A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce output based on those computations. It consists of interrelated hardware and software components that work together to convert data into information. The key components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and storage devices. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores data while the computer is on, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data even when powered off. Together, these components process input data according to stored instructions and produce useful output.

1. By:M.R.M Nowfeek
MCS(SL),MSc in IT, BSc in MIT, BSc in IT, HNDE,BTEC ,ICDL
Certified Trainer :IPICT/ASAP/EPASS
Dip in ICT , Dip IT , Dip in Hardware & Networking
CC 1102-Information and
Communication Technology 1

2. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under
the control of instructions stored in its own memory
unit,
which can accept and store data
(e.g. data entered using a keyboard),
perform arithmetic and logical operations on that
data without human intervention and
(e.g. process data into information)
produce output from the processing
(e.g. view information on the screen).
M.R.M.Nowfeek

3. Input Output
Process
Eyes, Ears Voice, Write
What is a Computer?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

4. Data
Raw material for computer processing for
example, numbers, text, images, and sounds,
in a form that is suitable for storage or
processing by a computer.
M.R.M.Nowfeek

5. Information
Computer data that has been organized and
presented in a systematic fashion to clarify the
underlying meaning.
No of Students in Class A= 47
No of Students in Class B= 40
No of Students in Class C= 39
No of Students in Class D= 28
No of Students in Class E= 51
No of Students in Class F= 32
M.R.M.Nowfeek

6. Interrelated components including
hardware and software that work
together with the aim of converting
data into information.
M.R.M.Nowfeek

7. CPU /
M.R.M.Nowfeek

8.  Liveware
 Users
 Hardware
 Tangible/physical components
 Software
 Programs and data
 Firmware
 Embedded instructions into electronic devices
Computer System - Components
M.R.M.Nowfeek

9. Hard ware
 The physical components of the computer system that
can be touched and tangible called as “Hardware” it can
be classified into 04 parts.
1) Input Devices
2) Output Devices
3) CPU (Central Processing Unit)/ Processor
4) Storage Devices.
Hardware
M.R.M.Nowfeek

10. Input devices
 An input device is any device that provides input to a
computer
 There are wide variety of input device to input data, text,
graphic, image, and font
 Where the User enters data and programs into the computer
 Peripheral devices that are used to enter commands or
information into a computer.
 Eg: - Key board, Mouse,, Light pan, Micro phone, Digital
Camera, Barcode Reader, Web camera ,Touch – pad , Joy
stick , Track boll
Input devices
M.R.M.Nowfeek

11. Output devices
 Output devices are any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing system to the outside
world.
 Where the information and program will be shown to
the user
 Any machine capable of representing information
from a computer. This includes display screens
Output devices
M.R.M.Nowfeek

12.  Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Plotter ( large Printer high Quality documents)
 Projector
M.R.M.Nowfeek

13. Input and Output devices
Hard disk
Modem
Pen drive
Floppy disk
CD and DVD
Input and Output devices
M.R.M.Nowfeek

14. Processor / CPU
 Interprets and executes program instructions.
 Communicates with all other hardware
components.
 Performs the Arithmetic, Logical and relational
operations
 The “brain” of the computer.
 The heart of computer system it consists of Alu, Control,
elements, and small memory units called registers
Processor/CPU(Central Processing Unit)
M.R.M.Nowfeek

15.  Intel Processor
 Cyrix Processor
 AMD Processor
Types of Processor
Cyrix Processor
AMD Processor
Intel Processor
M.R.M.Nowfeek

16. Control unit
 The control unit controls the flow of information and instructs
the computer how to carry out programme instructions.
 This is never center of the computer, controlling all other
hardware operations, eg: those of input, output units,
Storage and the processor itself. it gets the required
instructions and causes the instructions to be executed by
giving signals / commands to the appropriate hardware
devices.
Control Unit
M.R.M.Nowfeek

