Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. Composites may be combined on a macroscopic or microscopic scale to form useful structures. Composites have properties that are superior to those of the individual constituents. Some key advantages of composites include high strength and stiffness combined with low density, resistance to corrosion and wear, and tailorable properties based on the constituent materials. Common composite materials include fiber-reinforced polymers, concrete, and cermets.
Composite materials are composed of two or more physically distinct materials that produce improved properties over the individual components. The document discusses various types of composite materials including fiber-reinforced polymers, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and hybrid composites. It also describes the key characteristics of the matrix and reinforcing phases including their functions, essential properties, and various forms like fibers, particles, flakes that the reinforcing phase can take. Common applications of structural composites in aircraft and construction are also mentioned.
This document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines a composite as containing two or more distinct materials. Composites contain a matrix phase that surrounds and binds the dispersed reinforcing phase. The document describes different types of matrices (metal, polymer, ceramic) and reinforcing phases (fibers, particles, whiskers). It classifies composites as particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, or structural based on the reinforcing phase. For each type, it provides examples, properties, and applications. The key advantages of polymer composites are also summarized.
Introduction to composite_materials in aerospace_applicationsR.K. JAIN
Composite materials are widely used in aerospace applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, creep resistance, and strength retention at high temperatures. They are used in aircraft structures like wings, fuselages, and engine nacelles. Common composite materials include carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, glass reinforced epoxy, and aramid fiber reinforced epoxy. Composites offer advantages like weight savings, damage tolerance, and resistance to corrosion compared to metals. While composites will continue growing in aerospace due to their properties, higher costs remain a barrier to more widespread adoption.
This document discusses composite materials, which consist of a combination of two materials - a reinforcing material embedded in a matrix material. Some key points:
- Composites have properties that individual materials lack, including high strength and stiffness but lower weight.
- There are two main types of composites - particle-reinforced and fiber-reinforced. Fiber-reinforced composites are the most important technologically.
- Composites are manufactured using various techniques like filament winding, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. Future improvements could make composites more cost-effective and suitable for more complex shapes.
- Composites offer benefits like design flexibility, high strength to
Unit 1-Introduction to Composites.pptxrohanpanage1
Composite materials can be summarized as follows:
1. Composite materials consist of a matrix and reinforcement, where the reinforcement is embedded within the matrix to improve its properties. Composites take advantage of the strengths of both materials.
2. Composites are classified based on their matrix, which can be polymer, metal, or ceramic. They are also classified based on the type of reinforcement, which can be particles, fibers, whiskers, or structural.
3. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and protects it, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Together they provide benefits like weight reduction, durability, and design flexibility compared to traditional materials.
This document defines and describes different types of composite materials. It states that a composite material is made of two or more constituent materials that retain their individual properties but produce an overall material with different characteristics. The document then describes different types of composites including particle reinforced, fiber reinforced, structural, and nanocomposites. It provides examples of concrete, glass fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, and aramid fiber reinforced polymer composites. The document also discusses structural composites, laminar composites, and sandwich panels.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties. They have a matrix phase that forms the bulk of the material and a dispersed reinforcement phase that improves the matrix's properties. Common composite materials include particle-reinforced composites like concrete and fiber-reinforced composites. Composites provide advantages like higher strength and stiffness than monolithic materials, lower density, improved corrosion and fatigue resistance, and controlled electrical conductivity. They are used widely in applications like transportation, marine, aerospace, electronics and safety equipment. Composite materials can fail due to fiber breakage, matrix cracking, debonding between fibers and matrix, or delamination between layers in laminated composites.
Composite materials are composed of two or more physically distinct materials that produce improved properties over the individual components. The document discusses various types of composite materials including fiber-reinforced polymers, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and hybrid composites. It also describes the key characteristics of the matrix and reinforcing phases including their functions, essential properties, and various forms like fibers, particles, flakes that the reinforcing phase can take. Common applications of structural composites in aircraft and construction are also mentioned.
This document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines a composite as containing two or more distinct materials. Composites contain a matrix phase that surrounds and binds the dispersed reinforcing phase. The document describes different types of matrices (metal, polymer, ceramic) and reinforcing phases (fibers, particles, whiskers). It classifies composites as particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, or structural based on the reinforcing phase. For each type, it provides examples, properties, and applications. The key advantages of polymer composites are also summarized.
Introduction to composite_materials in aerospace_applicationsR.K. JAIN
Composite materials are widely used in aerospace applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, creep resistance, and strength retention at high temperatures. They are used in aircraft structures like wings, fuselages, and engine nacelles. Common composite materials include carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, glass reinforced epoxy, and aramid fiber reinforced epoxy. Composites offer advantages like weight savings, damage tolerance, and resistance to corrosion compared to metals. While composites will continue growing in aerospace due to their properties, higher costs remain a barrier to more widespread adoption.
This document discusses composite materials, which consist of a combination of two materials - a reinforcing material embedded in a matrix material. Some key points:
- Composites have properties that individual materials lack, including high strength and stiffness but lower weight.
- There are two main types of composites - particle-reinforced and fiber-reinforced. Fiber-reinforced composites are the most important technologically.
- Composites are manufactured using various techniques like filament winding, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. Future improvements could make composites more cost-effective and suitable for more complex shapes.
