This document analyzes Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) which are widely used in fiber optic communication systems. It discusses key EDFA parameters such as gain, noise figure, and how they are affected by input parameters like pump power and wavelength. The document also examines EDFA pumping requirements and configurations, and how pump power attenuation varies with fiber length. Simulation results using OptiSystem software show that a 5 km erbium-doped fiber length provides the most suitable gain for a four-stage EDFA implementation, and a pump power of 0.75 W gives better performance results.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Gain Analysis of EDF Amplifier Based WDM System Using Different Pumping Wavel...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5 Simulation of Gain flattening 32 channels EDFA-DWDM Optical SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The gain flatness of EDFA plays a very critical role in DWDM system applications in all optical network design. The main purpose of this paper is to achieve gain flatness for 32 channels in order to equalize amplitude gain of DWDM system. This system is simulated using Opti system software to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through variation of EDFA pump power and input power of system. The gains are flattened within 41±0.9 dB from Wavelength range 1546 to 1560 nm having noise figure less than 8dB, Optimized EDFA fiber length of 6.245 m and frequency spacing between channels is 0.4 nm simultaneously amplified in a EDFA of single stage. The working model consists of WDM transmitter , MUX, Pump laser, dual port WDM analyzer and EDFA as key components
Gain and noise figure analysis of erbium doped fiber amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) performance is dependent on several factors such as fiber length, pump power, Er3+
concentration. This paper involves the simulation of an EDFA using Optisystem and analyzes the gain and noise figure of EDFA
in the Conventional band in terms of pump power and fiber length. The gain increases initially with the pump power when the
length is fixed and then it decreases. The gain also increases with the length when pump power is fixed and decreases after
reaching a maximum. Whereas the noise figure increases with length and decreases with pump power.
Key Words: EDFA, pump power, gain, noise figure
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Gain Analysis of EDF Amplifier Based WDM System Using Different Pumping Wavel...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5 Simulation of Gain flattening 32 channels EDFA-DWDM Optical SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The gain flatness of EDFA plays a very critical role in DWDM system applications in all optical network design. The main purpose of this paper is to achieve gain flatness for 32 channels in order to equalize amplitude gain of DWDM system. This system is simulated using Opti system software to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through variation of EDFA pump power and input power of system. The gains are flattened within 41±0.9 dB from Wavelength range 1546 to 1560 nm having noise figure less than 8dB, Optimized EDFA fiber length of 6.245 m and frequency spacing between channels is 0.4 nm simultaneously amplified in a EDFA of single stage. The working model consists of WDM transmitter , MUX, Pump laser, dual port WDM analyzer and EDFA as key components
Gain and noise figure analysis of erbium doped fiber amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) performance is dependent on several factors such as fiber length, pump power, Er3+
concentration. This paper involves the simulation of an EDFA using Optisystem and analyzes the gain and noise figure of EDFA
in the Conventional band in terms of pump power and fiber length. The gain increases initially with the pump power when the
length is fixed and then it decreases. The gain also increases with the length when pump power is fixed and decreases after
reaching a maximum. Whereas the noise figure increases with length and decreases with pump power.
Key Words: EDFA, pump power, gain, noise figure
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The scope of this paper is to analyze the performance of HG_EDFA (High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) and LN_EYCDFA (Less ASE Noise erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier) using single pumping with the wavelength of 980nm by the various parameters like Gain, forward output signal power and forward and backward ASE (Amplified spontaneous Emission) noise power. This Paper describes the simulation models of HG_EDFA is connected with an input of (DMLaser1) direct modulated laser source and the performance was analyzed with the parameters were measured and the values are tabulated and plotted and compared with LN_EYCDFA. The simulation model consists of input source 1mw with wavelength (1550nm), pumping CW Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. The resulting models were accurately represents Gain and optimized output signal power. Simulation results shows that by choosing careful fiber length 20m and pump power 1mw in single pumping gives ASE noise 0.0025mw in HG_EDFA and 12X10-14mw in LN_EYCDFA.
