International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
5 Simulation of Gain flattening 32 channels EDFA-DWDM Optical SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The gain flatness of EDFA plays a very critical role in DWDM system applications in all optical network design. The main purpose of this paper is to achieve gain flatness for 32 channels in order to equalize amplitude gain of DWDM system. This system is simulated using Opti system software to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through variation of EDFA pump power and input power of system. The gains are flattened within 41±0.9 dB from Wavelength range 1546 to 1560 nm having noise figure less than 8dB, Optimized EDFA fiber length of 6.245 m and frequency spacing between channels is 0.4 nm simultaneously amplified in a EDFA of single stage. The working model consists of WDM transmitter , MUX, Pump laser, dual port WDM analyzer and EDFA as key components
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Gain and noise figure analysis of erbium doped fiber amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) performance is dependent on several factors such as fiber length, pump power, Er3+
concentration. This paper involves the simulation of an EDFA using Optisystem and analyzes the gain and noise figure of EDFA
in the Conventional band in terms of pump power and fiber length. The gain increases initially with the pump power when the
length is fixed and then it decreases. The gain also increases with the length when pump power is fixed and decreases after
reaching a maximum. Whereas the noise figure increases with length and decreases with pump power.
Key Words: EDFA, pump power, gain, noise figure
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
5 Simulation of Gain flattening 32 channels EDFA-DWDM Optical SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The gain flatness of EDFA plays a very critical role in DWDM system applications in all optical network design. The main purpose of this paper is to achieve gain flatness for 32 channels in order to equalize amplitude gain of DWDM system. This system is simulated using Opti system software to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through variation of EDFA pump power and input power of system. The gains are flattened within 41±0.9 dB from Wavelength range 1546 to 1560 nm having noise figure less than 8dB, Optimized EDFA fiber length of 6.245 m and frequency spacing between channels is 0.4 nm simultaneously amplified in a EDFA of single stage. The working model consists of WDM transmitter , MUX, Pump laser, dual port WDM analyzer and EDFA as key components
An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid AmplifierIJEEE
Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening.
Gain and noise figure analysis of erbium doped fiber amplifierseSAT Journals
Abstract Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) performance is dependent on several factors such as fiber length, pump power, Er3+
concentration. This paper involves the simulation of an EDFA using Optisystem and analyzes the gain and noise figure of EDFA
in the Conventional band in terms of pump power and fiber length. The gain increases initially with the pump power when the
length is fixed and then it decreases. The gain also increases with the length when pump power is fixed and decreases after
reaching a maximum. Whereas the noise figure increases with length and decreases with pump power.
Key Words: EDFA, pump power, gain, noise figure
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
Gain Analysis of EDF Amplifier Based WDM System Using Different Pumping Wavel...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this paper, we utilized optimized C-band and L-band amplifiers to constitute a broadband CA-L erbium-doped amplifier with a parallel structure. This amplifier has a simple configuration, high-flattened gain and low noise. Meanwhile, we have realized an amplification bandwidth of over 70 nm(1 524—1 602 nm)without any broadband gain flattening component. The C-band average gain is over 30 dB and L-band gain variation is less than 2 dB.
The scope of this paper is to analyze the performance of HG_EDFA (High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) and LN_EYCDFA (Less ASE Noise erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier) using single pumping with the wavelength of 980nm by the various parameters like Gain, forward output signal power and forward and backward ASE (Amplified spontaneous Emission) noise power. This Paper describes the simulation models of HG_EDFA is connected with an input of (DMLaser1) direct modulated laser source and the performance was analyzed with the parameters were measured and the values are tabulated and plotted and compared with LN_EYCDFA. The simulation model consists of input source 1mw with wavelength (1550nm), pumping CW Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. The resulting models were accurately represents Gain and optimized output signal power. Simulation results shows that by choosing careful fiber length 20m and pump power 1mw in single pumping gives ASE noise 0.0025mw in HG_EDFA and 12X10-14mw in LN_EYCDFA.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
Available online at [www.ijeete.com]EFFECT OF DISPERSION AND FIBER LENGTH ON ...Ankur Bindal
This paper introduces the non linear optical effect known as four wave mixing (FWM). In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems four wave mixing can strongly affect the transmission performance on an optical link. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the FWM power for different values of fiber length and dispersion by designing and simulating a model in Optisim. In this paper, we have simulated the FWM design for three waves. The results obtained show that when the optical fiber length and dispersion value is increased FWM effect reduces. This result confirms that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the WDM.