- Composites offer benefits like design flexibility, high strength to
Unit 1-Introduction to Composites.pptxrohanpanage1
Composite materials can be summarized as follows:
1. Composite materials consist of a matrix and reinforcement, where the reinforcement is embedded within the matrix to improve its properties. Composites take advantage of the strengths of both materials.
2. Composites are classified based on their matrix, which can be polymer, metal, or ceramic. They are also classified based on the type of reinforcement, which can be particles, fibers, whiskers, or structural.
3. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and protects it, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Together they provide benefits like weight reduction, durability, and design flexibility compared to traditional materials.
This document defines and describes different types of composite materials. It states that a composite material is made of two or more constituent materials that retain their individual properties but produce an overall material with different characteristics. The document then describes different types of composites including particle reinforced, fiber reinforced, structural, and nanocomposites. It provides examples of concrete, glass fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, and aramid fiber reinforced polymer composites. The document also discusses structural composites, laminar composites, and sandwich panels.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties. They have a matrix phase that forms the bulk of the material and a dispersed reinforcement phase that improves the matrix's properties. Common composite materials include particle-reinforced composites like concrete and fiber-reinforced composites. Composites provide advantages like higher strength and stiffness than monolithic materials, lower density, improved corrosion and fatigue resistance, and controlled electrical conductivity. They are used widely in applications like transportation, marine, aerospace, electronics and safety equipment. Composite materials can fail due to fiber breakage, matrix cracking, debonding between fibers and matrix, or delamination between layers in laminated composites.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of a reinforcement material like fibers with the toughness of a matrix material like polymer or metal. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and sheets, while matrix materials include polymer, metal, and ceramic. The arrangement and properties of the reinforcement and matrix provide composites with high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and other desirable properties for applications in structures, aircraft, and vehicles.
Composite make them best contenders to be used in aviation industry. Composites have revolutionized the aircraft industry through their properties especially regarding their strength & light in weight nature.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of the reinforcement material with the toughness of the matrix material. Common reinforcement materials are fibers, particles, or sheets that are embedded in a matrix such as polymer, metal, or ceramic. The properties of the composite depend on the types and amounts of reinforcement and matrix used. Composites are used in many applications that require high strength and stiffness combined with low weight, such as buildings, bridges, boats, and aircraft.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties. This creates a new material with unique properties. Composites have several advantages over traditional materials, including higher strength, lower weight, and improved stiffness. Composites are made of two phases - a matrix phase that forms the bulk of the material, and a dispersed reinforcement phase. There are several types of composites including particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, and structural composites. Fiber-reinforced composites can have continuous or discontinuous fibers oriented in various alignments to achieve desired properties. Composites are increasingly used in applications like transportation, marine, aerospace, electronics due to their advantages.
The documents discuss composite materials, which are combinations of two or more materials that have improved properties over the individual components. Composite materials consist of a reinforcement and a matrix. Reinforcements provide strength and stiffness, while the matrix binds the reinforcements together and protects them. Common reinforcement materials include fibers of glass, carbon, and aramid. Matrix materials include polymers, metals, and ceramics. The documents describe different types of composites based on the matrix, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Manufacturing methods for polymer matrix composites like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion are also summarized.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better tolerance to heat, corrosion and fatigue compared to traditional materials. Composites are classified based on the matrix and dispersed phases, and can be particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced or structural. Fiber-reinforced composites find applications in automobiles, ships, aircrafts, electronics and more due to their tunable properties and lightweight.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better corrosion and fatigue resistance compared to traditional materials. Composites are made of a matrix phase that forms the bulk and a dispersed strengthening phase. Fiber-reinforced composites use a continuous fiber reinforcement for high strength. Common composite materials are used in automobiles, boats, aircraft, electronics, and body armor.
Composites, green chemistry, biodiesel, carbon neutralityVishnu Thumma
This document provides information about a chemistry course taught at Matrusri Engineering College. The course objectives include correlating material properties with structure, applying electrochemistry principles, gaining knowledge about corrosion prevention and water treatment, and learning about green chemistry and biodiesel. The course outcomes are that students will be able to analyze battery cell potentials, identify water hardness and alkalinity, discuss polymers for various uses, identify fuel types, and outline green chemistry principles for sustainable environments and biodiesel production. One course module focuses on composites, green chemistry, and biodiesel.
This document provides an introduction to composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more inherently different materials that when combined produce properties exceeding the individual components. The matrix holds the reinforcement and transfers load, while the reinforcement provides properties like strength and stiffness. Common matrix materials include epoxies, metals, and ceramics. Fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The document discusses different types of composites and their applications, advantages like high strength and design flexibility, and disadvantages like anisotropic properties and difficulties in inspection.
This document discusses composite materials, including their definition, constituents, types, and applications. It provides the following key points:
1. Composite materials are formed by combining two or more materials with different physical or chemical properties, where the constituent materials remain separate on a macro scale. Fibers provide strength and stiffness while the matrix binds the fibers together.
2. There are three main types of composites: metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and polymer matrix. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are the most widely used.