Raman amplifier performance in pre-amplifier use for optical fiber communicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of telecommunications networks is currently dominated by fiber optics. The fiber optic has become a waveguide medium transmitting information with high frequency bands, high capacity and high speed. An optical amplifier is required to maintain electromagnetic signals when they propagate in far distance. One of the amplifiers, Fiber Raman Amplifiers (FRA) which is the light scattering from the light that comes with the phonon in the lattice of amplification medium produces photons that are coherent with the incoming photons. Many amplifiers are commonly used but the problems not only come from the amplifier but also the component circuit and system. By simulation method, FRA circuit is designed and operated in the form of pre-amplifiers to maintain a better signal from material interference and geometry. The simulation results show that the lowest BER value and the highest Q-factor are found at a distance of 10 km depicted by eye diagram.
Performance Improvement for Hybrid L-band Remote Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier...IJECEIAES
We have demonstrated the performance improvement of L-band hybrid remote Erbium-doped fiber amplifier by introducing a phase modulator to suppress the stimulated Brilloiun scattering (SBS) effect in the transmission. The transmission gain has improved by 12.65dB while the noise figure has reduced by 47.1dB when 0dBm signal power is generated at 1590.05nm wavelength. Furthermore, the optical signal-to-noise ratio has improved from 7.81dB to 29.72dB when the signal power is varied from -30dBm to 0dBm. By implementing a phase modulator to the input signal somehow able to produce better performance regarding gain, noise figure and optical signalto-noise ratio, especially at the higher signal power as the gain, has been transferred to the Stokes signal and the amplified signal.
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM technology.
3 ijaems jan-2016-9-gain flattening of wdm network for the c+l band using hyb...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this paper the hybrid combination of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman amplifier are projected for wavelength division multiplexed system. Gain flatness achieved for C+L Band through hybrid amplifier is more than EDFA with Gain flattening filter. The hybrid optical amplifier has maximum gain of 25.6259dB, gain flatness of 3.17dB and noise figure less than 6dB at input power -20dBm of each channel
The scope of this paper is to analyze the performance of HG_EDFA (High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) and LN_EYCDFA (Less ASE Noise erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier) using single pumping with the wavelength of 980nm by the various parameters like Gain, forward output signal power and forward and backward ASE (Amplified spontaneous Emission) noise power. This Paper describes the simulation models of HG_EDFA is connected with an input of (DMLaser1) direct modulated laser source and the performance was analyzed with the parameters were measured and the values are tabulated and plotted and compared with LN_EYCDFA. The simulation model consists of input source 1mw with wavelength (1550nm), pumping CW Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. The resulting models were accurately represents Gain and optimized output signal power. Simulation results shows that by choosing careful fiber length 20m and pump power 1mw in single pumping gives ASE noise 0.0025mw in HG_EDFA and 12X10-14mw in LN_EYCDFA.
Raman amplifier performance in pre-amplifier use for optical fiber communicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of telecommunications networks is currently dominated by fiber optics. The fiber optic has become a waveguide medium transmitting information with high frequency bands, high capacity and high speed. An optical amplifier is required to maintain electromagnetic signals when they propagate in far distance. One of the amplifiers, Fiber Raman Amplifiers (FRA) which is the light scattering from the light that comes with the phonon in the lattice of amplification medium produces photons that are coherent with the incoming photons. Many amplifiers are commonly used but the problems not only come from the amplifier but also the component circuit and system. By simulation method, FRA circuit is designed and operated in the form of pre-amplifiers to maintain a better signal from material interference and geometry. The simulation results show that the lowest BER value and the highest Q-factor are found at a distance of 10 km depicted by eye diagram.
