where families offer the visitors one or more rooms, this would facilitate
interactions between different cultures and experience the local life. Allowing the pilot project, the “Ziyarates Fez”
project for the first time to be legal was according to an agreement between different governmental institutions and
NGOs (Alami, et al., 2017). The project aimed to involve tourism in human development through the following
undertaken actions: restoration & upgrading of residential houses, services quality control, local’s training on tourism
importance, and grant funds for guesthouses’ furnishing. Above all, training was provided to all families in the project
about "tourism professions" including; welcoming guests, cooking, bedding and house-holding, ensuring the security
of tourists, and accompaniment (Alami, et al., 2017). The Moroccan government initiated robust policies in order to
avoid mass tourism in Fez, to reduce the socio-cultural impact on the local population (Alami, et al., 2017).
Fez also adopted a project named: "Fez, Capital of Traditional Arts and Showcase of the Craftsmanship of Morocco"
targeting the exploiting of Fez’s extraordinary cultural products and branding the local crafts and their high-end
images including: 'zellige', ceramics, brassware and textiles, and traditional clothing (Alami, et al., 2017). The
following figure 5 illustrating the tourist numbers in Fez from 2009 to 2017:
9. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 62
Figure 5 Illustrating the tourists & overnights numbers from 2009 to 2017 in Fez (Morocco, 2019) (Adapted by the researcher)
The cultural tourism project in Fez had developed opportunities for local authorities, and improved the living
conditions of the population. Through the restoration and rehabilitation processes and the upgrading of Fez
infrastructure, developing human capital through training, and developing the national handicrafts. Fez achieved
sustainable tourism development by achieving economic revenues to the local community through their direct
involvement in cultural tourism projects and heritage conservation projects.
Establishment of
ADER-Fes
(Development of
Fez)
Cultural Tourism
(Festivals & Events
throughout the
Whole Year)
Ziyarates Fez
(Cultural Tourism &
Development of
Human Capital through
Training )
Heritage
Rehabilitation &
Infrastructure
Upgrade
(Continuous
Improvement of the
Living Conditions)
Development
Traditional Arts &
Handicraft
(Development of High
Cultural Products)
Tourism Polices
(Avoid Mass Tourism
& Reduce Socio-
Cultural Impact)
Figure 6 Fez key steps to achieve tourism sustainability (Adapted by the researcher)
5. Case Study: Aswan, Egypt:
Aswan is the capital of Aswan Governorate, located in the south of Egypt with a population of 421'070 persons
(GOPP, 2017). Aswan was known as “Sono” through the ancient Egyptian times; the word means the market as it
was a famous commercial center serving merchants coming and going to Nubia (SIS, 2017). In the Ptolemaic era,
Aswan was named “Syene”, and then its name turned into “Lipa Swan” by the Nubians (SIS, 2017). Later, it was
entitled “The Land of Gold”, for its great treasures or the Nubian kings’ cemeteries (SIS, 2017). Aswan encompass16
archaeological sites and UNESCO declared the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae as a World Cultural
Heritage in 1979 (UNESCO, 1979). In addition, Aswan joined the UNESCO Creative City Network as a creative city
in Crafts and Folk Art in 2005 (UNESCO, 2005). Aswan is famous for its traditional crafts including beaded jewelry,
fabric manufacture, palm related crafts, and clay and needle-work products (UNESCO, 2005).
5.1. The Current Situation of Aswan Tourism:
Aswan considers as one of the most important tourist destinations in Egypt, where Aswan has all elements of
attractions, such as monuments, temples, nature reserves, and islands scattered in the Nile, in addition to Aswan High
Dam and Nasser Lake. Aswan is also famous for its therapeutic areas by burial in the sand. In addition, Aswan
includes many full-service hotels and floating hotels between Aswan & Luxor and eco-tourism motels in Gharb Sohail
and Abu Simbel (Aswan, 2016). It also offers a rich cultural experience through staying in Nubian guesthouses in
Gharb Soheil the Nubian Village (Shampoo, et al., 2019). Aswan also has multiple patterns of tourism in addition to
cultural tourism, such as scientific tourism, fishing tourism, deserts adventure tourism, medical tourism, and many
other tourism types. Aswan also has an international airport and a railway station (Aswan, 2016).
360.0 370.8
313.4 322.2 369.1 395.2 362.5 353.2
504.3
812.5 820.7
643.8 644.4
770.8
823.1
724.4 682.4
947.7
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Tourists
&
Overnight
Stays
Numbers
by
1000
Tourisrts Overnight Stays
Arab Spring
Revolutions
10. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 63
Unfortunately, although Aswan has all the above-mentioned tourism possibilities, which can qualify it to be one of
the most important tourist destinations in the world, it was affected by the tourism seasonality, terrorist attacks, and
political issues, which led to a significant drop-off in tourists’ numbers in Aswan, especially after the 2011 revolution.
The following figure 7 illustrating the situation of the tourism sector in Aswan from 2008 to 2017:
Figure 7 Illustrating the tourists & overnights numbers from 2008 to 2017 in Aswan 4
(Adapted by the researcher)
From the above figure, we can see that the average overnight stays in Aswan are ranging from (1.6 to 1.7
nights/tourist) before and after the revolution. In addition, and according to Aswan statistics (Aswan, 2016), the global
tourism ratio decreased from 92% in years (2008 and 2010) to be 28% in 2014.
Aswan Workforce: The workforce in tourism sector represents only 2% from the total workforce in Aswan, and the
main workforce is in industries sector with 25%, followed by agriculture sector with 6% (GOPP, 2017), most of the
tourism workforce changed from the tourism sector to another sector after the 2011 revolution, most of the tourism
bazaars in Aswan Market changes the selling products from tourism souvenirs to household and clothes (Site Visit).