3. The matrix protects the fibers, transfers stress to the fibers, and holds the fibers in the desired orientation. The properties of the composite depend on the properties and relative amounts of the
Dr P R Rathod from L D College of Engineering in Ahmedabad provides a document discussing composite materials. The document defines composites as materials composed of two or more chemically distinct phases at the microscopic scale that have significantly different properties. It then discusses the history of composites dating back to ancient uses of materials like papyrus and straw bricks. It also provides examples of composites in everyday life like concrete, wood, and the human body. The document then covers various topics related to composites including their constituents, classification based on matrix and reinforcement, fiber reinforced composites, and structural composite materials like laminates and sandwich structures.
Composites are materials formed from two or more constituent materials that remain separate and distinct within a composite. Composites consist of a continuous matrix phase that surrounds and binds together a dispersed reinforcement phase. This gives composites properties that are superior to the individual components, such as high strength and stiffness. Composites can be classified based on the type of reinforcement, such as particle, structural, or fiber reinforcement composites which use particles, sheets, or fibers respectively to enhance the properties of the matrix material.
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Cla.pdfindiaartz
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Classify the composite
system (fiber-reinforced, particulate, laminar, or hybrid), and explain why it is such a ubiquitous
choice of construction.
Solution
Fibers or particles embedded in matrix of another material are the best example of modern-day
composite materials, which are mostly structural. Laminates are composite material where
different layers of materials give them the specific character of a composite material having a
specific function to perform. Fabrics have no matrix to fall back on, but in them, fibers of
different compositions combine to give them a specific character. Reinforcing materials
generally withstand maximum load and serve the desirable properties. Further, though composite
types are often distinguishable from one another, no clear determination can be really made. To
facilitate definition, the accent is often shifted to the levels at which differentiation take place
viz., microscopic or macroscopic. In matrix-based structural composites, the matrix serves two
paramount purposes viz., binding the reinforcement phases in place and deforming to distribute
the stresses among the constituent reinforcement materials under an applied force.
Composite materials are commonly classified at following two distinct levels:
• The first level of classification is usually made with respect to the matrix constituent. The
major composite classes include Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs), Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs). The term organic matrix composite is
generally assumed to include two classes of composites, namely Polymer Matrix Composites
(PMCs) and carbon matrix composites commonly referred to as carboncarbon composites.
• The second level of classification refers to the reinforcement form - fibre reinforced
composites, laminar composites and particulate composites. Fibre Reinforced composites (FRP)
can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibres.
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material
• Fibre Reinforced Composites are composed of fibres embedded in matrix material. Such a
composite is considered to be a discontinuous fibre or short fibre composite if its properties vary
with fibre length. On the other hand, when the length of the fibre is such that any further increase
in length does not further increase, the elastic modulus of the composite, the composite is
considered to be continuous fibre reinforced. Fibres are small in diameter and when pushed
axially, they bend easily although they have very good tensile properties. These fibres must be
supported to keep individual fibres from bending and buckling.
• Laminar Composites are composed of layers of materials held together by matrix. Sandwich
structures fall under this category.
• Particulate Composites are composed of particles distributed or embedded in a matrix body.
The particles may be flakes or in powder form. Concrete and .
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of AA7050 Reinforced with SiC Metal Matri...veeru veeru
This document discusses evaluating the mechanical properties of AA7050 aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix composite. It aims to improve properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion/wear resistance of the aluminum alloy. The work fabricates the composite by ultrasonically dispersing SiC particles in molten AA7050 aluminum alloy. It analyzes the mechanical properties including hardness, Young's modulus, and tensile strength compared to the base alloy. The weight percentage of SiC is varied from 0-20% and properties are correlated with processing parameters like weight percentage. The composite shows improved properties like high strength, hardness, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance over the unreinforced alloy.
This document provides a historical overview and introduction to composite materials. It discusses the early uses of composites in ancient times and the modern revival starting in the mid-20th century. Composites are now widely used in applications like aerospace and transportation due to properties like strength and lightweight. The document classifies composites based on matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic) and reinforcement form (fiber, laminate, particulate). It describes different types of polymer matrices like thermosets and thermoplastics and gives examples of fiber reinforcements.
This document provides a historical overview and introduction to composite materials. It discusses:
1) The early uses of natural fiber composites throughout history for applications like bows and buildings.
2) The modern revival and increasing use of composites in aircraft and spacecraft in the late 20th century to improve structural performance.
3) Future trends toward more integrated design processes, cost reduction, and use of natural fibers to make composites more environmentally friendly.
This presentation provides an overview of composite materials, including their definition, classification, properties, and applications. Composite materials consist of two or more constituent materials combined to produce unique properties. They are commonly classified by their matrix, including ceramic matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, and metal matrix composites. Polymer matrix composites can be further divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Composite materials exhibit high strength, stiffness, toughness, and corrosion resistance while having low density. They are used widely in applications such as aircraft, automobiles, sports equipment, and consumer goods due to their desirable mechanical properties and light weight.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that differ in composition or form. Composites can be classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Another classification is based on the geometry of the reinforcements, including fiber reinforced composites, laminar composites, and particulate composites. Composites provide benefits such as high strength and stiffness with low density. Common applications of composites include use in aerospace, automotive, construction, medical, and other industrial sectors.
The document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and geometry of reinforcements. The main types of matrices are polymer, metal, ceramic and carbon. Fiber reinforced, laminar and particulate composites are types based on reinforcement geometry. The document provides examples and images to explain different composite materials.