Performance Improvement for Hybrid L-band Remote Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier...IJECEIAES
We have demonstrated the performance improvement of L-band hybrid remote Erbium-doped fiber amplifier by introducing a phase modulator to suppress the stimulated Brilloiun scattering (SBS) effect in the transmission. The transmission gain has improved by 12.65dB while the noise figure has reduced by 47.1dB when 0dBm signal power is generated at 1590.05nm wavelength. Furthermore, the optical signal-to-noise ratio has improved from 7.81dB to 29.72dB when the signal power is varied from -30dBm to 0dBm. By implementing a phase modulator to the input signal somehow able to produce better performance regarding gain, noise figure and optical signalto-noise ratio, especially at the higher signal power as the gain, has been transferred to the Stokes signal and the amplified signal.
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an optical amplifier used in the C-band and L-band, where the loss of telecom optical fibers becomes lowest in the entire optical telecommunication wavelength bands. Invented in 1987, an EDFA is now most commonly used to compensate the loss of an optical fiber in long-distance optical communication. Another important characteristic is that EDFA can amplify multiple optical signals simultaneously, and thus can be easily combined with WDM technology.
3 ijaems jan-2016-9-gain flattening of wdm network for the c+l band using hyb...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this paper the hybrid combination of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman amplifier are projected for wavelength division multiplexed system. Gain flatness achieved for C+L Band through hybrid amplifier is more than EDFA with Gain flattening filter. The hybrid optical amplifier has maximum gain of 25.6259dB, gain flatness of 3.17dB and noise figure less than 6dB at input power -20dBm of each channel
Toscana: una Passione brasiliana Analisi del prodotto turistico della Toscana...Paula Goncalves
Nella graduatoria mondiale, il Brasile rappresenta una delle maggiori economie, facendo
sorgere un nuovo segmento di pubblico nel mercato turistico verso le destinazioni italiane. Si ritiene
oggi che il gruppo BRIC di paesi considerati emergenti, possa cambiare il panorama del turismo
mondiale.
Attraverso lo studio del profilo del turista brasiliano e del suo mercato è possibile capire le
sue necessità e desideri in modo da facilitarne la continua espansione. Capire e incentivare le forme
di interazione del brasiliano con i nuovi mezzi di comunicazione è una delle grandi sfide nella
ricerca del potenziamento e fidelizzazione delle nuove forme di acquisto e vendita attraverso gli
strumenti di marketing.
Nonostante l’avanzamento della tecnologia e l’aumento degli utenti di Internet, il mercato
brasiliano continua ancora ad essere influenzato della televisione pubblica ed in particolare dalle
telenovela. Questo assunto è stato comprovato, nel 2010, dall’utilizzo in chiave di promozione
turistica della telenovela “Passione”, il cui tema ha come panorama principale la Toscana e che ne
favorì una maggior visibilità, incrementando gli arrivi di turisti brasiliani nella regione in quello
stesso anno.
Un mercato interessante da fidelizzare è quello del turismo di lusso. Attraverso il caso di
studio dell’agenzia di viaggio Teresa Perez, che lavora con questo target, è possibile analizzare
come può essere creata una strategia di marketing vincente in questo segmento di mercato; ciò che
la differenzia è il servizio personale e di consulenza. Nonostante questo il cliente è invitato a portare
le proprie esperienze, fornendo in tal modo all'agenzia un vasto repertorio di informazioni di qualità
in relazione a luoghi di interesse.
L’importante in questo contesto, indipendentemente da quale sia il target, è costruire le
relazioni in modo regolare, dimostrando conoscenza del mercato e creando un gruppo per
promuovere le vendite, attraverso eventi e stimolando la scoperta del prodotto turistico e investendo
in formazione e famtour.
Dobbiamo considerare le strategie per adattarsi alle peculiarità di ogni paese ed alle sue
prospettive, ricordando sempre che ogni paese analizzato deve essere trattato singolarmente; un
errore comune degli imprenditori è pensare che sia possibile sostenere delle strategie basandosi su
regole di processo generali applicate sulle esperienze di internazionalizzazione in altri paesi, con
abitudini, cultura e potere economico completamente differenti.
