A community based tourism project to understand the term and its benefits.

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Research paper
Community-based tourism
case studies in various
regions & lessons from
them
Prepared by Avantika Badgujar
ABSTRACT
Local individuals might be empowered to construct and implement the CBT program if they live in a
rural area with a tourism value. This enables them to own and operate the complete amenities,
infrastructure, and facility management as a community. Community-based tourism is much more than
just visiting a tourist destination. Why? Along with other attractions, world heritage sites are visited.
However, this is still considered shallow. Because community-based tourism allows you to immerse
yourself in the lives of the inhabitants through their conserved art forms, handicrafts, cultural
significance, and so on. You must preserve your individuality if you want to be robust. (Communities)The
ability of a community to directly participate in tourist development necessitates the attention of
stakeholders and government authorities for it to be a vital support for community-based tourism
development.
METHODOLOGY
During this research paper several journals, articles, news articles, websites of the original organization &
some research papers have been used to understand and make this research paper.
A case study is a comprehensive examination of a single person, group, time, or event. They include a
variety of qualitative and quantitative research methods for determining the underlying principles of an

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event in a real-world setting.
Case studies make data in a specific geographic area simple to comprehend and assess. Although we
know that CBT projects take a long time to reach the growth stage and reap advantages, we can use it in
the context of case studies. Also, most of the time, it is controlled by the leaders who help support the
management, planning, and implementation of Community based Tourism. On the other hand, we can see
that the wealthy members of the group participating in the program dominate the scene and generate the
majority of the income. CBT's ideology of benefit-sharing among community members is harmed as a
result of this.
INTRODUCTION
Concept & definition
Small enterprises that provide goods and services to a visiting tourist customer dominate the tourism
economic sector on a global scale. Community-based tourism (CBT) is a type of tourism that aims to
enable communities to manage tourism growth and meet community ambitions for economic, social,
and environmental sustainability. As a result, CBT entails not only a collaboration between tourism
businesses and the community to benefit both but also community (and external) support for small
tourism firms, which commit to supporting community programs that increase collective well-being.
Through fee-for-service activities that typically:
● Present and celebrate local traditions and lifestyles
● Protecting natural and cultural resources, CBT empowers local communities to determine and
ensure their socio-economic destiny.
● Encourage fair and mutually productive interactions between hosts and guests.
Observing CBT examples reveals that it caters to a certain niche of locally manufactured goods and
services.
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is tourism activity, community-owned and operated, and managed or
coordinated at the community level that contributes to the well-being of communities through
supporting sustainable livelihoods and protecting valued socio-cultural traditions and natural and
cultural heritage resources (ASEAN- Community-based Tourism Standard)
CBT is known to help underprivileged groups in developing countries survive socially and economically,
as well as preserve natural resources in the impacted areas. Locals and the host community should be
considered direct beneficiaries of the tourism sector. It is a feasible avenue for achieving the goals of

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expanding tourism's development advantages to the host community. To do so, communities must be
permitted to participate in decision-making when critical knowledge is required, with early phases of
empowerment allowing communities to decide on their development.
We will strive to comprehend the scenario and propose remedies using our knowledge of CBT and case
studies.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In simple terms participation means to take action, to take part in something. While community
participation means the involvement of the community in solving their problems.
Community-Based Tourism
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been presented as an alternative means
to traditional mass tourism in developing countries, and is developed as a
community development tool that aids communities in taking control over
tourism management and development and deliver benefits to the

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communities which are generated by tourism activities (Trejos and Chiang,
2009). Additionally, CBT as a community development tool helps to
strengthen and empower remote communities by assisting in tourism resource
management and ensuring community participation (Jamal and Getz, 1995;
Travel, 2009).
Importance of CBT
Considering tourism as an optional tool to strengthen local economies, CBT
becomes a poverty reduction tool that aids local community in various ways,
such as by offering educational opportunities, environment conservation and
income-generating activities (Cooperation, 2014). Hence, principles and
mechanisms for developing CBT are mainstream (Bramwell and Sharman,
1999). Although CBT can increase benefits for the community and reduce
negative impacts obtained from the use of community resources, CBT calls for
an effective long-term plan. Hence, a tourism project should firstly perform by
empowering local communities in rural areas in order to advance their
potential and utilize their land and resources for community development
(Mearns, 2003). Thus, with respect to this kind of tourism, possible solutions
have emerged in order to deal with the negative impacts and problems of mass
tourism in developing countries, consequently, to be future-oriented toward
development planning for community improvement.
Objectives of CBT
The main purpose of CBT is to include local communities in tourism by
managing tourism resources and by providing further fundamental
infrastructure such as accommodation, restaurants, and additional services to

