Compositions of digestive enzymes and juices
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compositions of digestive enzymes and juices like saliva,gastric juice , pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, mechanism of absorption,stimulation of motor function of stomach.
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Stages & regulation of pancreatic secretion
The document discusses the phases and regulation of pancreatic secretion. It describes three phases: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. In the cephalic phase, acetylcholine causes acinar cells to secrete enzymes via parasympathetic stimulation. In the gastric phase, secretion continues in the same way. However, the enzymes from these first two phases generally are not released into the intestine until the intestinal phase. In this third phase, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are released in response to acidic chyme and fats in the duodenum. They work to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes through the pancreatic ducts. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems regulate
Git secretions
This document summarizes the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the salivary glands and their secretions including serous and mucus types. It then discusses the stomach secretions including hydrochloric acid from parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes including trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the small intestine. Regulation and functions of these secretions are also covered.
Movements of small and large intestine
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INTESTINE MOTILITY
This document discusses gastrointestinal motility and the movements of the small and large intestines. It describes the different types of movements that mix and propel food through the intestines, including segmental contractions, peristaltic contractions, and migrating motor complexes. These movements are controlled by pacemaker cells and nerves. The document also covers motility reflexes, large intestine movements like haustral shuttling and mass movements, and the defecation reflex. Motility allows for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste from the body.
Reabsorption In Renal Tubule (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Features of PCTPCT have high capacity of active & passive re-absorption.
This is due to special cellular features of epithelial cells.
They have increased no. of mitochondria due to high metabolic activity.
brush border on luminal (apical) side.
Brush border contains protein carrier molecules to transport Na+ by co-transport mechanism with other substances (a.acids, glucose etc).
Additional sodium is transported by COUNTER-TRANSPORT that reabsorb sodium while secreting hydrogen.
About 65 % of filtered load of Na+ & water is reabsorbed in PCT.
A lower % age of Cl- is also absorbed.
In 1st half of PC tubules, Na+ is re-absorbed by co-transport along with glucose, a.acids and other solutes.
In 2nd half of PC tubules, mainly Na+ is reabsorbed with Cl- and some of glucose + a.acids remain un-absorbed.
2nd half of PCT has high conc of Cl- (140 mEq/L) as compared to 1st half (105 mEq/L).
Excitation - Contraction coupling
The document summarizes the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. It describes how an action potential leads to a rise in intracellular calcium levels through excitation-contraction coupling. This triggers the sliding filament theory where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other through cross-bridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium binds to troponin C, allowing the power stroke to occur as myosin heads pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs as calcium is re-sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, breaking the cross-bridges.
Renal handling of water
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Collecting
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Filtrate
300 mOsm
Medullary
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600 mOsM
700 mOsM
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2. Key elements include a hypertonic medullary interstitium generated by active transport of solutes out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and collecting
Gastric motility and secretion
The document summarizes gastric motility and secretion. It discusses the main functions of the stomach including storage, preparing chyme, and absorption. It describes the different cell types in the stomach that secrete gastric juice components like HCl and pepsinogen. It also outlines the roles of gastric motility in serving as a reservoir, breaking down food, and emptying contents at a controlled rate. Key regulators of gastric emptying and secretion include hormones like CCK, gastrin, and secretin.
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Git secretions
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Movements of small and large intestine
The document discusses the movements of the small and large intestines. It begins by describing two types of movements in the small intestine - mixing (segmentation) contractions and propulsive (peristalsis) movements. Nervous and hormonal factors that control peristalsis are discussed, including gastroenteric reflexes and hormones like gastrin and CCK. The document then covers the ileocecal valve and sphincter, which prevent backflow and allow controlled emptying. Finally, it describes two types of movements in the large intestine - mixing (haustration) movements proximally and propulsive (mass) movements distally.