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Gain Analysis of EDF Amplifier Based WDM System Using Different Pumping Wavel...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this paper, we utilized optimized C-band and L-band amplifiers to constitute a broadband CA-L erbium-doped amplifier with a parallel structure. This amplifier has a simple configuration, high-flattened gain and low noise. Meanwhile, we have realized an amplification bandwidth of over 70 nm(1 524—1 602 nm)without any broadband gain flattening component. The C-band average gain is over 30 dB and L-band gain variation is less than 2 dB.
The scope of this paper is to analyze the performance of HG_EDFA (High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) and LN_EYCDFA (Less ASE Noise erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier) using single pumping with the wavelength of 980nm by the various parameters like Gain, forward output signal power and forward and backward ASE (Amplified spontaneous Emission) noise power. This Paper describes the simulation models of HG_EDFA is connected with an input of (DMLaser1) direct modulated laser source and the performance was analyzed with the parameters were measured and the values are tabulated and plotted and compared with LN_EYCDFA. The simulation model consists of input source 1mw with wavelength (1550nm), pumping CW Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. The resulting models were accurately represents Gain and optimized output signal power. Simulation results shows that by choosing careful fiber length 20m and pump power 1mw in single pumping gives ASE noise 0.0025mw in HG_EDFA and 12X10-14mw in LN_EYCDFA.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
Available online at [www.ijeete.com]EFFECT OF DISPERSION AND FIBER LENGTH ON ...Ankur Bindal
This paper introduces the non linear optical effect known as four wave mixing (FWM). In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems four wave mixing can strongly affect the transmission performance on an optical link. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the FWM power for different values of fiber length and dispersion by designing and simulating a model in Optisim. In this paper, we have simulated the FWM design for three waves. The results obtained show that when the optical fiber length and dispersion value is increased FWM effect reduces. This result confirms that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the WDM.
Basics of Optical amp, a brief explanation on how a Raman OP works.
You must know What is Scattering, stimulated and spontaneous emission in order to understand the basic principal of this OP amp.
Pump is also important which is the one that stimulates the energy to higher levels.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFA in 16-channels WDM...Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the
received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission
system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFAin 16-channels WDM ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
In pursuit of high transmission capacity, people have been tried many ways. For
example, they pave more cables or use the TDM (time domain multiplexer) to
improve the transmission capacity. But in these traditional ways, signals could
become weaker in power through the fiber link. And the further they are transmitted,
the weaker the signals will be until they can not be detected. With the advanced of
technology, optical amplifier which is a better solution to improve the transmission
capacity came around. It can strengthen the attenuated signals and even can bring
them back to the original level. And now it is mainly applied in DWDM technology
so that DWDM technology can support long-haul transmission.
Performance Improvement for Hybrid L-band Remote Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier...IJECEIAES
We have demonstrated the performance improvement of L-band hybrid remote Erbium-doped fiber amplifier by introducing a phase modulator to suppress the stimulated Brilloiun scattering (SBS) effect in the transmission. The transmission gain has improved by 12.65dB while the noise figure has reduced by 47.1dB when 0dBm signal power is generated at 1590.05nm wavelength. Furthermore, the optical signal-to-noise ratio has improved from 7.81dB to 29.72dB when the signal power is varied from -30dBm to 0dBm. By implementing a phase modulator to the input signal somehow able to produce better performance regarding gain, noise figure and optical signalto-noise ratio, especially at the higher signal power as the gain, has been transferred to the Stokes signal and the amplified signal.