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host tourists. Simultaneously, further elements should be added to the
communities, such as healthcare, transport systems, and learning and training
sites or providers (López-Guzmán et al., 2011). Following on from Hiwasaki
(2006), CBT typically has four objectives. (1) Conservation of resources:
sustaining the environment and bringing about positive impacts on both
natural and cultural resources in the area through tourism. Consequently,
tourism creates value. (2) Social and economic development: delivering a new
approach to local economic development, in which costs and benefits are
equitably distributed to residents participating in tourism activities. (3)
Empowerment and ownership: increasing empowerment and ownership
which is recognized by local communities by allowing local residents to
participate in appropriate tourism planning and management. (4) Quality
visitor experience: ensuring tourists partake in authentic and meaningful
experiences through social and environmental responsibility.
CASE STUDIES
We are going to observe 2 case studies here. How the communities have used the same model to reap
the benefits of community-based tourism.
Thanh Ha Pottery Village in Hoi An city, central Quang Nam
province
Hoi An is well-known for its ceramics, which reflect both local and foreign cultures. Craft villages
have evolved and dominated the natural and cultural-oriented tourism that exists today with
the support of community-based tourism (CBT). CBT is expected to be managed with its
chances and challenges in mind, with the goal of enrichment. Along with community backing,
locals have received help from the government and foreign organizations to foster the
development of CBT. However, starting something new comes with its own set of worries and
apprehensions, as well as issues and inexperience. In this case study, we'll take a hard look at
the situation and make recommendations.

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Since 2010, Thanh Ha village has followed the tourism strategy. We'll look at the difficulties that
the CBT program's implementation has experienced. There have been villages in numerous
nations that have executed the same program with varying degrees of success.
In Vietnam, there are 950 traditional villages. They're all looking for ways to make money and
provide jobs for their inhabitants.
To reduce poverty in rural regions, we must increase the links between tourism and traditional
handicrafts.
(Mitchell, 2012; Scheyvens & Russell, Journal, 2012) Tourism opens up a world of possibilities.
For both the handicrafts and the communities, market growth, trade marketing, and brand
identity will be required to draw a connection. (UNIDO, 2013) (United Nations Industrial
Development Organization)
The handicraft villages have built infrastructures such as museums and exhibition halls. With
the same philosophy, just a few settlements survived. The benefits that communities receive
differ from one another. If this were to be included as part of cultural tourism, it would soar to
new heights. Village development not only contributes to economic benefits, but it also helps
each other by ensuring the preservation of cultural villages.
Tourism creates new jobs and income opportunities for the poor, as well as preserving cultural
practices such as handicrafts, which have been eroded owing to poverty.
“Handicrafts are a vital element of the tourism experience for international tourists,” according
to the World Tourism Organization. However, the link between tourism and handicrafts has yet
to be completely investigated, understood, or developed, resulting in a loss of important
revenue and job creation opportunities” (UNIDO, 2009).
The Thanh Ha village is also known for its pottery and terracotta items, which are sold
throughout Vietnam's central provinces. With the help of their special way of processing the
soil and a mixture of successful trials, this place sets itself apart by the usage of raw materials
that are recognized to be considerably more durable and lighter than brands such as Bat Trang,
Phuoc Tich, and others. The items for sale are incredibly durable and one-of-a-kind.
Clay is the most common raw material used in everyday life to make cups, bowls, jars, vases,
flowerpots, animal shapes, and other items with a variety of styles and vibrant colors.

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The growth of craft-based tourism has provided opportunities for the villages to trade in three
ways:-It accounts for at least 85 percent of total ceramic revenue.
● Interior design and decoration are the focus of the domestic market.
● Markets that trade with international tourists on a global scale
● Europe and North America are the primary destinations for international exports.
The artists encourage visitors to make their products and then take them home as keepsakes.