The document summarizes composites and their classification. It discusses that composites are made of two or more materials to produce new properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and reinforcement geometry. The main matrix types are polymer, metal, ceramic. Reinforcements include fibers, sheets and particles. Fiber reinforced composites are widely used. Applications of composites include aerospace, automotive, construction, medical and more due to their high strength and stiffness but low density.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of a reinforcement material like fibers with the toughness of a matrix material like polymer or metal. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and sheets, while matrix materials include polymer, metal, and ceramic. The arrangement and properties of the reinforcement and matrix provide composites with high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and other desirable properties for applications in structures, aircraft, and vehicles.
Composite make them best contenders to be used in aviation industry. Composites have revolutionized the aircraft industry through their properties especially regarding their strength & light in weight nature.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of the reinforcement material with the toughness of the matrix material. Common reinforcement materials are fibers, particles, or sheets that are embedded in a matrix such as polymer, metal, or ceramic. The properties of the composite depend on the types and amounts of reinforcement and matrix used. Composites are used in many applications that require high strength and stiffness combined with low weight, such as buildings, bridges, boats, and aircraft.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties. This creates a new material with unique properties. Composites have several advantages over traditional materials, including higher strength, lower weight, and improved stiffness. Composites are made of two phases - a matrix phase that forms the bulk of the material, and a dispersed reinforcement phase. There are several types of composites including particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, and structural composites. Fiber-reinforced composites can have continuous or discontinuous fibers oriented in various alignments to achieve desired properties. Composites are increasingly used in applications like transportation, marine, aerospace, electronics due to their advantages.
The documents discuss composite materials, which are combinations of two or more materials that have improved properties over the individual components. Composite materials consist of a reinforcement and a matrix. Reinforcements provide strength and stiffness, while the matrix binds the reinforcements together and protects them. Common reinforcement materials include fibers of glass, carbon, and aramid. Matrix materials include polymers, metals, and ceramics. The documents describe different types of composites based on the matrix, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Manufacturing methods for polymer matrix composites like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion are also summarized.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better tolerance to heat, corrosion and fatigue compared to traditional materials. Composites are classified based on the matrix and dispersed phases, and can be particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced or structural. Fiber-reinforced composites find applications in automobiles, ships, aircrafts, electronics and more due to their tunable properties and lightweight.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better corrosion and fatigue resistance compared to traditional materials. Composites are made of a matrix phase that forms the bulk and a dispersed strengthening phase. Fiber-reinforced composites use a continuous fiber reinforcement for high strength. Common composite materials are used in automobiles, boats, aircraft, electronics, and body armor.
Composites, green chemistry, biodiesel, carbon neutralityVishnu Thumma
This document provides information about a chemistry course taught at Matrusri Engineering College. The course objectives include correlating material properties with structure, applying electrochemistry principles, gaining knowledge about corrosion prevention and water treatment, and learning about green chemistry and biodiesel. The course outcomes are that students will be able to analyze battery cell potentials, identify water hardness and alkalinity, discuss polymers for various uses, identify fuel types, and outline green chemistry principles for sustainable environments and biodiesel production. One course module focuses on composites, green chemistry, and biodiesel.
This document provides an introduction to composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more inherently different materials that when combined produce properties exceeding the individual components. The matrix holds the reinforcement and transfers load, while the reinforcement provides properties like strength and stiffness. Common matrix materials include epoxies, metals, and ceramics. Fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The document discusses different types of composites and their applications, advantages like high strength and design flexibility, and disadvantages like anisotropic properties and difficulties in inspection.
This document discusses composite materials, including their definition, constituents, types, and applications. It provides the following key points:
1. Composite materials are formed by combining two or more materials with different physical or chemical properties, where the constituent materials remain separate on a macro scale. Fibers provide strength and stiffness while the matrix binds the fibers together.
2. There are three main types of composites: metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and polymer matrix. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are the most widely used.
3. The matrix protects the fibers, transfers stress to the fibers, and holds the fibers in the desired orientation. The properties of the composite depend on the properties and relative amounts of the
Dr P R Rathod from L D College of Engineering in Ahmedabad provides a document discussing composite materials. The document defines composites as materials composed of two or more chemically distinct phases at the microscopic scale that have significantly different properties. It then discusses the history of composites dating back to ancient uses of materials like papyrus and straw bricks. It also provides examples of composites in everyday life like concrete, wood, and the human body. The document then covers various topics related to composites including their constituents, classification based on matrix and reinforcement, fiber reinforced composites, and structural composite materials like laminates and sandwich structures.
Composites are materials formed from two or more constituent materials that remain separate and distinct within a composite. Composites consist of a continuous matrix phase that surrounds and binds together a dispersed reinforcement phase. This gives composites properties that are superior to the individual components, such as high strength and stiffness. Composites can be classified based on the type of reinforcement, such as particle, structural, or fiber reinforcement composites which use particles, sheets, or fibers respectively to enhance the properties of the matrix material.
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Cla.pdfindiaartz
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Classify the composite
system (fiber-reinforced, particulate, laminar, or hybrid), and explain why it is such a ubiquitous
choice of construction.