INTESTINE MOTILITY
This document discusses gastrointestinal motility and the movements of the small and large intestines. It describes the different types of movements that mix and propel food through the intestines, including segmental contractions, peristaltic contractions, and migrating motor complexes. These movements are controlled by pacemaker cells and nerves. The document also covers motility reflexes, large intestine movements like haustral shuttling and mass movements, and the defecation reflex. Motility allows for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste from the body.
Reabsorption In Renal Tubule (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Features of PCTPCT have high capacity of active & passive re-absorption.
This is due to special cellular features of epithelial cells.
They have increased no. of mitochondria due to high metabolic activity.
brush border on luminal (apical) side.
Brush border contains protein carrier molecules to transport Na+ by co-transport mechanism with other substances (a.acids, glucose etc).
Additional sodium is transported by COUNTER-TRANSPORT that reabsorb sodium while secreting hydrogen.
About 65 % of filtered load of Na+ & water is reabsorbed in PCT.
A lower % age of Cl- is also absorbed.
In 1st half of PC tubules, Na+ is re-absorbed by co-transport along with glucose, a.acids and other solutes.
In 2nd half of PC tubules, mainly Na+ is reabsorbed with Cl- and some of glucose + a.acids remain un-absorbed.
2nd half of PCT has high conc of Cl- (140 mEq/L) as compared to 1st half (105 mEq/L).
Excitation - Contraction coupling
The document summarizes the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. It describes how an action potential leads to a rise in intracellular calcium levels through excitation-contraction coupling. This triggers the sliding filament theory where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other through cross-bridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium binds to troponin C, allowing the power stroke to occur as myosin heads pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs as calcium is re-sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, breaking the cross-bridges.
Renal handling of water
kidney tubule
Collecting
duct
lumen
Filtrate
300 mOsm
Medullary
interstitial
fluid
Collecting duct cell
Vasa
recta
600 mOsM
600 mOsM
700 mOsM
1. The kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining water homeostasis by conserving water during deprivation and excreting excess water. This is accomplished through a complex anatomical arrangement of the nephron and renal vasculature.
2. Key elements include a hypertonic medullary interstitium generated by active transport of solutes out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and collecting
Gastric motility and secretion
The document summarizes gastric motility and secretion. It discusses the main functions of the stomach including storage, preparing chyme, and absorption. It describes the different cell types in the stomach that secrete gastric juice components like HCl and pepsinogen. It also outlines the roles of gastric motility in serving as a reservoir, breaking down food, and emptying contents at a controlled rate. Key regulators of gastric emptying and secretion include hormones like CCK, gastrin, and secretin.
INTESTINAL GLANDS AND SECRETIONS
This document summarizes intestinal glands and secretions, and the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water in the small intestine. It discusses the roles of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and brush border enzymes in breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into dipeptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs via active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion depending on the molecule. Malabsorption can cause deficiencies if digestion or absorption is impaired.
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system controls gastrointestinal movements and secretions. It is composed of two plexuses: the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, which controls gastrointestinal movements, and the submucosal plexus beneath the mucosa, which controls secretion and blood flow. The enteric nervous system works with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to regulate gastrointestinal function. Sensory neurons in the gut wall send signals to the central nervous system to mediate reflexes. The enteric nervous system contains many types of neurons that secrete neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin and VIP.
GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT PHYSIOLOGY REVISION NOTES
The document discusses the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal motility. It notes that the myenteric plexus controls gastrointestinal motility through peristalsis. Peristalsis is present even without input from the extrinsic nervous system. The extrinsic nervous system can only modify, not initiate, activity of the enteric nervous system.
Acidification of urine
The document discusses acidification of urine and the kidney's role in maintaining acid-base balance.
1) The kidneys excrete acidic or alkaline urine to maintain blood pH within a narrow range of 6.8-7.8. When blood pH changes, the kidneys compensate by regulating urine pH.
2) The kidneys secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid in exchange for sodium and bicarbonate ions to be reabsorbed into the blood. This maintains bicarbonate levels and helps buffer acids produced by metabolism.
