Algorithmic Techniques for Parametric Model RecoveryCurvSurf
A complete description of algorithmic techniques for automatic feature extraction from point cloud. The orthogonal distance fitting, an art of maximum liklihood estimation, plays the main role. Differential geometry determines the type of object surface.
he capability that show some part of object internal a specify window is called windowing and a rectangular region in a world coordinate system is called window. ... Points and lines which are outside the window are "cut off" from view. This process of "cutting off" parts of the image of the world is called Clipping.
Algorithmic Techniques for Parametric Model RecoveryCurvSurf
A complete description of algorithmic techniques for automatic feature extraction from point cloud. The orthogonal distance fitting, an art of maximum liklihood estimation, plays the main role. Differential geometry determines the type of object surface.
he capability that show some part of object internal a specify window is called windowing and a rectangular region in a world coordinate system is called window. ... Points and lines which are outside the window are "cut off" from view. This process of "cutting off" parts of the image of the world is called Clipping.
Laundry management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Laundry firms currently use a manual system for the management and maintenance of critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread throughout the laundry management infrastructure. Often information is incomplete or does not follow management standards. Records are often lost in transit during computation requiring a comprehensive auditing process to ensure that no vital information is lost. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the laundry firm data and may lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores.
A significant part of the operation of any laundry firm involves the acquisition, management and timely retrieval of great volumes of information. This information typically involves; customer personal information and clothing records history, user information, price of delivery and received date, users scheduling as regards customers details and dealings in service rendered, also our products package waiting list. All of this information must be managed in an efficient and cost wise fashion so that the organization resources may be effectively utilized.
We present the design and implementation of a laundry database management system (LBMS) used in a laundry establishment. Laundry firms are usually faced with difficulties in keeping detailed records of customers clothing; this little problem as seen to most laundry firms is highly discouraging as customers are filled with disappointments, arising from issues such as customer clothes mix-ups and untimely retrieval of clothes. The aim of this application is to determine the number of clothes collected, in relation to their owners, as this also helps the users fix a date for the collection of their clothes. Also customer’s information is secured, as a specific id is allocated per registration to avoid contrasting information.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
This is a assigned group presentation given by my Computer Science course teacher at Green University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
My Presentation Topic was - Cloud Computing
This group presentation includes the work Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan, pages no 10 - 15.
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Q.1 A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at 1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07N / m * m ^ 2 Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch.
Q.2 A multiple disc clutch has radial width of the friction material as 1/5th of the maximum radius. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit 60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface.
Q.3 A cone clutch is to be designed to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The cone has a face angle of 12°. The width of the face is half of the mean radius and the normal pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.09 N/mm². Assuming uniform wear and the coefficient of friction between the contact faces as 0.2, find the main dimensions of the clutch and the axial force required to engage the clutch.
Q.4 A cone clutch is mounted on a shaft which transmits power at 225 r.p.m. The small diameter of the cone is 230 mm, the cone face is 50 mm and the cone face makes an angle of 15 deg with the horizontal. Determine the axial force necessary to engage the clutch to transmit 4.5 kW if the coefficient of friction of the contact surfaces is 0.25. What is the maximum pressure on the contact surfaces assuming uniform wear?
Q.5 A soft surface cone clutch transmits a torque of 200 N-m at 1250 r.p.m. The larger diameter of the clutch is 350 mm. The cone pitch angle is 7.5 deg and the face width is 65 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2. find:
1. the axial force required to transmit the torque:
2. the axial force required to engage the clutch;
3. the average normal pressure on the contact surfaces when the maximum torque is being transmitted; and
4. the maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear.
Q.6 A single block brake, as shown in Fig. 1. has the drum diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque transmitted by the brake is 70 N-m, find the force P required to operate the brake. Q.7 The layout and dimensions of a double shoe brake is shown in Fig. 2. The diameter of the
brake drum is 300 mm and the contact angle for each shoe is 90°. If the coefficient of friction for the brake lining and the drum is 0.4, find the spring force necessary to transmit a torque of 30 N-m. Also determine the width of the brake shoes, if the bearing pressure on the lining material is not to exceed 0.28N / m * m ^ 2
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Top 13 Famous Civil Engineering Scientistgettygaming1
List of Best Scientist Who Gives Big Contribution in Civil Engineering Filed, in this we provide how they Contribute in Civil Engineering filed, For Data Collection civilthings.com helps us a lot.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Fruit shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The export maintenance system is a fully featured application that can help we manage fruit delivery business and achieve more control and information at a very low cost of total ownership.
