Computer networks allow interconnected computers to work together. They can be used for business applications using a client-server model, home networking, by mobile users, and raise social issues. The document discusses different types of network hardware including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, home networks, and internetworks. It also covers network software including protocol hierarchies, connection-oriented vs. connectionless services, service primitives, and the relationship between services and protocols.
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ddata communications and computer networks
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basic elements of a communication system
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coaxial cable
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star network
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data transmission media
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ring network
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hybrid network
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completely connected network
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multi-access bus network
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network linking devices
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network interface card (nic)
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ddata communications and computer networks
,
basic elements of a communication system
,
coaxial cable
,
star network
,
data transmission media
,
ring network
,
hybrid network
,
completely connected network
,
multi-access bus network
,
network linking devices
,
network interface card (nic)
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
In this slides the all common and mostly used networking devices are describe that help the beginners students of networking to understand about the all networking devices for more details comment below or suggestion
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
To Download this PPT click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/14569917/file.html
Networking
Computer network
Types of network
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Classification of Network Architecture
Client-server architecture
Peer-to-peer architecture
Hybrid architecture
Network topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
In this slides the all common and mostly used networking devices are describe that help the beginners students of networking to understand about the all networking devices for more details comment below or suggestion
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
To Download this PPT click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/14569917/file.html
Networking
Computer network
Types of network
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Classification of Network Architecture
Client-server architecture
Peer-to-peer architecture
Hybrid architecture
Network topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
People Transform Businesses - short talk at Fast stream conference 2017Sophie Freiermuth
A one day conference for participant's to the UK Government "Fast Stream" graduate programme"
Recruiting the brightest and best graduates into the Civil Service and give them the skills, knowledge and experience they need to become effective and inspiring leaders.
Sistem pemerintahan presidensial dan parlementeramrinarosada7x
Untuk melihat tulisan lebih jelas, maka silahkan di unduh. Karena tulisan banyak tertimpa dengan efek-efek. Jika kurang jelas, Anda bisa email saya di: amrina7x@gmail.com. Terima kasih telah berkunjung.
Program/Course : Computer System Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency : Set-up Computer Networks
Module : Install Network Cables
Learning Outcome 01: Installing Network Cables
for full compilation just visit my website.
http://computersystemsolution.com/
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PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
A computer network is network of computer .It connects multiple computer in manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.Main objective of CN is sharing of information ,resources and processing load among the connected computer.
you can easily get basic introduction of COMPUTER NETWORK
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
2. Computer Networks
The old model of a single computer serving all of the
organization's computational needs has been replaced
by one in which a large number of separate but
interconnected computers do the job. These systems
are called computer networks.
3. Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues
4. Business Applications of Networks
A network with two clients and one server.
This whole arrangement is called the client-server model. It is
widely used and forms the basis of much network usage. It is
applicable when the client and server are both in the same building
(e.g., belong to the same company), but also when they are far apart.
6. Home Network Applications
Some of the more popular uses of the Internet for home
users are as follows:
1. Access to remote information.
2. Person-to-person communication.
3. Interactive entertainment.
4. Electronic commerce.
8. Mobile Users
Mobile computers, such as notebook computers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs), are one of the
fastest growing segments of the computer industry.
Many owners of these computers have desktop
machines back at the office and want to be connected
to their home base even when away from home
10. Social Issues
The widespread introduction of networking has
introduced new social, ethical, and political problems.
A lot of these problems could be solved if the
computer industry took computer security seriously. If
all messages were encrypted and
authenticated, it would be harder to commit mischief.
11. Network Hardware
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Wireless Networks
• Home Networks
• Internetworks
12. Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology
Broadcast links:
Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is
shared by all the machines on the network.
Point-to-point links:
Point-to-point networks consist of many connections between
individual pairs of machines.
14. Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
(a) Bus (b) Ring
In a bus (i.e., a linear cable) network, at any instant at most one machine is the
master and is allowed to transmit. All other machines are required to refrain from
sending.
In a ring, each bit propagates around on its own, not waiting for the rest of the
packet to which it belongs. Typically, each bit circumnavigates the entire ring in
the time it takes to transmit a few bits, often before the complete packet has even
been transmitted.
Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a
single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size.
15. Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
A metropolitan area network, or MAN, covers a city. The best-known example of a
MAN is the cable television network available in many cities.
16. Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a country or
continent.
21. Home Network Categories
Some of the more obvious categories (with examples) are as follows:
Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
The fundamental idea is that in the future most homes will be set up
for networking. Every device in the home will be capable of
communicating with every other device, and all of them will be
accessible over the Internet.