3) When acidosis occurs, the body responds through intracellular and extracellular buffering, increased ventilation, and enhanced renal acid secretion and bicarbonate re
Git motility
This document summarizes key aspects of gastrointestinal motility including mastication, deglutition, and gastric and small intestinal motility. It discusses the muscles and reflexes involved in chewing food and swallowing. It describes the different phases of swallowing and disorders that can occur. Motility in the stomach is summarized, including the basal electrical rhythm, factors that initiate and regulate contractions, and types of gastric movements like receptive relaxation and mixing. Small intestinal motility includes discussions of migrating motor complexes, mixing and propulsive movements like peristalsis, and the regulation of these movements.
Digestion and absorption
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein and lipid following the curriculum of medical biochemistry of MBBB course
Vomiting reflex
The vomiting reflex, or emetic reflex, involves three steps. First, nausea develops as a warning sensation. Then retching occurs through spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and chest muscles combined with glottis closure. Finally, vomiting expels gastric contents through the mouth. The vomiting center located in the medulla receives input from the GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular apparatus, and higher brain centers. It coordinates the motor responses through various cranial nerves that cause antiperistalsis and ejection of vomitus.
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Renal tubular reabsorption, secretion, regulation & renal function tests
Renal tubular reabsorption and secretion involves the transport of substances across tubular epithelial cells. Substances may be reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood (reabsorption exceeds filtration) or secreted from the blood into the tubular fluid (secretion exceeds filtration). Clearance tests can measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow. Substances like inulin that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed/secreted will have a clearance equal to GFR, while clearance of substances like para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) that are secreted can estimate renal plasma flow. Hormones and other factors regulate tubular transport and fluid/electroly
large intestine physiology
The document describes the anatomy, histology, functions, and physiology of the large intestine. It discusses sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, and water absorption mechanisms in the colon. Short chain fatty acid absorption and role in energy metabolism is also covered. Colonic motility, fluid regulation, and the defecation reflex are summarized. The roles of mucus, fiber, and colonic microflora are outlined. Causes of constipation and composition of feces are also briefly discussed.
Git secretions
This document summarizes the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the different types of glands that secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and other substances. These include mucous glands, peptic glands, salivary glands, pancreatic glands, and hepatic glands. The document also discusses the stimuli, nervous regulation, and roles of various secretions like saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Mucosal barrier and peptic ulcer
The gastric mucosal barrier protects the stomach from acid damage and is composed of a tight epithelial cell lining, a mucus coating, and bicarbonate ions. Mucus secreted by mucus cells throughout the GI tract acts as a protectant and lubricant. It maintains the alkaline pH of epithelial cells despite gastric acid through its buffering properties. Peptic ulcers occur when this barrier is damaged, such as through excess acid secretion, bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori, or drug use like NSAIDs. Common symptoms include upper abdominal pain relieved by food or antacids.
Bile
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion. It contains bile salts that emulsify and solubilize lipids, allowing for absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to hormones like cholecystokinin during a meal. Disruptions to bile composition can lead to gallstones or malabsorption issues like steatorrhea.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Physiology properties of bile, composition of bile, functions of bile, functi...
This document contains information about the functions of the bile, small intestine, and large intestine. It includes summaries of the properties and composition of bile, as well as its digestive, absorptive, excretory, and other functions. It also describes the functional anatomy of the small intestine, its roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and how food exits into the large intestine. Finally, it outlines the absorptive, excretory, secretory, synthetic and other functions of the large intestine, including its role in forming feces and the importance of dietary fiber.
Renal Physiology
The document provides an overview of renal physiology and the structure and function of the kidney and nephron. It describes the kidney as a bean-shaped organ that filters blood to produce urine and removes wastes. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct) that work together to regulate water and electrolyte levels via selective reabsorption and secretion processes along different portions of the tubule. The loop of Henle plays a key role in concentrating urine by establishing an osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla.