A fruit export maintains automatically monitors purchase, sales, supplier information. The system includes receiving fruit from the different supplier. Customer order is placed in the system, based on the order fruit has been sales to the customer.
The report contains the details about product, purchase, sales, stock, and invoice. The main objective of this project is to computerize the company activities and to provide details about the production process at the fruit export maintenance system.
The demand of fresh fruit fruits and processed food items in international and domestic market has shown a decent increase. This estimation is creating a necessity for growing more and more fruit fruits to cater the growing demand of domestic & international market.
The customers effectively and hence help for establishing good relation between customer and fruit shop organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining fruit and stock information accurately and safely.
When the fruits are sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting fruits for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
The proposed project is developed to manage the fruit shop in the fruits for shop. The first module is the login. The admin should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
A CASE STUDY ON ONLINE TICKET BOOKING SYSTEM PROJECT.pdfKamal Acharya
Online movie ticket booking system for movies is a web-based program. This application allows users to purchase cinema tickets over the portal. To buy tickets, people must first register or log in. This website's backend is PHP and JavaScript, and the front end is HTML and CSS. All phases of the software development life cycle are efficiently managed in order to design and implement software. On the website, there are two panels: one for administrators and one for customers/users. The admin has the ability to add cinemas, movies, delete, halt execution, and add screens, among other things. The website is simple to navigate and appealing, saving the end user time.
3. Contents of Two-Dimensional Viewing
1. Windowing And Clipping: Viewing Pipeline
2. Viewing Transformations
3. 2-D Clipping Algorithms
1. Line Clipping Algorithms Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
2. Liang Barsky Algorithm
3. Line Clipping Against Non Rectangular Clip Windows
4. Polygon Clipping
1. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
2. Weiler And Atherton Polygon Clipping
5. Curve Clipping
6. Text Clipping
4. Windowing and Clipping:
• It consider the formal mechanism
for displaying views of a picture on
an output device.
• For a two-dimensional picture, a
view is selected by specifying a
subarea of the total picture area.
5. Windowing and Clipping:
• A user can select a single area for
display, or several areas could be
selected for simultaneous display.
• Transformations from world to
device coordinates involve
translation, rotation, and scaling
operations, as well as procedures for
deleting those parts of the picture
that are outside the limits of a
selected display area.(clipping)
6. Windowing and Clipping:
• Transformations from world to
device coordinates involve
translation, rotation, and scaling
operations, as well as procedures
for deleting those parts of the
picture that are outside the limits of
a selected display area.(clipping)
7. Viewing Pipeline
• Window
• A world-coordinate area selected for
display is called a window.
• Viewport
• An area on a display device to which a
window is mapped is called a
viewport.
• The window defines what is to be
viewed; the viewport defines where it
is to be displayed.
8. Viewing Pipeline
• Viewing Transformation.
• The mapping of a part of a world-
coordinate scene to device
coordinates is referred to as a
viewing transformation.
9. Viewing Pipeline
• Figure 6-1 illustrates the mapping of a picture section that falls
within a rectangular window onto a designated & angular viewport.
10. Viewing Pipeline
• It consist a sequence of steps used to perform two dimensional
viewing transformations
• The major steps are as follows
11. Viewing Pipeline
1. We construct the scene in world coordinates
2. We then transform descriptions in world coordinates to viewing
coordinates.
3. We then define viewport in normalized coordinates (in the range
from 0 to 1)
4. At the final step, all parts of the picture that he outside the
viewport are clipped, and the contents of the viewport are
transformed to device coordinates.
13. Normalized Coordinates
• Viewports are typically defined within the unit
square (normalized coordinates).
• This provides a means for separating the viewing
and other transformations from specific output-
device requirements, so that the graphics
package is largely device-independent.
14. Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame
(a)translate the viewing origin
to the world origin,
(b)rotate to align the axes of
the two systems.
15. Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame
• The composite two-dimensional transformation to
convert world coordinates to viewing coordinate is
• where T is the translation matrix that takes the
viewing origin point P to the world origin, and R is
the rotation matrix that aligns the axes of the two
reference frames.
17. WINDOW-TO-VIEWPORT COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
• We maintain the same relative placement in the viewport as in the
window.