In pursuit of high transmission capacity, people have been tried many ways. For
example, they pave more cables or use the TDM (time domain multiplexer) to
improve the transmission capacity. But in these traditional ways, signals could
become weaker in power through the fiber link. And the further they are transmitted,
the weaker the signals will be until they can not be detected. With the advanced of
technology, optical amplifier which is a better solution to improve the transmission
capacity came around. It can strengthen the attenuated signals and even can bring
them back to the original level. And now it is mainly applied in DWDM technology
so that DWDM technology can support long-haul transmission.
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
EDFA play important role in optical communication networks, It provides high output power, high gain, wide frequency bandwidth, low power input, and low noise. This article will share some knowledge about EDFA.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFA in 16-channels WDM...Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the
received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission
system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFAin 16-channels WDM ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
Optimum Location of EDFA based on Eye Diagram, Q-factor and Bit Error Rate Me...IOSRJECE
This work investigated the optimum location of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) in an optical system based on analysis of BER analyzer metrics by simulation approach using Optisystem software. The simulation model will be studied based on many parameters as input power (dBm), gain of Amplifier (dBm), fiber cable length (km) and attenuation coefficient (dB/km), there are two different parameters will be analyzed at five different locations of EDFA which are Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) and also Eye Diagram, which Q-factor and BER are measurement parameters used to measure the quality of received signal at receiver.
Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is a high performance, small size of the fiber amplifier products. The internal use of stability high power semiconductor laser, the high stability of WDM, isolator, and high gain erbium-doped fiber. The product has the advantages of high reliability, high power output, high gain and low noise.
It is a C+L Band 26dBm EDFA Amplifier.The wavelength Range is 1528~1563nm & 1570~1603nm. The EDFA supports two working modes, ACC and APC, and the two working modes can be switched. In APC mode, the output power can be adjusted. In ACC mode, the operating current can be adjusted. Our desktop EDFA can be controlled by buttons. PC control software can be connected through RS232 serial port.
Optimum Location of EDFA based on Eye Diagram, Q-factor and Bit Error Rate Me...IOSRJECE
This work investigated the optimum location of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) in an optical system based on analysis of BER analyzer metrics by simulation approach using Optisystem software. The simulation model will be studied based on many parameters as input power (dBm), gain of Amplifier (dBm), fiber cable length (km) and attenuation coefficient (dB/km), there are two different parameters will be analyzed at five different locations of EDFA which are Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) and also Eye Diagram, which Q-factor and BER are measurement parameters used to measure the quality of received signal at receiver.
Performance Analysis of Optical Amplifiers (EDFA and SOA)IOSRJECE
In the optical transmission systems attenuation causes signal power to drop through an optical fiber link, so need to use amplifiers to increase signal power with low noise. Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) are two of the main types of optical amplifiers, and they were used in this simulation model to analyze their performance, with a data rate of 622 Mb/s (STM-4 level) and 170 km optical fiber length for each simulation model. This was simulated by using OptiSystem simulator, including the main parameters of the optical transmission system as input power (dBm), optical fiber cable length (km) and attenuation per length of optical fiber cable (dB/km), also there are three parameters will be considered which they are output power (dBm), Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) at receiver, and also Eye Diagram.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAWIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUEIAEME Publication
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for longdistance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and highquality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm). We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20 to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultrawideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949; 7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5 dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Power Transient Response of EDFA as a function of Wavelength in the scenario ...ijsrd.com
In this paper power transient is investigated as function of add/drop wavelength and surviving channel wavelength. We have reported that power excursions varies with different wavelength allocations of the add/drop channels. Transient response is reduced by 73.39% in case when add/drop channels are taken in L band instead of C band. Also power transient response is calculated as a function of wavelengths of surviving channel. It has been observed that at higher wavelengths power excursions are less than at shorter wavelengths of C band.