Vomitting & defecation reflex
The document discusses the vomiting reflex and defecation reflex. It defines terms related to vomiting such as nausea, retching, and vomiting. It describes the vomiting center located in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract and coordinates motor output through cranial and spinal nerves to induce vomiting. It explains the mechanism of vomiting including antiperistalsis that pushes intestinal contents into the stomach. It also discusses the defecation reflex including intrinsic reflexes mediated by the enteric nervous system and extrinsic reflexes involving spinal cord and voluntary control. It lists factors that can influence bowel elimination such as age, diet, posture, pregnancy, fluid intake, activity, and psychological state.
Cardiac muscle physiology
This document provides an overview of cardiac muscle structure and function. It defines key terms related to the properties of cardiac muscle such as rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the cardiac syncytium and normal conduction pathway in the heart. It explains excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and compares it to skeletal muscle. It also compares action potentials in the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle. Finally, it discusses the significance of the plateau and refractory period in ventricular muscle action potentials.
Saliva
Saliva is produced in salivary glands and secreted at a daily rate of 800-1500 mL. It has a pH of 6-7 and functions to moisten food, aid digestion, and inhibit bacterial growth. Saliva contains water, electrolytes, enzymes like amylase, mucus proteins, and antimicrobial compounds that protect oral health. The main components provide lubrication, tissue coating, and inhibit mineral precipitation and bacterial adhesion in the mouth.
Saliva
Saliva is produced in salivary glands and secreted at a daily rate of 800-1500 mL. It has several functions including moistening food, beginning digestion, and inhibiting bacterial growth through various components. Saliva contains water, electrolytes, enzymes, mucus proteins, and antimicrobial proteins that carry out these diverse functions such as lubrication, tissue coating, digestion, and protection against microbes.
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This document summarizes intestinal glands and secretions, and the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water in the small intestine. It discusses the roles of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and brush border enzymes in breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, proteins into dipeptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs via active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion depending on the molecule. Malabsorption can cause deficiencies if digestion or absorption is impaired.
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system controls gastrointestinal movements and secretions. It is composed of two plexuses: the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, which controls gastrointestinal movements, and the submucosal plexus beneath the mucosa, which controls secretion and blood flow. The enteric nervous system works with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to regulate gastrointestinal function. Sensory neurons in the gut wall send signals to the central nervous system to mediate reflexes. The enteric nervous system contains many types of neurons that secrete neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin and VIP.
GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT PHYSIOLOGY REVISION NOTES
The document discusses the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal motility. It notes that the myenteric plexus controls gastrointestinal motility through peristalsis. Peristalsis is present even without input from the extrinsic nervous system. The extrinsic nervous system can only modify, not initiate, activity of the enteric nervous system.
Acidification of urine
The document discusses acidification of urine and the kidney's role in maintaining acid-base balance.
1) The kidneys excrete acidic or alkaline urine to maintain blood pH within a narrow range of 6.8-7.8. When blood pH changes, the kidneys compensate by regulating urine pH.
2) The kidneys secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid in exchange for sodium and bicarbonate ions to be reabsorbed into the blood. This maintains bicarbonate levels and helps buffer acids produced by metabolism.
3) When acidosis occurs, the body responds through intracellular and extracellular buffering, increased ventilation, and enhanced renal acid secretion and bicarbonate re
Git motility
This document summarizes key aspects of gastrointestinal motility including mastication, deglutition, and gastric and small intestinal motility. It discusses the muscles and reflexes involved in chewing food and swallowing. It describes the different phases of swallowing and disorders that can occur. Motility in the stomach is summarized, including the basal electrical rhythm, factors that initiate and regulate contractions, and types of gastric movements like receptive relaxation and mixing. Small intestinal motility includes discussions of migrating motor complexes, mixing and propulsive movements like peristalsis, and the regulation of these movements.