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Advantages
Tourism resources prospects: The CBT can range from natural resources to local handicrafts
to cultural activities and festivals. Despite its development, Thanh Ha pottery village has
managed to maintain its traditional environment, space, architecture, and values. It
preserves its ceramic making technique and production process, as well as allowing visitors to
participate in hands-on activities. The traditional celebrations attract a large number of
participants each year. Visitors come mostly for the talented craftsmen’s handcrafted
products. They can enjoy seeing and making their piece under their supervision.
The availability of community tourism potential determines an area's CBT potential (Braun,
2008). According to the current tourism trend (López-guzmán & Sánchez Cañizares, 2011),
tourists are increasingly interested in cultural exchange and staying with residents or ethnic
communities in rural, peri-urban, or mountain areas, so Thanh Ha pottery village is
attractive to a large number of tourists due to its inherent interesting tourism resources.
Support :
Tourism and has been recently given a stronger mandate in the new national social-economic
development program (2013).
The Government’s commitment and progress to the United Nations Millennium Development
Goal (MDG) facilitate integrated tourism development as a supporting strategy (Xu et al.,
2009)
Additionally, tourism policy-setting bodies are making use of rich folklore inherent in
Vietnamese culture to recently develop culture-based tourism products to attract tourists to
year-round cultural activities and displays (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism
(VNAT), 2013c).
International organizations as the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ), Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Netherland Development Organization (SNV), and
the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) supported the Vietnam National Administration of
Tourism in developing and promoting these new types of tourism and facilitating the linkages
between the Vietnamese tourism industry and traditional handicraft industry.
The following groups' assistance, together with the government's support, has helped to bring
them to the attention of the public. The government began offering pottery training
workshops as a means of generating money, conserving traditional craft skills in children, and
assisting locals with financial needs to expand their production facilities. This has improved
the environment for the development of CBT.

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Awareness: The government aims to enhance community awareness about CBT, thus meetings
between the government and the community take place regularly in Thanh Ha pottery village.
As a result, community leaders in the area provide comprehensive explanations of the CBT
process and training programs for residents. Households continue to make ceramics
traditionally while also protecting the environment in their community.
Host community: For income, the host community will always be at the mercy of the guests'
goodwill. As a result, tourism development must suit the requirements and wishes of the
public. The host community's positive attitude will be maintained through repeat visits and
satisfaction. The majority of guests expressed their gratitude for the indigenous people's
kindness and hospitality. Tourists are engaged, communicated with, and interacted with by
the artists to make them feel comfortable and welcome.
Disadvantages
Lack of workforce:- Being a community of craftspeople, there is a shortage of workers. For
community and tourism development, both skills and knowledge must be on par. Only four of
the 36 houses manufacture traditional pottery, and the competent artists are elderly. The
administration has launched annual vocational courses to help salvage the situation. However,
there is a low level of participation. Young people are interested in taking basic pottery
workshops, leaving only a few skilled artists, who are also elderly. They have yet to learn
things that require advanced talents, such as animal shape and simple ceramic products.
Ceramics products have evolved, but the technology has remained the same. If this trend
continues, the craft village's survival and livelihood will be jeopardized in the not-too-distant
future.
Storage: Tourism has increased money, which has aided in the preservation of traditional
village products and values. The workshops are fairly small: private 10.2 m2, smallest 10 m2,
and largest 225 m2. The river area, which used to be locally sourced as raw materials, has
dwindled as a result of urbanization. It will now have to be outsourced, which will be rather
costly for the people.
Competition: Industrial items have always been a constraint for traditional handicrafts since
raw materials are readily available, mass-produced, and come in a variety of colors and forms
that are less expensive. Similarly, handcrafted items are limited edition, which raises the
cost. The only way to deal with it is to continue to alter and create new items in response to
the changing trends. In terms of quality and style, they compete with traditional handicrafts
from central Vietnam, such as Phuoc Tich ancient hamlet in Thua Thien Hue province and Bat
Trang pottery in Hanoi.