Solution
Fibers or particles embedded in matrix of another material are the best example of modern-day
composite materials, which are mostly structural. Laminates are composite material where
different layers of materials give them the specific character of a composite material having a
specific function to perform. Fabrics have no matrix to fall back on, but in them, fibers of
different compositions combine to give them a specific character. Reinforcing materials
generally withstand maximum load and serve the desirable properties. Further, though composite
types are often distinguishable from one another, no clear determination can be really made. To
facilitate definition, the accent is often shifted to the levels at which differentiation take place
viz., microscopic or macroscopic. In matrix-based structural composites, the matrix serves two
paramount purposes viz., binding the reinforcement phases in place and deforming to distribute
the stresses among the constituent reinforcement materials under an applied force.
Composite materials are commonly classified at following two distinct levels:
• The first level of classification is usually made with respect to the matrix constituent. The
major composite classes include Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs), Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs). The term organic matrix composite is
generally assumed to include two classes of composites, namely Polymer Matrix Composites
(PMCs) and carbon matrix composites commonly referred to as carboncarbon composites.
• The second level of classification refers to the reinforcement form - fibre reinforced
composites, laminar composites and particulate composites. Fibre Reinforced composites (FRP)
can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibres.
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material
• Fibre Reinforced Composites are composed of fibres embedded in matrix material. Such a
composite is considered to be a discontinuous fibre or short fibre composite if its properties vary
with fibre length. On the other hand, when the length of the fibre is such that any further increase
in length does not further increase, the elastic modulus of the composite, the composite is
considered to be continuous fibre reinforced. Fibres are small in diameter and when pushed
axially, they bend easily although they have very good tensile properties. These fibres must be
supported to keep individual fibres from bending and buckling.
• Laminar Composites are composed of layers of materials held together by matrix. Sandwich
structures fall under this category.
• Particulate Composites are composed of particles distributed or embedded in a matrix body.
The particles may be flakes or in powder form. Concrete and .
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of AA7050 Reinforced with SiC Metal Matri...veeru veeru
This document discusses evaluating the mechanical properties of AA7050 aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix composite. It aims to improve properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion/wear resistance of the aluminum alloy. The work fabricates the composite by ultrasonically dispersing SiC particles in molten AA7050 aluminum alloy. It analyzes the mechanical properties including hardness, Young's modulus, and tensile strength compared to the base alloy. The weight percentage of SiC is varied from 0-20% and properties are correlated with processing parameters like weight percentage. The composite shows improved properties like high strength, hardness, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance over the unreinforced alloy.
This document provides a historical overview and introduction to composite materials. It discusses the early uses of composites in ancient times and the modern revival starting in the mid-20th century. Composites are now widely used in applications like aerospace and transportation due to properties like strength and lightweight. The document classifies composites based on matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic) and reinforcement form (fiber, laminate, particulate). It describes different types of polymer matrices like thermosets and thermoplastics and gives examples of fiber reinforcements.
This document provides a historical overview and introduction to composite materials. It discusses:
1) The early uses of natural fiber composites throughout history for applications like bows and buildings.
2) The modern revival and increasing use of composites in aircraft and spacecraft in the late 20th century to improve structural performance.
3) Future trends toward more integrated design processes, cost reduction, and use of natural fibers to make composites more environmentally friendly.
This presentation provides an overview of composite materials, including their definition, classification, properties, and applications. Composite materials consist of two or more constituent materials combined to produce unique properties. They are commonly classified by their matrix, including ceramic matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, and metal matrix composites. Polymer matrix composites can be further divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Composite materials exhibit high strength, stiffness, toughness, and corrosion resistance while having low density. They are used widely in applications such as aircraft, automobiles, sports equipment, and consumer goods due to their desirable mechanical properties and light weight.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that differ in composition or form. Composites can be classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Another classification is based on the geometry of the reinforcements, including fiber reinforced composites, laminar composites, and particulate composites. Composites provide benefits such as high strength and stiffness with low density. Common applications of composites include use in aerospace, automotive, construction, medical, and other industrial sectors.
The document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and geometry of reinforcements. The main types of matrices are polymer, metal, ceramic and carbon. Fiber reinforced, laminar and particulate composites are types based on reinforcement geometry. The document provides examples and images to explain different composite materials.
The document summarizes composites and their classification. It discusses that composites are made of two or more materials to produce new properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and reinforcement geometry. The main matrix types are polymer, metal, ceramic. Reinforcements include fibers, sheets and particles. Fiber reinforced composites are widely used. Applications of composites include aerospace, automotive, construction, medical and more due to their high strength and stiffness but low density.
Similar to Eng. Materials.ppt for chemistry 1 yearr (20)
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. Composites are engineered materials, comprising
of metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers.
The composites obtained using respective material
exhibits unique properties or qualities.
The composites have better characteristic as
compared to those possessed by constituents.
Sometimes all together new/different
characteristics is observed to be possessed by
composite materials which is not present in either
of its constituents.
3. A composite in true sense must show matrix
material surrounding its reinforcing material, in
which the two phases not only exists but acts
together so as to produce desired
characteristics.
Examples: Wood contains cellulose chain
polymers in matrix of lignin, is example of
natural composite.