Digestion and absorption
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate, protein and lipid following the curriculum of medical biochemistry of MBBB course
Vomiting reflex
The vomiting reflex, or emetic reflex, involves three steps. First, nausea develops as a warning sensation. Then retching occurs through spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and chest muscles combined with glottis closure. Finally, vomiting expels gastric contents through the mouth. The vomiting center located in the medulla receives input from the GI tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular apparatus, and higher brain centers. It coordinates the motor responses through various cranial nerves that cause antiperistalsis and ejection of vomitus.
Kidney as an endocrine gland and its non excretory fuctions
In this presentation, you will get the insight to the kidney as an endocrine gland along with some of its non excretory functions.
Renal tubular reabsorption, secretion, regulation & renal function tests
Renal tubular reabsorption and secretion involves the transport of substances across tubular epithelial cells. Substances may be reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood (reabsorption exceeds filtration) or secreted from the blood into the tubular fluid (secretion exceeds filtration). Clearance tests can measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow. Substances like inulin that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed/secreted will have a clearance equal to GFR, while clearance of substances like para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) that are secreted can estimate renal plasma flow. Hormones and other factors regulate tubular transport and fluid/electroly
large intestine physiology
The document describes the anatomy, histology, functions, and physiology of the large intestine. It discusses sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, and water absorption mechanisms in the colon. Short chain fatty acid absorption and role in energy metabolism is also covered. Colonic motility, fluid regulation, and the defecation reflex are summarized. The roles of mucus, fiber, and colonic microflora are outlined. Causes of constipation and composition of feces are also briefly discussed.
Git secretions
This document summarizes the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the different types of glands that secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and other substances. These include mucous glands, peptic glands, salivary glands, pancreatic glands, and hepatic glands. The document also discusses the stimuli, nervous regulation, and roles of various secretions like saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions.
Bile juice
Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver , it is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. .
The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile.
Physical properties;
Hepatic bile: pH 7.4, colour is golden yellow ,
Bladder bile: pH 6.8, color is green dark to yellow (darker)
Volume of bile produced reaches to one liter of bile per day (depending on body size).
Mucosal barrier and peptic ulcer
The gastric mucosal barrier protects the stomach from acid damage and is composed of a tight epithelial cell lining, a mucus coating, and bicarbonate ions. Mucus secreted by mucus cells throughout the GI tract acts as a protectant and lubricant. It maintains the alkaline pH of epithelial cells despite gastric acid through its buffering properties. Peptic ulcers occur when this barrier is damaged, such as through excess acid secretion, bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori, or drug use like NSAIDs. Common symptoms include upper abdominal pain relieved by food or antacids.
Bile
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion. It contains bile salts that emulsify and solubilize lipids, allowing for absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to hormones like cholecystokinin during a meal. Disruptions to bile composition can lead to gallstones or malabsorption issues like steatorrhea.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Physiology properties of bile, composition of bile, functions of bile, functi...
This document contains information about the functions of the bile, small intestine, and large intestine. It includes summaries of the properties and composition of bile, as well as its digestive, absorptive, excretory, and other functions. It also describes the functional anatomy of the small intestine, its roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and how food exits into the large intestine. Finally, it outlines the absorptive, excretory, secretory, synthetic and other functions of the large intestine, including its role in forming feces and the importance of dietary fiber.
Renal Physiology
The document provides an overview of renal physiology and the structure and function of the kidney and nephron. It describes the kidney as a bean-shaped organ that filters blood to produce urine and removes wastes. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct) that work together to regulate water and electrolyte levels via selective reabsorption and secretion processes along different portions of the tubule. The loop of Henle plays a key role in concentrating urine by establishing an osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla.
Vomitting & defecation reflex
The document discusses the vomiting reflex and defecation reflex. It defines terms related to vomiting such as nausea, retching, and vomiting. It describes the vomiting center located in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract and coordinates motor output through cranial and spinal nerves to induce vomiting. It explains the mechanism of vomiting including antiperistalsis that pushes intestinal contents into the stomach. It also discusses the defecation reflex including intrinsic reflexes mediated by the enteric nervous system and extrinsic reflexes involving spinal cord and voluntary control. It lists factors that can influence bowel elimination such as age, diet, posture, pregnancy, fluid intake, activity, and psychological state.