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CBT Management: When interacting with visitors, the Thanh Ha pottery villages are reputed
to be warm and welcoming. They are still unable to organize campaigns, participate in
activities, and monitor and evaluate the local tourist project. They must hone their skills and
receive training to do so. There is a lack of capacity to accommodate and run the CBT in
terms of carrying capacity.
Future tourism plans that include empowerment and participation in management will help
to alleviate the situation. The quantity and quality of social amenities, as well as attitudes
toward tourists, are the major aspects that make CBT successful, according to Mathieson and
Wall (1982).
Miso Walai homestay development, Mukim Batu Puteh,
Kinabatangan Sabah (Malaysia)
The Kinabatangan River habitat is a popular destination for anyone looking to be immersed in a diverse
ecosystem and view some of Sabah's most famous fauna. The majority of people head to the upper
Kinabatangan to lodge near Sukau, a small settlement. The lesser-known Kinabatangan Wetlands Resort
gives a unique perspective of this unique ecosystem, with special housing amenities for up to 20 people.
Ten magnificent rooms are elevated above the marshes and connected to the on-site facilities via
boardwalks.
It has significant national and international significance. The concept of CBT has been implemented here.
Miso Walai homestays are being developed in Mukim Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, and Sabah. They
evolved from a rural community that relied on natural resources for subsistence, such as logging, hunting,
fishing, and agriculture, to an environmentally conscious community that finally attracted enough tourists
to become one of their main sources of income. Miso Walai homestay is a CBT model that is bolstered by
the participation of local people. Miso Walai is unique in that it contains more than 35 houses, totaling
over 400 individuals, living and working at the homestay complex, speaking 20 indigenous languages of
the neighboring Orang Sungai populations.
In 2002, some previously separate community tourism groups, launched under the Model Ecologically
Sustainable Community Conservation and Tourism (MESCOT), held a consultative meeting and decided
to join forces to form Koperasi Pelancongan (KOPEL) Berhad, which was registered in 2003.KOPEL and
its Lower Kinabatangan biodiversity protection programme heartily thank the efforts of the local villagers

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and visitors. To keep these initiatives going, we need more help from tourists, volunteers, and private and
government organisations.
MESCOT project began in 1996 with the residents of Batu Puteh Community, in the creation of the
Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary,160km long.The MESCOT initiative has been saving the forest
of Kinabatagan since 199.Through their trail and error process they have restored much of the habitat and
planted more than 1,oo,oo0 trees in different floodplain areas of the forest types.
In 1997, the Batu Puteh community launched an effort to save the Orang Sungai. The peat forest around
Pin Sipu Forest Reserve was damaged by El Nino in 1997-98. The local community's livelihood was
being preserved through KOPEL (Koperasi Pelancongan Tourism Cooperative). Local villagers were
trained and hired as cooks, guides, and boat drivers by the company. More than 300 members from three
participating communities partake in the cooperative's payout. Kampung Batu Puteh, Kampung
Menggaris, Kampung Perpaduan, and Kampung Singgah Mata are some of the villages in the area.Pin
Supu Forest Reserve was certified as a well-managed forest by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in
2015, a tribute to KOPEL and SFD's conservation efforts. (KONEXER,n.d.)
MESCOT was in charge of the program's inception, which included coordinating community support,
tourism activities among groups, training villagers as guides, accountants, and maintenance staff, and
providing communications support, all while keeping the original community groups separate
administrative units. KOPEL, on the other hand, has to bring communities together in order to achieve
common goals and operate under the ownership-by-share idea. | (Razzaq et al, 2012:9).
The Sabah Forestry Department (SDF) and MESCOT signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2008,
empowering the local community to manage the Supu Forest Reserve. Local people gained confidence and self-
esteem as a result of the engagement with SFD, which took the shape of forestry projects. KOPEL assumed this
task. The local community's major source of income was a collaboration with the SFD, though they could
increasingly rely on tourists to supplement their income. Miso Walai provides a village environment for tourists to
see the area's wonderful animals, forestry, and biodiversity, as well as a sustainable place to stay.
Tourism was first considered as a potential source of money and employment, particularly for the village's many
unemployed youths. Seasonal labor in adjacent wood camps had formerly provided a significant portion of the
community's income, particularly since the 1950s. However, much of this work had already been done when forests
were converted to farmed crops in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Corcoran et al., 2012:4).
According to Rosazman (2006:15-17), a local non-governmental organization (NGO) supported the village