Synthetic composites such as rain proof cloths
(cloth impregnated with waterproof materials)
and Reinforced concrete, Insulated tape.
4. Defn_ A multiphase product made by using two or
more existing materials which exhibits properties of
its constituents as well as shows certain unique
properties of its own.
For Aerospace engineering materials with certain
specific properties are required, Such material should
have properties: Low density, high stiffness, high
strength, High resistance to abrasion.
All above mentioned properties are contradictory to
each other like to have high strength, density has to
be high, but by combination of low density materials
with high strength material this is possible.
5. Thus two essential constituents of composites are
a) The Matrix phase, b) Dispersed phase
The matrix phase: It is the continuous body
constituent, which encloses the composite and gives
it its bulk form.
Matrix phase may be metal, ceramics or polymer.
When composites are prepared by using these matrix
are known as metal matrix composites (MMC),
ceramic matrix composites (CMC) and polymer
matrix composites (PMC) respectively.
Polymer matrix materials used in composites are
epoxy, polyamide (nylons), phenolics & silicons.
6. Properties of Matrix phase:
The good matrix phase should be ductile and
corrosion resistant.
It should get bonded to fibre (dispersed phase) very
strongly.
Elastic modulus of the matrix should be much lower
than that of the dispersed phase.
Since some ductility is essential, only metals and
polymers are used as the matrix materials. Metals
like Al & Cu, commercial thermoplastic and
thermosetting polymers are generally used as the
matrix materials.
7. Functions of matrix phase:
i) It binds the dispersed phase together.
ii) It acts as a medium by which an externally
applied stress is transmitted and distributed to the
dispersed phase.
iii) It prevents propagation of brittle cracks.
iv) It protects the dispersed phase from surface
damage due to mechanical abrasion or chemical
reactions with the environment and keeps in
proper position and orientation during the
application of loads.
8. Dispersed phase:
It is the structural constituent, which determines
the internal structure of composite. The
important dispersed phases of composites are,
A) Fiber and B) Particulates
A) Fiber: It is a long and thin filament of any
polymer, metal or ceramic having high length to
diameter ratio. Its diameter nears crystal size
diameter. If matrix is unidirectional, then the
resulting composite is anisotropic.
9. Characteristics of Fiber:
i) The length to diameter ratio is very high (High
aspect ratio).
ii) It has high tensile strength.
iii) It causes lowering of overall density of composite.
iv) It has very high stiffness.
Types
Glass fiber, Carbon fibers and Aramid fibers.
10. B) Particulate
They are small pieces of hard solid metallic or
nonmetallic material. The particles are randomly
distributed in a given matrix, thereby resulting in
isotropic composite.
The advantages of adding particulates to matrix
materials,
i) Its surface hardness is increased.
ii) Performance at elevated temperature is improved.
iii) Abrasion elevated resistance is improved.
iv) Shrinkage and friction is reduced.
v) Cost of composite is reduced.
vi) Its strength is increased.
vii) Its thermal and electrical conductivities are modified.
12. Particle re-inforced composites
These composites are made by dispersing
particles of varying size and shape of one
material in a matrix of another material.
There are two types of Particle-reinforced
composites.
A) Large particle composites
B) Dispersion strengthened composites
The difference between these is based upon
reinforcement or strengthening mechanism.
13. Large particle composites
In this type of composite particulate phase
should have following characteristics:
Stiffer and harder as compared to matrix
phase.
It acts as reinforcing material.
It restrains the movement of matrix
surrounding itself.
The bond strength between two phase
governs the mechanical properties of
composites
14. Material Matrix
phase
Particulate
phase
Properties
Concrete Cement Sand &
Gravels
R.C.C is harder than
ordinary cement
Sets well on
surface.
Cermets
Oxide based
Carbide based
Cr Al2O3 Good strength, very
good thermal shock
resistance
Co or Ni WC
TiC
Very hard, Very
high surface
hardness
Co or Ni CrC High abrasion and
corrosion resistance
15. Dispersion strengthened composite
In this type of composite particle size is smaller
(10 to 100 nm)
The metal and alloys are made into extremely small
particle size in the given range and are dispersed in
the matrix phase.
This is achieved by appropriate heat treatment.
The process is called as precipitation hardening or
age hardening.
Alloys such as Cu-Sn, Mg-Al are hardened and made
into composite material by ceramics.
16. Fibre Reinforced Composites
These are the composite materials made up of
a) A Polymer matrix,
b) A Filament,
c) A bonding agent.
Commonly used fibers are glass and metallic.
Properties of FRC
i) High tensile strength
ii) High specific gravity
iii) High elastic module
iv) High stiffness
v) They possess lower overall density.
17. Structural composites or
layered composite
This type of composites are of two types:
i) Laminar composites : e.g. Plywood
ii) Sandwich panel : Honeycomb core
Laminar Composites:
i) It consists of panels or sheets which are two
dimensional. These panels possess preferred
direction to achieve high strength.
eg. Plywood in which wood & continuous aligned
fibres reinforced plastics are in preferred
direction.
19. ii) such successively oriented layers are arranged
one above other with preferred direction. This
ensures high strength with each successive layer.
iii) Plywood is laminated composites containing
thin layer of woods where layers are alternatively
glued together. This type of layering brings grain
of each layer at right angles of its neighbouring
layer.
iv) Use of fabric material such as cotton, paper or
glass fibres dispersed in suitable plastic matrix is
also in practice to make laminar composite.