Low Noise Amplifier using Darlington Pair At 90nm Technology IJECEIAES
The demand of low noise amplifier (LNA) has been rising in today’s communication system. LNA is the basic building circuit of the receiver section satellite. The design concept demonstrates the design trade off with NF, gain, power consumption. This paper reports on with analysis of wideband LNA. This paper shows the schematic of LNA by using Darlington pair amplifier. This LNA has been fabricated on 90nm CMOS process. This paper is focused on to make comparison of three stage and single stage LNA. Here, the phase mismatch between these patameters is quantitavely analyzed to study the effect on gain and noise figure (NF). In this paper, single stage LNA has shown the 23 dB measured gain, while the three stages LNA has demonstrated 29 dB measured gain. Here, LNA designed using darlington pair shows low NF of 3.3-4.8 dB, which comparable to other reported single stage LNA designs and appreciably low compared to the three stages LNA. Hence, findings from this paper suggest the use of single stage LNA designed using Darlington pair in transceiver satellite applications.
Comparative study on single and double-pass configurations for serial dual-s...eSAT Journals
Abstract A comparative study on a single- and double-pass configurations for Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) are demonstrated using a gain media of high concentration Silica-based erbium doped fiber (EDF). The amplifier has two stages comprising a 1.5 m and 9 m long EDF optimized for C-band and L-band operations respectively, in a single-pass and double-pass configurations. The CFBG is used at the end of EDF stage to allow a double propagation of signal and thus increases the attainable gain in both C- and L-band spectra. At an input signal power of -30 dBm, a flat gain of 22 dB is achieved with a gain variation of ±3 dB within a wide wavelength range from 1530 to 1600nm (C- and L-band) in double-pass configurations. The corresponding noise figure varies from 4 to 8 dB within this wavelength region. The flat gains for single-pass configuration only amplify within 1555 nm to 1600 nm (L-band). Index Terms: double-pass amplifier, single-pass amplifier, serial dual-stage amplifier, silica based Erbium.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
Similar to Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for Fibre Communication (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for Fibre Communication
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 06 (June 2015), PP.53-56
53
Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for
Fibre Communication
1
Samiksha Jain, 2
Manish Saxena
1
Electronics & Communication Department, BIST, Bhopal MP, INDIA
2
Electronics & Communication Department, BIST, Bhopal MP, INDIA
Abstract:- Fiber loss, interference, dispersion etc are the basic limitations in realizing long distance fiber optic
communication systems. Amplification of light waves by the use of Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs)
has become the effective solution to tolerate the limitations caused by fiber attenuation and losses. The
information signal of interest in fiber optic communication system with EDFA is mainly depends on pump
power, pump wavelength termed as input parameters. The performance evaluation parameters of the fiber optic
communication systems are gain, noise figure, degradation, radiation tolerance, spectral burning etc termed as
output parameters. We have studied the combined analysis of input and output parameters of fiber optic
communication system with EDFA.
Keywords:- Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), gain, noise figure
I. INTRODUCTION
Optical amplifiers have been essential elements for high capacity, long-lifespan and multiple
connection of optical for communication network applications, since it compensates loss through transmission
of information via transmission medium, the passive components and the power division for connectivity of
multiple points [1]. WDM is basically a fiber optical transmission technique, which multiplexes many signals of
different wavelength and is capable of providing data capacity in excess of hundreds of gigabit per second over
thousands of kilometers in a single mode fiber. At the present, most countries in the world have implemented
Internet infrastructure by means of WDM systems to provide high bandwidth and a high-speed Internet service.
Optical amplifiers applies in general application such as inline optical amplifiers, preamplifier and power or
booster amplifier, plus devotes its crucial applications to carry information at long distances of more than 100
km, which has been an important criteria for telecommunication application. Today, most optical amplifiers
have presented advanced complex systems and reduce usage of repeaters to couple one fiber cable to another in
order to reduce loss in transmission, despite the earlier version introduce simpler and straightforward system.