• If a coordinate position is at the center of the world window, for
instance, it will be displayed at the center of the viewport.
22. 2-D Clipping Algorithms
• Clipping - Any procedure that identifies those portions of a picture
that are either inside or outside of a specified region of space is
referred to as a clipping algorithm, or simply clipping.
• The region against which an object is to clipped is
window.
called a clip
23. Applications Of Clipplng
Applications of clipping include
1. Drawing and painting operations that allow parts of a picture to be
selected for copying, moving, erasing, or duplicating.
2. Extracting part of a defined scene for viewing;
3. Identifying visible surfaces in three-dimensional vlews;
4. Antialiasing line segments or object boundaries;
5. Creating objects using solid-modeling procedures;
6. Displaying a multi window environment;
24. Types of clipping
• We consider algorithms for clipping the following primitive types
1. Point Clipping
2. Line Clipping (straight-line segments)
3. Area Clipping (polygons)
4. Curve Clipping
5. Text Clipping
25. Point Clipping
• we save a point P = (x, y) if
it is inside the clipping
window.
26. Point Clipping
• Assuming that the clip window is a rectangle in standard position, we
save a point P = (x, y) for display if the following inequalities are
satisfied:
• where the edges of the clip window can be
either the world-coordinate window boundaries or viewport
boundaries. If any one of these four inequalities is not satisfied, the
point is clipped (not saved for display).
28. Line Clipping Algorithms
• A line clipping procedure involves several
parts.
1. First, we can test a given line segment to
determine whether it lies completely
inside the clipping window.
2. If it does not, we try to determine
whether it lies completely outside the
window.
3. Finally, we must perform intersection
calculations with one or more clipping
boundaries.
30. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
• Every line end point in a picture is assigned a four-digit binary code,
called a region code, that identifies the location of the point relative
to the boundaries of the clipping rectangle.
31. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
• Find color codes of the points
• P1(5,6) P2 (25,15) P2 (25,15)
• P4(15,60) P5 (15,15) P6 (25,40)
37. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
• Trivial Acceptance
• If the logical OR is zero, the line can be
trivially accepted.
• For example, if the endpoint codes are
0000 and 0000, the logical OR is 0000 - the
line can be trivially accepted.
• If the endpoint codes are 0000 and 0110,
the logical OR is 0110 and the line can not
be trivally accepted.
38. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
• Trivial Rejection
• If the logical AND of the endpoint codes is not
zero, the line can be trivally rejected.
• For example, if an endpoint had a code of 1001
while the other endpoint had a code of 1010, the
logical AND would be 1000 which indicates the
line segment lies outside of the window.
• On the other hand, if the endpoints had codes of
1001 and 0110, the logical AND would be 0000,
and the line could not be trivally rejected.
39.
40. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Example
• Consider the line segment AD.
• Point A has an outcode of 0000 and point D has an
outcode of 1001.
• The logical AND of these outcodes is zero;
therefore, the line cannot be trivally rejected.
• Also, the logical OR of the outcodes is not zero;
therefore, the line cannot be trivally accepted.
• The algorithm then chooses D as the outside point
(its outcode contains 1's).
• By our testing order, we first use the top edge to
clip AD at B. The algorithm then recomputes B's
outcode as 0000.
• With the next iteration of the algorithm, AB is
tested and is trivially accepted and displayed.
41. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Example
• Consider the line segment EI.
• Point E has an outcode of 0100, while point I's
outcode is 1010.
• The results of the trivial tests show that the line can
neither be trivally rejected or accepted.
• Point E is determined to be an outside point, so the
algorithm clips the line against the bottom edge of
the window.
• Now line EI has been clipped to be line FI.
• Line FI is tested and cannot be trivially accepted or
rejected. Point F has an outcode of 0000, so the
algorithm chooses point I as an outside point since
its outcode is1010.
42. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Example
• Line FI is tested and cannot be trivially accepted
or rejected.
• Point F has an outcode of 0000, so the algorithm
chooses point I as an outside point since its
outcode is1010.
• The line FI is clipped against the window's top
edge, yielding a new line FH.
• Line FH cannot be trivally accepted or rejected.
Since H's outcode is 0010, the next iteration of
the algorthm clips against the window's right
edge, yielding line FG.
• The next iteration of the algorithm tests FG, and
it is trivially accepted and display.
43. Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
• Numerical
• Find visible portion of the line
between points
• P1(x0,y0) = (12,8)
• P2(x1,y1) = (15,15)
44. Curve Clipping
curved boundaries can be
• Areas
clipped
with
with methods similar to those
discussed in the previous sections.
• Curve-clipping procedures will involve
nonlinear equations, however, and this
requires more processing than for objects
with linear boundaries.
45. Curve Clipping : Complete accept or reject
• If the bounding rectangle for the object is
completely inside the window, we save the
object.
• If the rectangle is determined to be
completely outside the window, we discard
the object.
• But if the bounding rectangle test fails, we
can look for other computation-saving
approaches.
46. Curve Clipping : Complete accept or reject
• For a circle,
• we can use the coordinate extents of
individual quadrants and then octants for
preliminary testing (outside or inside) and
then calculate curve-window intersections.
48. Text Clipping
• Various techniques are used to provide text clipping in a computer
graphics.
• It depends on the methods used to generate characters and the
requirements of a particular application.
• There are three methods for text clipping which are listed below −
1. All or none string clipping
2. All or none character clipping
3. Text clipping
49. All or none string clipping
• In all or none string clipping method, either we keep the entire string
or we reject entire string based on the clipping window.
50. All or none character clipping
In this method if the string is partially outside the window, then −
1. You reject only the portion of the string being outside
2. If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we
discard that entire character and keep the rest string.
51. Text clipping
• If it is partially outside the window, then
1. You reject only the portion of string being outside.
2. If the character is on the boundary of the clipping window, then we
discard only that portion of character that is outside of the clipping
window.
52. Two-Dimensional Viewing
1. Windowing And Clipping: Viewing Pipeline
2. Viewing Transformations
3. 2-D Clipping Algorithms
1. Line Clipping Algorithms Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
2. Liang Barsky Algorithm
3. Line Clipping Against Non Rectangular Clip Windows
4. Polygon Clipping
1. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
2. Weiler And Atherton Polygon Clipping
5. Curve Clipping
6. Text Clipping
53. Two-Dimensional Viewing
1. 2-D Clipping Algorithms
1. Liang Barsky Algorithm
2. Line Clipping Against Non Rectangular Clip Windows
2. Polygon Clipping
1. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
2. Weiler And Atherton Polygon Clipping
54.
55. Liang-Barsky Algorithm
• The Liang-Barsky algorithm is a line clipping algorithm.
• This algorithm is more efficient than Cohen–Sutherland line clipping
algorithm and can be extended to 3-Dimensional clipping.
• This algorithm is considered to be the faster parametric line-clipping
algorithm.
56. Liang-Barsky Algorithm
• The following concepts are used in this clipping:
• The parametric equation of the line.
• X = x0 + u(x1-x0)
• Y = y0 + u(y1-y0)
• The inequalities describing the range of the clipping window which is
used to determine the intersections between the line and the clip
window.
• xwmax <= x0 + u(x1-x0) <= xwmin
• ywmax <= y0 + u(y1-y0) <= ywmin
57.
58.
59.
60. Liang-Barsky Algorithm
• Numerical
• Find visible portion of the line
between points
• P1(x0,y0) = (6,12)
• P2(x1,y1) = (24,18)
• P1(x0,y0) = (12,30)
• P2(x1,y1) = (16,4)
61. Polygon Clipping
• For polygon clipping, we require an
algorithm that wiIl generate one or
more closed areas that are then scan
converted for the appropriate area fill.
• What we reaIly want to display is a
bounded area after clipping.
62. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
• Beginning with the initial set of polygon vertices, we could first clip
the polygon against the left rectangle boundary to produce a new
sequence of vertices.
• The new set of vertices could then k successively passed to a right
boundary clipper, a bottom boundary clipper, and a top boundary
clipper.
64. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
As each pair of adjacent polygon vertices is passed to a window boundary clipper,
we make the following tests:
(1)Out-In - If the first vertex is outside the window boundary and the second
vertex is inside, both the intersection point of the polygon edge with the window
boundary and the second vertex are added to the output vertex list.
(2)In-In If both input vertices are inside the window boundary, only the second
vertex is added to the output vertex list.
(3)In-Out- If the first vertex is inside the window boundary and second vertex is
outside the boundary, only the edge intersection with the window boundary is
added to the output vertex list.
(4)Out-Out- If both input vertices are outside the window boundary, nothing is
added to the output list.