A multi-wavelength fiber laser which is based on a Lyot filter is experimentally demonstrated. A combination of four-wave mixing in a highly nonlinear fiber and Lyot filter mechanism in the laser cavity is able to generate multi-wavelength with relatively high extinction ratio (ER). At the input current of 100mA, six laser lines with ER more than 5 dB are successfully generated. The wavelength spacing for the multi-wavelength is 0.15nm, corresponding to the characteristics of the Lyot filter used.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
3 ijaems jan-2016-9-gain flattening of wdm network for the c+l band using hyb...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this paper the hybrid combination of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman amplifier are projected for wavelength division multiplexed system. Gain flatness achieved for C+L Band through hybrid amplifier is more than EDFA with Gain flattening filter. The hybrid optical amplifier has maximum gain of 25.6259dB, gain flatness of 3.17dB and noise figure less than 6dB at input power -20dBm of each channel
Comparative study on single and double-pass configurations for serial dual-s...eSAT Journals
Abstract A comparative study on a single- and double-pass configurations for Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) are demonstrated using a gain media of high concentration Silica-based erbium doped fiber (EDF). The amplifier has two stages comprising a 1.5 m and 9 m long EDF optimized for C-band and L-band operations respectively, in a single-pass and double-pass configurations. The CFBG is used at the end of EDF stage to allow a double propagation of signal and thus increases the attainable gain in both C- and L-band spectra. At an input signal power of -30 dBm, a flat gain of 22 dB is achieved with a gain variation of ±3 dB within a wide wavelength range from 1530 to 1600nm (C- and L-band) in double-pass configurations. The corresponding noise figure varies from 4 to 8 dB within this wavelength region. The flat gains for single-pass configuration only amplify within 1555 nm to 1600 nm (L-band). Index Terms: double-pass amplifier, single-pass amplifier, serial dual-stage amplifier, silica based Erbium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAWIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUEIAEME Publication
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for longdistance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and highquality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm). We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20 to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultrawideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949; 7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5 dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Raman amplifier performance in pre-amplifier use for optical fiber communicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of telecommunications networks is currently dominated by fiber optics. The fiber optic has become a waveguide medium transmitting information with high frequency bands, high capacity and high speed. An optical amplifier is required to maintain electromagnetic signals when they propagate in far distance. One of the amplifiers, Fiber Raman Amplifiers (FRA) which is the light scattering from the light that comes with the phonon in the lattice of amplification medium produces photons that are coherent with the incoming photons. Many amplifiers are commonly used but the problems not only come from the amplifier but also the component circuit and system. By simulation method, FRA circuit is designed and operated in the form of pre-amplifiers to maintain a better signal from material interference and geometry. The simulation results show that the lowest BER value and the highest Q-factor are found at a distance of 10 km depicted by eye diagram.
Power Transient Response of EDFA as a function of Wavelength in the scenario ...ijsrd.com
In this paper power transient is investigated as function of add/drop wavelength and surviving channel wavelength. We have reported that power excursions varies with different wavelength allocations of the add/drop channels. Transient response is reduced by 73.39% in case when add/drop channels are taken in L band instead of C band. Also power transient response is calculated as a function of wavelengths of surviving channel. It has been observed that at higher wavelengths power excursions are less than at shorter wavelengths of C band.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
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I41035057
1. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Analysis of Numerical Aperture Dependence in L-Band 16Channel WDM Optical Communication System
Kamalbir Kaur1, Kulwinder Singh2
1
M.Tech Student, 2Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Patiala
Punjabi University,
Abstract
In this paper, the erbium doped fiber amplifier gain has been investigated in terms of varying numerical
aperture, erbium doped fiber radius and pump power in sixteen channel wavelength divison multiplexing system
and the performance has been evaluated in terms of amplifier gain, noise figure and bit error rate. The
simulation results show that erbium doped fiber amplifier gain is more at lower numerical aperture (i.e. up to
0.3) and at erbium doped fiber radius (3 µm) the maximum gain (i.e. 31 dB) is obtained for pump power 200
mW.
Keywords – Wavelength division mixing, erbium doped fiber amplifier, gain, numerical aperture, bit error rate.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
is the basic technology of optical networking. It is a
technique in which a fiber is used to carry many
separate and independent optical channels. WDM is
basically a fiber optical transmission technique,
which multiplexes many signals of different
wavelength and optically amplified by optical
amplifier like erbium doped fiber amplifier, is
capable of providing data capacity in excess of
hundreds of gigabit per second over thousands of
kilometers in a single mode fiber.
Each
Communication channel is allocated a different
wavelength and then these channels are multiplexed
by multiplexer onto a single fiber. At destination,
different wavelengths are demultiplexed by using a
demultiplexer and are spatially separated to different
receiver channels [1].
Erbium doped fiber amplifier is an optical
amplifier that uses a erbium doped optical fiber as a
gain medium to amplify an optical signal. The signal
which is to be amplified and a pump laser are
coupled into the doped fiber and the signal is
amplified through stimulated emission. EDFA is the
best known and most frequently used optical
amplifier suited to low loss optical window of silica
based fiber. A particular attraction of EDFAs is their
large gain bandwidth, which is typically tens of
nanometers and thus actually it is more than enough
to amplify data channels with the highest data rates
without introducing any effects of gain narrowing[6].
A single EDFA may be used for simultaneously
amplifying many data channels at different
wavelengths within the gain region[1].
For long distance communication, EDFAs
with more pumping power and larger length are
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available these days. Further more research is being
done to use EDFAs in WDM systems in order to
improve their performance. In order to get data with
minimum error, optical amplifiers namely EDFA
with proper gain adjustment are used. By doing this
we can achieve the greater distance transmission of
data in WDM systems. EDFA is a workhouse of
modern DWDM optical transmission system but still
there is a need of improvement in its gain and noise
figure and many researchers have investigated this
problem but further improvement of its performance
can be achieved by using advanced pumping
techniques.