Cardiac muscle physiology
This document provides an overview of cardiac muscle structure and function. It defines key terms related to the properties of cardiac muscle such as rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the cardiac syncytium and normal conduction pathway in the heart. It explains excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and compares it to skeletal muscle. It also compares action potentials in the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle. Finally, it discusses the significance of the plateau and refractory period in ventricular muscle action potentials.
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Similar to Compositions of digestive enzymes and juices
Saliva
Saliva is produced in salivary glands and secreted at a daily rate of 800-1500 mL. It has a pH of 6-7 and functions to moisten food, aid digestion, and inhibit bacterial growth. Saliva contains water, electrolytes, enzymes like amylase, mucus proteins, and antimicrobial compounds that protect oral health. The main components provide lubrication, tissue coating, and inhibit mineral precipitation and bacterial adhesion in the mouth.
Saliva
Saliva is produced in salivary glands and secreted at a daily rate of 800-1500 mL. It has several functions including moistening food, beginning digestion, and inhibiting bacterial growth through various components. Saliva contains water, electrolytes, enzymes, mucus proteins, and antimicrobial proteins that carry out these diverse functions such as lubrication, tissue coating, digestion, and protection against microbes.
Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool
This document discusses saliva as a diagnostic fluid. It defines saliva and describes its general properties, composition, formation, and functions. Methods for collecting saliva are provided for adults, children, and infants. Advantages of saliva analysis include its noninvasive nature, low cost, and applicability for screening large populations. Limitations relate to variability in salivary markers based on collection method and flow rate. The document outlines analysis of saliva for diagnosing conditions like Sjogren's syndrome based on changes in immunoglobulin and protein levels.
The Mammalian Salivary Gland
Most animals have three major pairs of salivary glands that differ in the type of secretion they produce: parotid glands produce a serous, watery secretion. submaxillary (mandibular) glands produce a mixed serous and mucous secretion; sublingual glands secrete a predominantly mucous saliva.
Saliva - Diagnostic Tool
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonic.
Salivary gland disorders, xerostomia
This document provides an overview of saliva, the salivary glands, and salivary gland disorders. It defines saliva and describes the anatomy and histology of the major and minor salivary glands. The regulation of salivary secretion, composition of saliva, and functions of saliva are discussed. Methods of collecting and screening saliva are presented, as are common salivary gland disorders and considerations for their management.
Physiology of saliva
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and clinical considerations of salivary glands and saliva. It describes the major and minor salivary glands, their development, histology, nerve supply, and role in saliva formation. The composition, functions, regulation and diagnostic uses of saliva are examined. Clinical topics covered include dry mouth, Sjogren's syndrome, effects of medications, and disorders of hyposalivation and hypersalivation.
dietary factors in caries
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Lesson 1. Digestion 2.pdf
Digestive physiology (2)
Topic name: Digestion in the stomach, the value of gastric acid hydrochloric acid. Digestion in the intestines. Motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
Lecture plan:
1. Digestion in the stomach. Composition and properties of gastric juice.
2. Regulation of gastric secretion. Phases of gastric secretion.
3. Digestion in the small intestine: pancreatic juice, composition and properties; secretion of pancreatic juice, its phases; bile, composition, importance in digestion processes; digestion in the small intestine. Intestinal juice and composition; cavity and parietal digestion.
4. Intestinal motility. Types of movements. Regulation of mot
1st Semester Physiology - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptx
Saliva: Thin, watery, slightly viscid fluid secreted by the salivary glands. More than a liter of saliva is secreted per day
Function of saliva: Chemical digestion
Helps chewing and swallowing
Lubricating effect:
Solvent effect:
Cleaning effect:
Antibacterial effect:
pH buffering effect:
Gastric juice or stomach secretions:
The gastric mucosa secretes 1.2 to 1.5 liters of gastric juice per day.