24. Protocol Hierarchies
To reduce their design complexity, most networks are
organized as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon
the one below it.
The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the
higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how
the offered services are actually implemented.
A protocol is an agreement between the communicating
parties on how communication is to proceed.
The interface defines which primitive operations and
services the lower layer makes available to the upper one.
28. Protocol Hierarchies (5)
A message, M, is produced by an application process running in layer 5
and given to layer 4 for transmission.
Layer 4 puts a header in front of the message to identify the message
and passes the result to layer 3.
Layer 3 must break up the incoming messages into smaller units,
packets, prepending a layer 3 header to each packet. In this example, M
is split into two parts, M1and M2. Layer 3 decides which of the
outgoing lines to use and passes the packets to layer 2.
Layer 2 adds not only a header to each piece, but also a trailer, and
gives the resulting unit to layer 1 for physical transmission.
At the receiving machine the message moves upward, from layer to
layer, with headers being stripped off as it progresses.
29. Design Issues for the Layers
Addressing
consequence of having multiple destinations
Error Control
The receiver should be able to inform sender which data was received
correctly
Flow Control
Keep sender from swamping slow receiver with data
Keep the sender from swamping with data slow networks
Multiplexing
Use same communication channel for multiple, unrelated
conversations
Routing
When multiple paths between source and destination, one path must
be chosen
30. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services
Connection-oriented
Connection-oriented services includes the steps of setting up a call from one computer to
another, transmitting/receiving data, and then releasing the call, just like a voice phone call.
However, the network connecting the computers is a packet switched network, unlike the
phone system's circuit switched network.
Connection-oriented communication is done in one of two ways over a packet switched network: with and without virtual circuits.
Connectionless:
Connectionless services is just packet switching where no call establishment
and release occur. A message is broken into packets, and each packet is transferred
separately. Moreover, the packets can travel different route to the destination since
there is no connection. Connectionless service is typically provided by the UDP
(User Datagram Protocol), which we will examine later.
The packets transferred using UDP are also called data grams.
With Virtual circuit: A virtual circuit is one which appears to the user as equivalent to a
dedicated point-point service but is maintained by computers.
Without virtual circuits: This is what TCP does in the Internet. The only two machines in
the Internet that are aware a connection is established are the two computers at the
endpoints. The Internet itself--its routers and links--have no information about the presence
of a connection between the two computers.
31. Difference: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Feature Connectionless Connection-oriented
How is data sent? one packet at a time as continuous stream of packets
Do packets follow same route? no
virtual circuit: yes
without virtual circuit: no
Are resources reserved in network? no
virtual circuit: yes
without virtual circuit: no
Is connection establishment done? no yes
Is state information stored at
network nodes?
no
virtual circuit: yes
without virtual circuit: no
What is impact of node/switch
crash?
only packets at node are lost all virtual circuits through node fail
What addressing information is
needed on each packet?
full source and destination address
virtual circuit: a virtual circuit
number
without virtual circuit: full source
and destination address
34. Services to Protocols Relationship
The relationship between a service and a protocol
A protocol, in contrast, is a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the
packets, or messages that are exchanged by the peer entities within a layer.
A service is like an abstract data type or an object in an object-oriented language. It
defines operations that can be performed on an object but does not specify how these
operations are implemented. A protocol relates to the implementation of the service and
as such is not visible to the user of the service.
35. Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
The TCP/IP Reference Model
A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
38. The TCP/IP reference model (2)
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
On top of the transport layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols.
The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail
39. Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP
Reference Models
OSI
1)It has 7 layers
2)Transport layer guarantees delivery of
packets
3)Separate presentation layer
4)Separate session layer
5)Network layer provides both
connectionless and connection oriented
services
6)It defines the services, interfaces and
protocols very clearly and makes a clear
distinction between them
7)It has a problem of protocol filtering into
a model
TCP/IP
1)Has 4 layers
2)Transport layer does not guarantees
delivery of packets
3)No presentation layer, characteristics
are provided by application layer
4)No session layer, characteristics are
provided by transport layer
5)Network layer provides only
connection less services
6)It does not clearly distinguishes
between service interface and
protocols
7)The model does not fit any protocol
stack.
40. A Critique of the OSI Model and
Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the world:
Bad timing
Bad technology
Bad implementations
Bad politics
41. A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference
Model
Problems:
Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
Not a general model
Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
No mention of physical and data link layers
Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
46. The ATM Reference Model (2)
The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.
47. References
Computer Networks,Tanenbaum, 4th Edition.
Data Communications and Networking,
Behrouz A. Forouzan, 4th
Edition.
Computer Networks, A Systems Approach,
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie,
4th Edition.