20. Properties:
Properties of these composites depends on
i) The properties of its constituents.
ii) The geometrical design.
Such composites are
i) Strong in both direction of reinforcement.
ii) Low shear strength.
Applications: i) Interior in premises
ii) False ceilings for diffused lighting
iii) Furniture making
21. Sandwich panel
Sandwich panels are designed to be light- weight beams or panels
having relatively high stiffness and strengths.
A sandwich panel consists of two outer sheets or faces that are
separated by and adhesively bonded to a thicker core.
Faces are made of a relatively stiff and strong material, typically
aluminium alloys, fiber-reinforced plastics, titanium, steel or plywood.
Functions:
i) They impart high stiffness and strength to the structure.
ii) They must be thick enough to withstand tensile and compressive
stresses that result from loading.
The core material is light-weight has a low modulus of elasticity.
Typical “core” materials include synthetic rubbers, formed polymers,
balsa wood and inorganic cements.
22. Core serves the following structural functions:
i) It separates the “faces” and provides continuous support for the
faces.
ii) They resist any deformations perpendicular to the face plane.
iii) It provides a certain degree of shear rigidity along planes which
are perpendicular to the “faces”.
Core consists of a “honeycomb” structure thin foils that have been
formed into interlocking hexagonal cells, with axes oriented
perpendicular to the face plane.
The honeycomb material is normally either an aluminium alloy or
aramid polymer. Strength and stiffness of honeycomb structures
depend on cell size, cell wall thickness, and the material from which
the honeycomb is made.
25.
Properties of sandwich panel:
i) Excellent dimensional stability.
ii) Resistant to abrasion and corrosion.
iii) High tensile strength.
iv) Low density.
v) High elasticity module.
26. Application of sandwich panel
Sandwich panels are used in a wide variety of
applications including roofs, floors, and walls of
buildings; and in aero planes and aircraft (i.e. for
wings, fuselage and tail-plane skins.)
27. Application of composite materials
The composite materials find variety of
application in all those areas where high
mechanical strength, thermal stability,
corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance
etc are desirable. They find application in
following industries:
Construction
Electrical & EXTC
Transportation
Agriculture
Aviation industries
Automobiles
Sports goods
Mobiles
30. 1. Surface-to-Volume Ratio: They have a high surface area
compared to their volume, making them highly reactive
and useful for catalysis.
2. Melting Point: Nanomaterials often have lower melting
points due to their size, which can be advantageous in
specific applications.
3. These materials are wear resistant, corrosion resistant
and chemically very reactive.
4. These materials are exceptionally strong, hard & ductile
at high temperatures.
5. The inert materials becomes catalysts e.g. Pt
6. The opaque substance becomes transparent. e.g. Cu
7. Insulators becomes conductors e.g. Si
Properties of nanomaterials
32. Nanoclusters
Nanoclusters are atomically precise, crystalline materials most often existing on
the 0-2 nanometer scale.
They are often considered kinetically stable intermediates that form during the
synthesis of comparatively larger materials such as semiconductor and metallic
nanocrystals.
These nanoclusters can be composed either of a single or of multiple elements,
and exhibit interesting electronic, optical, and chemical properties compared to
their larger counterparts
Particles in this sub-2-nm size regime show unique physical and chemical (or
physicochemical) properties, such as strong fluorescence, quantized charging,
discrete redox behavior, molecular magnetism, and optical chirality.
33. Nanorods
Nanorods
In nanotechnology, nanorods are one
morphology of nanoscale objects. Each of
their dimensions range from 1–100 nm.
They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
Standard aspect ratios (length divided by
width) are 3-5.
Nanorods are produced by direct chemical
synthesis.
A combination of ligands act as shape
control agents and bond to different facets
of the nanorod with different strengths.
This allows different faces of the nanorod
to grow at different rates, producing an
elongated object.
34. Nanowire
A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the
diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9
meters).
It can also be defined as the ratio of the
length to width being greater than 1000.
Alternatively, nanowires can be defined as
structures that have a thickness or diameter
constrained to tens of nanometers or less
and an unconstrained length.
At these scales, quantum mechanical effects
are important — which coined the term
"quantum wires". Many different types of
nanowires exist, including superconducting
(e.g. YBCO), metallic (e.g. Ni, Pt, Au
35. Nanotubes
Generally nanotubes are mainly made of carbon.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure.
These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which
are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields
of materials science and technology.
Owing to the material's exceptional strength and stiffness, nanotubes
have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to
132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material.
37. Precipitation Method Three major Steps: i) chemical reaction, ii) nucleation and
iii) crystal growth.
Step 1:-Preparation of Precursor Solutions:
• Dissolution of Precursor material in a suitable solvent.
•The choice of precursor and solvent depends on the desired nanomaterial
composition and properties.
•The precursor may be a salt, a metal organic compound, or a combination of
reactants.
Step 2:- Precipitation:
• controlled addition of a precipitating agent to the precursor solution.
•Common precipitating agents include acids, bases, salts, or complexing agents.
•The addition of the precipitating agent triggers the nucleation and growth of the
nanomaterial.