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project, and the MESCOT Project was launched in Batu Puteh in March 1997 with money from the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Norway (Aref & Redzuan, 2009:21-25). The project was created and sponsored in close
collaboration with the Sabah Forestry Department by the then State Ministry of Tourism and Environment
Development.
However, with the conversion of forests to crops in the late ’80s to early ’90s, much of this work had already
diminished (Corcoran et al., 2012:4).
According to Rosazman (2006:15-17), this village initiative later gained support from a local Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO), and the MESCOT Project was later started in Batu Puteh in March 1997 with funding
from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Norway (Aref & Redzuan, 2009:21-25).
The project was developed and supported by the then State Ministry of Tourism and Environment Development in
close cooperation with the Sabah Forestry Department. The project was given the mandate to assist the local
community to plan ecotourism activities and build local human capacity to be able to manage these activities.
Role players on the MESCOT project are from the four villages of Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan: Kampung Batu Puteh,
Kampung Mengaris, Kampung Perpaduan, and Kampung Singgah Matahad realized that the crucial issues in the
area such as deforestation due to the economic activities, destruction of wildlife, illegal hunting and logging had to
be stopped for ecotourism development. As a result, in 1999, after three years of planning, MESCOT produced the
idea on paper about the Miso Walai homestay program, which was submitted to the Sabah State Ministry of
Tourism, Culture, and Environment.
Mescot has 5 activities under it namely :
1. Boat service (responsible for wildlife observation cruises)
2. Guiding service (responsible for the training of local guides and local history)
3. Culture groups (these are culture groups which comprise of several people doing different activities per
Group like humanitarian activities)
4. Tulun Tukou handicraft (a group of women who were trained in handicraft production from the four
communities of the Miso Walai area)
5. Miso Walai Homestay Program
Under MESCOT there were five activities, such as
boat service (responsible for wildlife observation cruises),
guiding service (responsible for the training of local guides and local history),
culture groups (these are culture groups which comprise of several people doing different activities per group like
humanitarian activities) and
Tulun Tukou handicraft (a group of women who were trained in handicraft production from the four communities of
the Miso Walai area)

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. Eventually, the Miso Walai homestay program became a core program or an umbrella to other related activities. In
November 2000, the Miso Walai Homestay program was officially promoted and launched. The main objective of
the Miso Walai homestay program was to involve the local community in community-based ecotourism, where the
tourists’ experiences will be based on orang Sungai traditional culture and daily activities. There are numerous
cultural experiences to experience on day-to-day visits, such as eating communally on traditional homemade mats,
bathing from a tub, or washing by the river while staying in the local village homestay.
The Miso Walai homestay has its uniqueness since the location is a part of the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife
Tourism Corridor that is rich with natural biodiversity and cultural heritage (MESCOT, 2005:1).
Razzaq et al. (2012:14) explain that Miso Walai is a combination of two words of the Orang Sungai language. The
word ‘miso’ means ‘together and ‘walai’ means ‘house’. Thus, Miso Walai homestay carries the meaning of
‘staying together in one house.
About 208 people of Mukim Batu Puteh were directly or indirectly involved in the program with 23 families
participating in the homestay program and 48 local people taking part in the Boat Services Association, as
mentioned above. Meanwhile, 33 youths became volunteers for environmental protectors called ‘sukarelawan
MESCOT’, and 22 other young people were involved in the MESCOT Cultural Group (MSG) and more than 60
people joined the Tulon Tokou Handicraft Association. Tourists’ arrivals in Miso Walai homestay have increased
from year to year since 2000.
Statistics indicated that 176 tourists participated in the program in the year 2000 and this number rose to 2943
tourists in 2009, with the total revenue more than MYR 600,000 (Malaysian Ringgit) equivalent to 1,852,102 ZAR
(South African Rand).
Miso Walai homestay offers a unique opportunity to experience the way of life of the local Orang Sungai people, as
mentioned above. There are many communal activities carried out daily, such as village sports played in the late
afternoon and these have become popular activities with visitors. There are also numerous local economic activities
such as farming, ‘oil palm’ or ‘fish and prawn trapping on the river, which makes an interesting backdrop to family
life, and plenty of amazing tools, stories, and things to learn about.
The most popular activities at the village homestays are:
● Wildlife Observation River cruises;
● Watching or learning about traditional music and dance;
● Cooking or “learning to cook” traditional local foods;
● Interpretive walks through local farms and orchards;
● Eating tropical fruits - especially during the fruiting season;
● Students and volunteers often get involved in community projects and English language tuition at the
homestays or the local village school.
Lessons learned Razzaq et al. (2011:88) explain that based on the researcher’s observation and informal interview