Function of Gastric Juice:
HCL converts pepsinogen into pepsin,Pepsin breaks protein ,Gastric lipase break down fats.
mucus protect stomach lining, Pancreatic juice:
The exocrine part of pancreas producing pancreatic juice which empties into the small intestine at hepato pancreatic ampulla
Functions of pancreatic juice: digest protein, fats, carbohydrate & nucleic acid. neutralizes HCl, Bile: Bile is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver. Bile helps the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum.
Bile salts:
Bile salts are one of the primary components of bile. Bile salts help with the digestion of fats in our bodies.
Intestinal secretions: The principal constituents of intestinal secretions are water, mucus and mineral salts.
Movements of Gastrointestinal Tract include chewing of food and mixing it with saliva (mastication and salivation), swallowing, and its movement through esophagus and stomach, where digestion begins, to the small intestine (the site of further digestion and absorption).
two types of peristalsis occur:
Primary peristalsis and secondary peristalsis
Digestion Is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by the body
The stomach is large enough to temporarily store the food.
Solid food is gradually broken down by powerful muscle contractions in the lower end of the stomach.
This muscular activity produces small food particles suitable to enter SI.
Different types of food empty from the stomach at different rates; for example, fatty foods take longer to leave
Beverages emptying more quickly into the small bowel
Normally, most of an average-sized meal has left the stomach after about 2 hours.
In the stomach the food stimulates the release of digestive juices like HCL & digestive enzymes e.g. pepsinogen (converted into active form pepsin by HCL) that chemically further break down and mix with the food. The mixture is referred to as chyme.
The chyme then passes, in a regulated controlled manner, out of the stomach into the small bowel/intestineIn the small intestine, the muscular contractions occur irregularly, varying in strength and type.
Here also, the different nutrients in food affect the type of contractions generated.
Absorption Define as the passage of nutrients into the blood or lymphatic system. Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine.
Absorption happens quickly and efficiently if the surface is thin
Digestive system
Digestion is process by which complex food get converted into simpler food so as to easily get absorbed into blood stream and act as a energy source.
Saliva
Saliva is produced by salivary glands and contains enzymes and electrolytes that begin digestion of starches and fats in the mouth. Saliva circulating in the mouth at any given time is termed "whole saliva" and can reflect physiological states of the body. The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Salivary secretion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Changes in salivary flow can impact oral health, with dry mouth increasing risks of oral diseases and excess saliva potentially causing dental issues. Saliva also acts as a diagnostic fluid and can provide biomarkers for systemic conditions.
salivary gland and saliva.pptx
This document discusses salivary glands and saliva. It begins by introducing the topic and listing the contents to be covered. It then classifies salivary glands based on their anatomical size, type of secretion, and location. The major glands are identified as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Minor salivary glands are also discussed. The document further explores the constituents of saliva, formation and regulation of saliva, and prosthodontic implications. Key functions of saliva including protection, buffering, tissue repair, digestion, taste, and anticaries activity are summarized. Major organic constituents such as mucins, proteins, and enzymes are identified.
saliva final.pptx
This document discusses saliva, including its embryology, composition, functions, and role in dental health. Saliva is produced by major and minor salivary glands and contains water, enzymes, immunoglobulins, mucins and other components. It has functions like lubrication, buffering, digestion of starch, and protection against bacteria. Saliva aids in remineralization of teeth and prevention of dental caries through factors like calcium, phosphate, fluoride and proteins. It also plays a role in acquired pellicle formation, calculus formation, and various oral diseases.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION.digistive system
The document summarizes key aspects of digestion in the human body. It describes the different types of digestion that occur, including digestion proper by enzymes in digestive glands, autolytic digestion by food enzymes, and symbiotic digestion by microbes. It outlines the process of digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and specific enzymes involved at each stage. Key points covered include the composition and roles of saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretions. Motility functions that propel food through the digestive tract are also summarized.