All optical amplifiers functions to increase the power level of incident light through a stimulated emission or
optical power transfer process [2]. These amplifiers are widely used in WDM networks with larger channel
numbers, which requires higher total pump power. The optical pumps usually are of semiconductor laser at
output range of 20 – 33 dBm, in which, might expose to hazards such as eye and skin damage risks and
possibility of fiber explosion in case the beam are excessive and spread through edges of fiber, thus lead to fiber
fuse effect as well. The other challenge that might be faced by the optical system design is the noise generation
of amplifiers, not only that; it has to deal with non-linear optical cross-talk in transmission fibers [3].
Optical amplifiers mostly help in extending power budget, thus reduces number of connectivity points.
Optical amplifiers also are designed to lessen the effects of dispersion and attenuation, which allows improved
performance for long-haul optical systems.
EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier) is a special class of optical amplifier widely used today. EDFA
has several parameters such as pump wavelength, pump power, signal wavelength, signal power, Erion density,
Er-doping radius, Fiber length, Gain, Noise figure etc. Out of them the overall performance of fiber optic
communication is mainly depends on the gain-noise figure values. The gainnoise figure are highly depends on
the parameters like pump power, fiber length, Er-ion concentration etc. Here the low powered input signal along
with high powered pump signal is fed to erbium doped fiber through an optical coupler. The pump energy is
transferred to the signal by the process of stimulated emission. The pump can be used at either 980nm or
1480nm. The signal wavelength shows better gain in the range of 1530-1560nm.The pump power always greater
than 10mw to obtain good gain-noise figure values. The EDFA acts like an optical repeater. It amplifies the
optical signal itself without ever changing it to electricity. For long haul point-to-point fiber optic
communication without significant loss of power EDFA has become the best choice. We can achieve an optical
gain upto 30db, it means 1000 photons out per photon in. There should an optimum value of these parameters
2. Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for Fibre Communication
54
for better performance. The amplified optical signals are given to demodulators for optical to electrical
conversion.
II. EDFA AND PUMPING REQUIREMENTS
The structure of a typical EDFA is shown in figure 1. EDFAs consist of optical couplers to combine
pump and signal lights injected to active fiber, unidirectional optical isolators, pumping lasers, polarisation
couplers to combine pump sources and optical bandpass filters to reduce out of band noise. The gain
characteristics of EDFAs depend mainly on their pumping schemes. EDFAs can be pumped at 980 nm or 1480
nm, and with different configurations: backward, forward or bi-directional. The pumping at 980 nm provides
lower noise figure than pumping at 1480 nm. Therefore preamplifier version of EDFA chooses 980 nm for
pumping wavelength. On the other hand, 1480 nm pumping has higher quantum efficiency and so provides
higher output power at a lower cost and therefore it is preferred for booster amplifier operations. In forward
pumping, both of the signal and pump lights propagate in the same direction through the fiber whereas in the
backward pumping they propagate in the opposite direction. The forward pumping direction provides the lowest
noise figure. In fact, the noise is sensitive to the gain and the gain is the highest when the input power is the
lowest. Backward pumping provides the highest saturated output power [2]. Bi-directional pumping scheme has
a higher performance than the other two by combining the lowest noise figure and the highest output power
advantageous although it requires two pump lasers. In addition, in this scheme the small
signal gain is uniformly distributed along the whole active fiber.