Aswan Cultural facilities: Aswan has only one cinema, one theatre, one culture palace, one sound & light show,
three museums (CAPMAS, 2018). In addition, there are only five annual international festivals held in Aswan during
the period from November to March each year.
Aswan Infrastructure: The current infrastructure in Aswan hadn't been renovated for 70 years (Soliman, 2018).
5.2. Strategic Plan for Aswan Development (GOPP, 2017):
In 2017 the President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi announced that Aswan would be the "Capital of African Culture and
Economy". This vision was part of the recommendations concerning the Second Youth Conference held in January.
In May 2017, the General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP), set future vision & development projects for
Aswan Governorate according to Egypt's Vision 2030 and National Strategic Plan for Egypt 2052. The vision
included projects in the following categories: road development & beautification, construction of new hotels & eco-
tourism hotels, construction of handicrafts villages in Abu Simbel, Edfu, and Com Ombo, in addition to the
development of river marina berths.
4 From 2008 to 2014 statistics are from (Aswan, 2016), and from 2015 to 2017 statistics are data collected & adapted by the researcher from website
https://www.egypttoday.com
660.7
430.0 442.2
152.5 136.8 114.9 115.6 133.0 159.6 175.5
1073.1
708.9 729.0
256.2 213.3 186.8 206.5 236.7 266.5 298.4
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Tourists
&
Overnight
Stays
Numbers
by
1000
Tourists Overnight Stays
2011 Revolution
11. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 64
Figure 8 Illustrating the development projects in Aswan Governorate (GOPP, 2017) (adapted by the researcher)
All the proposed projects concentrated on traditional tourism, industrial, and agriculture sectors and didn't include
any project concerning cultural tourism or human capital in Aswan. In contrast, Egypt's Vision 2030 set objectives to
achieve sustainable development in the tourism sector included: Develop human skills for tourism workers and
establish training centers in the tourism sector. Develop cultural industries including cinemas, theaters, music, and
traditional crafts, protect & develop heritage crafts through financing & marketing (MPMAR, 2016).
5.3. Recommendations:
From the literature review, and global experiences cities, there are key steps to achieve STD in Aswan, and overcome
tourism seasonality; this would take place through terrorism eradication, and political life stability, along with
achieving the vision that was set for Aswan to be a "Capital of African Culture and Economy". The following are the
summarized key steps:
1. Developing Aswan cultural tourism, through the strategies and programs aimed at
engagement of the local community, enhancing their quality of life through economic
growth, urban regeneration, and participating in cultural events.
2. Establish an institution to be responsible for the development of cultural tourism in Aswan, and to manage
and coordinate the cooperation between different bodies and stakeholders, government sector, private sector,
and the local community.
3. Develop Cultural Structure; such as cinemas, theaters, libraries, and festivals & events throughout the whole
year (not only in the winter months).
4. Develop Human Capital in Aswan through education and training. And the establishment of training centers
specialized in developing human skills for workers in the tourism sector and related services.
12. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 65
5. Set policies and regulations to maintain Aswan’s heritage and cultural tourism through security and safety
regulations, periodic maintenance and increasing public residents’awareness, and city branding to attract
both local and international guests.
6. Imitate Ziyarates Fez project, and apply it in Gharb Soheil to be registered in a legal framework through the
government, and provide the required training to the local community, to be a world-class cultural tourism
village.
7. Develop Handicraft products through financing and marketing.
6. Conclusion:
From the literature review, the global experiments, and the work field conducted in Aswan, the following results were
achieved:
− Culture Tourism could be considered as a basis of sustainable tourism. It helps to conserve CT, attain profits
to the hosting societies, and increase incentives to preserve legacy and artistic practices. It also could be
considered as a part of solving tourism concentration problems, through redirection of cultural tourists to visit
less popular destinations or go at less popular times of the year.
− Heritage and arts are considered to be "primary elements" of cultural tourism.
− Human Capital’s role is important in achieving sustainable tourism development, as an investment in human
capital through training and education reflected in the improvement of tourism services and the ability to
compete with other tourist destinations.
− All the global cities examples shared certain key steps to achieve sustainable tourism development, such as;
developing cultural tourism through the festivals and events spread throughout the whole year, renovation and
rehabilitation of urban fabric, establish an institution to be responsible for the development of cultural tourism,
develop Human Capital through education and training, in addition to engaging the local community in cultural
programs and improving the quality of life of the inhabitants.
− Aswan considers as one of the most important tourist destinations in Egypt, where it has all elements of
attractions, whether natural or cultural, in addition to the huge investments represents in full-service hotels.
Unfortunately, Aswan was affected by the tourism seasonality, terrorist attacks, and political issues especially
the 2011 revolution. Therefore, the General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) set future vision &
development projects for Aswan. However, all the proposed projects concentrated on traditional tourism,
industrial, and agriculture sectors, and didn't include any project concerning cultural tourism or human capital
in Aswan.
− To achieve sustainable tourism development in Aswan, there are key steps need to be achieved, such as;
establish an institution responsible for cultural tourism in Aswan, develop cultural structure (cinemas, theaters,
libraries, and festivals & events …etc), develop human capital through education and training, set policies and
regulations to maintain Aswan’s heritage and cultural tourism, in addition to develop handicraft products
through financing and marketing. Which consistent with Egypt's Vision 2030.
− Paying attention to cultural tourism is a possible solution to the challenges that Aswan tourism faces (tourism
seasonality and terrorism).
− Investment in human capital creates opportunities for developing cultural tourism, this is the right way to
benefit from all the existing natural and cultural assets in Aswan (tangible & intangible) and resolves one of
tourism’s major challenges: seasonality.
13. El-Khadrawy / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 66
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