Step 3:- Nucleation and Growth:
•Once the precipitating agent is added, nucleation occurs, leading to the formation of
small clusters or nuclei of the desired nanomaterial.
•It is influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration, and reaction kinetics.
•After nucleation, the nuclei grow in size through the continued supply of precursor
species from the solution.
•The growth mechanism can be controlled by adjusting reaction parameters such as
temperature, precursor concentration, and reaction time
38. Step 4:- Isolation and Purification:
• Nanoparticle separation using techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, or
sedimentation.
•These techniques allow for the isolation of the nanomaterial from the solvent and
any remaining reactants or by-products.
•The isolated nanomaterial is then washed and purified to remove any residual
impurities or solvent traces.
Characterization and Application:
•by microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction methods.
•These characterizations help verify the desired properties and quality of the
synthesized nanomaterial.
•The synthesized nanomaterial can then be used for various applications based on
its specific properties, such as catalysis, sensing, energy storage, or electronic
devices.
39. Thermolysis Method
Thermolysis is a method commonly used for the synthesis of various types of
nanomaterials.
Decomposition of precursor compounds at elevated temperatures to form nanoscale
particles.
Used to synthesize nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and nanowires.
Step 1:- Selection of Precursor:
Suitable precursor compound that can decompose thermally to form the desired
nanomaterial.
The precursor can be an organometallic compound, metal salts, metal complexes,
or other suitable compounds.
The choice of precursor depends on the desired composition and properties of the
nanomaterial.
Step 2:- Solvent Selection:
Choose an appropriate solvent or medium for the thermolysis process.
The solvent should be compatible with the precursor compound and allow for the
dissolution or dispersion of the precursor.
It should also have a high boiling point or good thermal stability to withstand the
40. Step 3:- Heating and Decomposition:
Heat the precursor solution or dispersion at several hundred to a few thousand
degrees Celsius temp.
This temp. is above the decomposition temp. of the precursor compound.
The precursor undergoes thermal decomposition, leading to the formation of
intermediate species or atoms that further aggregate to form nanoscale particles.
Step 4:- Nucleation and Growth:
Nucleation involves the formation of small clusters or nuclei from the decomposed
precursor species.
These nuclei then grow in size through the addition of more precursor species or
atoms, resulting in the formation of nanoscale particles.
The growth mechanism can be controlled by adjusting the reaction parameters,
such as temperature, precursor concentration, and reaction time.
Step 5:- Cooling and Stabilization:
Once the desired nanomaterial has formed, the reaction is cooled down to room
temperature to halt further growth or aggregation.
Rapid cooling or quenching can help preserve the size and morphology of the
nanomaterials.
In some cases, surface passivation or coating with a protective layer may be necessary
41. Hydrothermal Synthesis Method
Hydrothermal synthesis is a widely used method for the synthesis of
nanomaterials under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions in an
aqueous environment.
It involves the reaction of precursor compounds in a closed system,
typically a hydrothermal autoclave.
The hydrothermal method allows for the controlled growth and formation
of various nanomaterials with specific sizes, shapes, and properties.
42. Step 1:- Selection of Precursor:
Choose suitable precursor compounds that can
react under hydrothermal conditions to form
the desired nanomaterial.
These precursors can be metal salts, metal
oxides, or other compounds that are soluble or
can undergo hydrolysis in water.
Step 2:- Precursor Dissolution:
Dissolve the selected precursors in a suitable
solvent, typically water, to prepare a precursor
solution.
The concentration of the precursor can vary
depending on the desired nanomaterial
properties.
Step 3:-Reaction Vessel Preparation:
Transfer the precursor solution to a
hydrothermal autoclave, which is a sealed
container capable of withstanding high
pressure and temperature.
The autoclave is typically made of materials
such as stainless steel or Teflon to ensure
43. Step 4;- Sealing and Heating:
Sealing of hydrothermal autoclave and then heating from 100 to 300°C.
The reaction temperature and duration are crucial for controlling the growth and
formation of nanomaterials.
Step 5:- Reaction and Nucleation:
As the hydrothermal reaction progresses, the precursors undergo hydrolysis,
nucleation, and subsequent growth of nanomaterials.
The high-pressure and high-temperature conditions favour the formation of
homogeneous nucleation sites and controlled growth of nanocrystals or
nanoparticles.
Step 6:- Cooling and Isolation
•After the desired reaction time, autoclave is cooled to room temperature.
•The cooling rate can influence the final size and morphology of nanomaterials.
•Cooling followed by filtration or centrifugation and washing with a suitable
solvent
44. Conducting polymers:
Conducting polymers represent a group of specialty polymers which are electrically
conductive or can be made conductive by doping with an electron donor or acceptor.
They have an extended p- orbital system through which electrons can move from one end
of the polymer to the other. The most common examples are Polyacetylene, Polyaniline etc.
There are following type of conducting polymers
1. Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP)
2. Doped conducting polymers (DCP)
3. Extrinsically conducting polymers (ECP)
4. Co-ordination conducting polymers (CCP)
Applications of Conducting Polymers
1) Rechargeable batteries
2) Antistatic coatings
3) Solar cells
4) Photovoltaic cells
5) Sensors
6) Transistors
7) Optical fibres.