Saliva BY DR. C. P. ARYA (B.Sc. B.D.S, M.D.S , P.M.S, R.N.T;C.P.)
Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of humans and other animals. It is produced by salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes, and other substances. The main functions of saliva are lubrication for swallowing, beginning the digestion of starches and fats, and supporting oral health. Saliva production and composition are regulated by the nervous system and saliva plays various roles beyond digestion for some animal species.
SALIVA
Saliva is one of the major components in the defence mechanism of gingiva. Here is my presentation on it.
SALIVA
Contents :
Classification of salivary glands
Mechanism of saliva secretion
Composition
Properties
Flow rate
Functions
Role in dental caries
Role in diagnostics
Clinical considerations (dentistry)
Physiology of digestion (pharmacy)
The document provides an overview of physiology related to the digestive system. It discusses the roles and secretions of the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Saliva begins digesting carbohydrates and protects teeth. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes to digest proteins into peptides and polypeptides. The pancreas secretes enzymes to further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Bile from the liver and gallbladder aids in fat digestion and absorption. Together, these secretions and organs work in a coordinated process to break food down into absorbable nutrients.
Physiology of digestion
The document provides information on digestion and related physiology. It discusses:
1. The components and functions of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.
2. The roles and secretions of saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and bile in breaking down food through digestion and their component enzymes.
3. How the stomach is protected from digestion by its own acids through mechanisms like mucus layer and rapid cell regeneration.
4. Causes and effects of vomiting.
Similar to Compositions of digestive enzymes and juices (20)
1st Semester Physiology - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptx
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Saliva BY DR. C. P. ARYA (B.Sc. B.D.S, M.D.S , P.M.S, R.N.T;C.P.)
Saliva BY DR. C. P. ARYA (B.Sc. B.D.S, M.D.S , P.M.S, R.N.T;C.P.)
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Compositions of digestive enzymes and juices
- 1. compositions
- 2. saliva
- 3. Multifunctionality Salivary Functions Anti- Bacterial Buffering Digestion Mineral- ization Lubricat- ion &Visco- elasticity Tissue Coating Anti- Fungal Anti- Viral Carbonic anhydrases, Histatins Amylases, Mucins, Lipase Cystatins, Histatins, Proline- rich proteins, Statherins Mucins, Statherins Amylases, Cystatins, Mucins, Proline-rich proteins, Statherins Histatins Cystatins, Mucins Amylases, Cystatins, Histatins, Mucins, Peroxidases adapted from M.J. Levine, 1993
- 4. TWO STAGE HYPOTHESIS OF SALIVA FORMATION Water & electrolytes Isotonic primary saliva Most proteins Some proteins electrolytes Na+ Cl- resorbed K+ secreted, Hco3 Hypotonic final saliva into mouth
- 6. Factors Stimulating the Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid • 1. Gastrin • 2. Histamine • 3. Vagal stimulation. Factors Inhibiting the Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid • 1. Secretin • 2. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide • 3. Peptide YY. According to Davenport theory, hydrochloric acid secretion is an active process that takes place in thecanaliculi of parietal cells in gastric glands. The energy for this process is derived from oxidation of glucose.
- 10. Intestinal juice
- 12. • There are micro and macro molecules transport. Transport by phagocytosis and pinocytosis - endocytosis. Endocytosis- intracellular digestion. Some substances may be transported through intercellular spaces - persorption. This mechanism explains the falling into the external environment a small number of proteins (antibodies, allergens, enzymes) other substances (dyes) and bacteria.
- 13. • Passive transport : diffusion (for the gradient of concentration) osmosis ( for osmotic gradient ) and filtration ( for electrochemical gradient) . Water, cations, anions, salts, fatty acids, water- soluble , liposoluble vitamins , fructose and folic acid are absorbed by passive transport • Active transport (against to the gradient of concentration, osmotic and electrochemical gradients) . By help of protein and energy. Active transport need energy of ATP. Amino acids, monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport.
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