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with informants from the Miso Walai homestay, it was revealed that the key success of community-based tourism in
the context of the Miso Walai homestay in Mukim Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Sabah was due to community
empowerment in tourism development. The community capacity-building program, which became the main focus of
the NGO, contributed to community empowerment. The development of the Miso Walai homestay was then
considered as a real model of a community-driven project in Malaysia or a project that was developed by using a
bottom-up approach. The community capacity-building program was then given priority and became a first step in
the MESCOT project development. This process was carried out in the following phases: (Mizal et al., 2014:27-28):
Individual human capital development: to create awareness and build tourism knowledge particularly among the members of the
MESCOT pioneer groups; Research phase: MESCOT group gathered and documented information about: o the surrounding
biodiversity, including six different forest types and other places of interest. o recording and documenting ``aural history”,
traditional beliefs, traditional medicines, traditional uses of forest resources, indigenous culture, and the historic significance of
the area and the ‘living heritage’. Exposure phase: at this stage training, seminars, and study trips to various tourist attractions,
facilities, and sites were carried out to expose the participants to real-life situations in tourism. Exposure trips were also intended
to compile information about present tourism products offered and identify gaps and potential activities not yet developed.
Brainstorming phase: all the information gathered about potential activities was identified, short-listed, and decisions were made
on the appropriate activities for the area. Detailed planning stage: this is the stage where the business plan, marketing plan,
budgets, strategies, and codes of conduct were drawn. Skills development among the MESCOT members: suitable skills to run
or manage the tourism activities were offered to the local members of the MESCOT. Establish leadership/local champion (from
non-business oriented to business-oriented): the decision for leadership and organization of the project was decided by looking at
the three major stakeholders; government, NGO’s and self-appointed representatives of the community (in most cases a local
champion). The abilities and skills of the local people were developed first before the project was implemented. This is the main
factor that has contributed to the sustainability of Miso Walai homestay development as mentioned by Simpson et al. (2003:277-
286): any community project must be started with people development (capacity building) and not with the project.
Conclusion
Connection towards community-based tourism and tourism for inclusive growth.
This year the UNWTO has kept the theme of tourism day as “tourism for inclusive growth”
In the year 2020, 32 million people would be plunged into poverty as a result of the global pandemic.
The indifference of society to social and economic consequences has resulted in vulnerability. Low-wage
workers, the elderly, indigenous peoples, and people with disabilities have all limited the number of
options for recovery. To accelerate the recovery and expansion of the sector. Members of the United
Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), agencies, international organizations, destinations and
enterprises, and individual travelers are all striving toward a common goal. The notion of inclusive
growth guides decision-making at the highest levels of government and business. Gender equality is
required.
Fairtrade, indigenous rights, and youth opportunities are all issues that need to be addressed.

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Commitments are meaningless if they aren't followed through on. Any type of destination or business,
regardless of size or type, must give it their all. Because size doesn't matter, tourism will resume shortly
if they become more inclusive. This will enable the sharing of the finest interests, accomplishments, and
practices. Individual tourists also can start a dialogue and give their thoughts on how the tourism
industry might expand inclusively.
Community-based tourism, although it is on a small scale in a specific region. It brings empowerment,
confidence, and hope for the community when they learn to plan and manage them.
References
Hoi An's Pottery Village: How to best Experience Thanh Ha - Hidden Hoian Thanh Ha Pottery Village
*Community-based tourism: Opportunities and challenges a case study in Thanh Ha pottery village, Hoi
(tandfonline.com)
Hoi An's Pottery Village: How to best Experience Thanh Ha - Hidden Hoian Thanh Ha Pottery Village
https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Community-Based-Tourism-Standard.pdf
pg 4
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is tourism activity, community-owned and operated, and
managed or coordinated at the community level that contributes to the well-being of
communities through supporting sustainable livelihoods and protecting valued socio-cultural
traditions and natural and cultural heritage resources
Community-based tourism not only encourages a deeper connection between the host and visitor,
but also promotes environmental protection, cultural conservation, social responsibility, and the
enhancement of livelihoods. https://uniglobeletsgotravel.com/the-incredible-benefits-of-
community-based-tourism/
https://www.changeworks.org.uk/news-and-events/blog/the-importance-of-case-studies-in-social-
research methodology
PowerPoint Presentation (webunwto.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com)
https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-07/210927-wtd-technical-note-
en.pdf
https://www.mescot.org/

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https://konexer.org/mescot-kopel/
(PDF) Development of Malaysian Homestay Tourism: A Review. (researchgate.net) pg 65,66,67,68
(PDF) Market and welfare economic impacts of sustainable forest management practices-An empirical
analysis of timber market in Sabah, Malaysia (researchgate.net)
https://konexer.org/mescot-kopel/ | https://www.mescot.org/about_mescot.htm
|https://webunwto.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/imported_images/45025/3.2._s3_wtc_2016_-
_prof_amran_0.pdf
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01493/full
From all the sources that I have, understood from the case studies include it in the literature review -
sources. Based on it.