17. The control unit (CU) is a component of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs
operation of the processor. It tells the computer's
memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output
devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
It directs the operation of the other units by providing
timing and control signals Most computer resources
are managed by the CU .It directs the flow of data
between the CPU and the other devices.
Control Unit
M.R.M.Nowfeek

18.  This part of the CPU is the one that is in charge of all the
operations being carried out.
- It is responsible to direct the system to execute
instructions.
- It helps in communication between the memory and the
arithmetic logical unit.
- It also aids in the loading of data and instructions
residing in the secondary memory to the main memory as
required.
Control Unit
M.R.M.Nowfeek

19. This has two main functions. It carries out the Arithmetic's
Eg: Add +
 Subtract –
 Multiply x
 Divide.
It also performs certain logical operations.
Eg: Comparison of two numbers to determine which one
is greater.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
M.R.M.Nowfeek

20. - The ALU is responsible for performing all logical and
arithmetic operations.
- Some of the arithmetic operations are as follows: addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
- Some of the logical operations are as follows: comparison
between numbers, letter and or special characters.
- The ALU is also responsible for the following conditions:
Equal-to conditions, Less-than condition and greater than
condition.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
M.R.M.Nowfeek

21. In a computer, a register is one of a small
set of data holding places that are part of
a computer processor . A register may
hold a computer instruction , a storage
address, or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters). Some
instructions specify registers as part of
the instruction.
Register
M.R.M.Nowfeek

22. REGISTERS
Register is a special memory used by the CPU for
temporarily storing data during execution of
instruction
 Instruction Decoder
It is a device which interprets the instruction to be
executed.
 Programmer Counter (PC)
It holds the address of next instruction to be
executed.
 Instruction Register (IR)
It holds the instruction being executed.
 Process Status Register
It holds “processor bit" about operation done by
ALU.
M.R.M.Nowfeek

23. Block diagram of computer
M.R.M.Nowfeek

24. Storage Devices
 Computer Storage is a hardware media and devices used to
store data permanently or temporarily in the Computer
System.
Internal /Main/Primary storage devices
 RAM – ( Random access memory )
 ROM - ( Read-only memory )
Storage Devices
M.R.M.Nowfeek

25. Computer store temporary data in the
RAM (Random Access Memory)
When the computer is switched off, all
the data is cleared from the RAM.
This type of memory is called volatile
because it only stores the data whilst
the computer is switched on.
RAM- Random Access Memory
M.R.M.Nowfeek

26. This type of memory is called non-volatile
because it retains the data.
Data stored in ROM remains there even
when the computers is switched off.
ROM can be found
on the motherboard.
ROM- Read Only Memory
M.R.M.Nowfeek

27. RAM is Random Access Memory.
ROM is Read Only Memory.
RAM is the memory available for the operating system,
programs and processes to use when the computer is
running.
ROM is the memory that comes with your computer that
is pre-written to hold the instructions for booting-up the
computer.
What is the Difference Between RAM and
ROM?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

28. RAM requires a flow of electricity to retain
data (e.g. the computer powered on).
ROM will retain data without the flow of
electricity (e.g. when computer is powered
off).
What is the Difference Between RAM and
ROM?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

29. RAM is a type of volatile memory. Data in RAM
is not permanently written. When you power
off your computer the data stored in RAM is
deleted.
ROM is a type of non- volatile memory. Data in
ROM is permanently written and is not erased
when you power off your computer.
What is the Difference Between RAM and
ROM?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

30. There are different types of RAM,
including DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
and SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).
There are different types of ROM,
including PROM (programmable read-only
memory) that is manufactured as blank memory
(e.g. a CD-ROM) and EPROM (erasable
programmable read-only memory).
What is the Difference Between RAM and
ROM?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

31. There are many differences between RAM and
ROM memory but there are also a couple
similarities (and these are very easy to
remember). Both types of memory used by a
computer, and they are both required for your
computer to operate properly and efficiently.
What is the Difference Between RAM and
ROM?
M.R.M.Nowfeek

32. Thank you.
M.R.M.Nowfeek