Figure 1: A bidirectionally pumped EDFA structure
III. EDFA AND PUMPING REQUIREMENTS
In pumping at 980 nm, it is required to form a system model with three energy levels. When the excited
state absorption (ESA) is considered, a forth level should also be included. If the pumping is performed at 1480
nm, a simple system model with two energy levels can be used. In figure 2, erbium
ion transitions of an EDFA pumped at 1552 nm was given. From figure 2, time dependent population rates in
level 2 and 1 can be given as:
Figure 2: Erbium ion levels
3. Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for Fibre Communication
55
dt
dn
nAWRnWR
dt
dn 1
221212111212
2
)()( (1)
In steady state,
02
dt
dn
The ratio of level 1 and level 2 populations to the total population can be written as:
)(
)(
2112211221
2121211
AWWRR
AWR
n
n
t
(2)
)(
)(
2112211221
12122
AWWRR
WR
n
n
t
(3)
Gain of an erbium-doped fiber with a length of L is the ratio of the signal power at the fiber output to the signal
power injected at the fiber input as:
)0(
)(
s
s
P
LP
G (4)
ASE noise generated during amplification process is added to the signal leading to decrease in signal to noise
ratio (SNR) at the amplifier output. SNR reduction ratio from input to output of the amplifier is defined as Noise
Figure (NF), which is also used for electronic amplifiers:
out
in
SNR
SNR
NF
)(
)(
(5)
IV. OPTISYSTEM
You can enter arithmetical expressions for parameters and create global parameters that can be shared
between components and subsystems using standard VB Script language. The script language can also
manipulate and control OptiSystem, including calculations, layout creation and post-processing when using the
script page. For any given system topology and component specification scenario, a full OptiSystem project can
be encrypted and exported to Outperformer. Outperformer users can then vary any parameter within defined
specification ranges, and observe resulting system effects via detailed graphics and reports.
The most efficient way to become familiar with OptiSystem is to complete the lessons in the Tutorials, where
you learn how to use the software by solving problems.
V. PUMP POWER VARIATION
The attenuation of variable pump powers applied to the input of erbium doped fiber for fix length of
fiber, a constant erbium doping density and signal input power. As it can be seen from figure 2, the pump power
rapidly attenuates with fiber length which results mainly from two mechanisms namely erbium absorption and
background loss of silica fiber. The fiber background loss, which is less effective in a short distance, causes
much higher pump power depletion in a longer fiber. Due to excessive pump depletion in longer distances, the
gain obtained from an amplifier begins to decrease after a maximum level.
4. Comparatively analysis of Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier for Fibre Communication
56
Figure 3: The Variation of Fiber Length with Constant Pump Power
VI. CONCLUSION
From the Optisystem results, it is concluded that length-5 fiber is the most suitable fiber for the four-
stage implementation of EDFA. The same EDFA has been implemented in Optisystem with further
customizable parameters. The pump power was variable, Pump Powers like 0.75were used. Analyzing the gain
and noise figure spectrum for the EDFA under different pump powers, it was concluded that the pump power of
0.75 W gives better results.
REFRENCES
[1]. Ricky Antony, "Performance analysis of different erbium doped fiber based codirectionally pumped
wdmsystems operating in optical wide-band" in International Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology (IJEST), Vol. 4 No.02 February 2012.
[2]. Sunil Kumar Panjeta, "Gain Optimization of of EDF Amplifier by stage enhancement and variation in
pump power" in International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11,
November 2012.
[3]. Mousami Biswas, "Modeling of Wide-Band Optical Signal Amplification in an EDFA Network" in
PHOTONICS LETTERS OF POLAND, VOL. 4 (4), 158-160 (2012).
[4]. Somnath Pain , "Gain Flattening and Noise Figure Analysis of EDFA WDM Configuration for L-band
Optical Communication using Wavelength Selective Attenuator" in PHOTONICS LETTERS OF
POLAND, VOL. 5 (3), 106-108 (2013).
[5]. M A Mahdi, "Saturation parameters of erbium doped fibre amplifiers" in ICSE'98 Proc., Nov. 1998,
Bangi, Malaysia Usman J Sindhi " Performance analysis of 32-channel WDM System using EDFA" in
IJEETC vol.2 no 2, April 2013.
[6]. Farah Diana Binti, "Gain Optimization for WDM System" in Elektrika vol II no I , 2009.
[7]. Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers - Fundamentals and Technology by PC Becker