Y. Jin et. al. [3] proposed a dual stage Lband gain-clamped erbium doped fiber amplifier
(GC-EDFA) by using backward C-band amplified
spontaneous emission having higher and flatter
clamped gain. M. Pal et. al. [4] investigated the gain
and noise figure for multi-channel amplification in
EDFA under optimized pump condition and observed
bi-directional
pumping
manifests
the
best
combination of low noise and high gain of EDFA. M.
M. Ismail et. al. [5] discussed simulation of WDM
optical network in terms of length and pump power
and found gain flattened from 1546 nm to 1558 nm
band of wavelength with noise figure less than 9 dB
for 16-channels simultaneous amplification in a
single stage EDFA. P. M. Aljaff et. al. [2]
investigated the effect of increase in numerical
aperture and erbium doped fiber radius on amplifier
gain and noise figure at various pump powers (10 -50
mW) in C-band (1550 nm) in single optical channel
but in this paper we have extended the setup for
sixteen channels in L-band (1570-1610 nm) and also
pump power is increased up to 200 mW. This paper
is organized as shown: In the first section, the
introduction of erbium doped fiber amplifier is
50 | P a g e
2. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
presented. In the second section, the theoretical
model is proposed. The third section describes the
simulation setup for an optical communication
system. In the fourth section, the comparison of
performance of erbium doped fiber amplifier is done
in terms of amplifier gain, noise figure and BER by
varying numerical aperture and erbium doped fiber
radius at different pump powers. The fifth section
gives the conclusion of this paper.
II.
THEORETICAL MODEL
Erbium has several important properties that
make it an excellent choice for an optical amplifier.
Erbium ions (Er3+) have quantum levels that allows
them to be stimulated to emit in the 1540 nm band,
which is the band that has the least power loss in
most silica-based fiber. Erbium's quantum levels also
allow it to be excited by a signal at either 980 nm or
1480 nm, both of which silica-based fiber can carry
without great losses. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
are the most important fiber amplifiers in the context
of long range optical fiber communications; they can
efficiently amplify light in the 1500 nm wavelength
region, which coincides with the third transmission
window of silica based optical fiber[1].
Consider a simple two-level model that is
valid when ASE and excited-state absorption are
negligible. The model assumes that the top level of
three-level system remains nearly empty because of a
rapid transfer of the pumped population to the excited
state. The population densities of the two states, 𝑁1
and 𝑁2 , satisfy the following two rate equations:
𝜕𝑁 2
= (𝜎 𝑝𝑎 𝑁1 -𝜎 𝑝𝑒 𝑁2 )∅ 𝑝 + 𝜎 𝑠𝑎 𝑁1 − 𝜎 𝑠𝑒 𝑁2 ∅ 𝑠 −
𝑁2 /𝑇1
(1)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑁1
= 𝜎 𝑝𝑒 𝑁2 − 𝜎 𝑝𝑎 𝑁1 ∅ 𝑝 + 𝜎 𝑠𝑒 𝑁2 − 𝜎 𝑠𝑎 𝑁1 ∅ 𝑠 +
𝑁2 /𝑇1
(2)
𝜕𝑡
Where 𝜎𝑗 𝑎 and 𝜎𝑗 𝑒 are the absorption and emission
cross sections at the frequency 𝜔 𝑗 with 𝑗 = 𝑝, 𝑠.
Further, 𝑇1 is the spontaneous lifetime of the excited
state (about 10 ms for EDFAs) . The quantities ∅ 𝑝
and ∅ 𝑠 represent the photon flux for the pump signal
waves. The pump and signal powers vary along the
amplifier length because of absorption, stimulated
emission and spontaneous emission. If the
contribution of spontaneous is neglected, 𝑃𝑠 and 𝑃𝑝
satisfy the simple equations:
𝜕𝑃 𝑠
𝜕𝑧
= 𝛤𝑠 𝜎 𝑠𝑒 𝑁2 − 𝜎 𝑠𝑎 𝑁1 𝑃𝑠 − 𝛼𝑃𝑠
(3)
𝑠
𝜕𝑃 𝑠
𝜕𝑧
= 𝛤𝑝 𝜎 𝑝𝑒 𝑁2 − 𝜎 𝑝𝑎 𝑁2 𝑃𝑝 − 𝛼′𝑃𝑝
(4)
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Where 𝛼 and 𝛼′ take into account fiber loses at the
signal and pump wavelengths, respectively. These
loses can be neglected for typical amplifier lengths
10-20 m. EDFAs are pumped by using CW lasers,
but the signal is in the form of pulse train and
duration of individual pulses is inversely related to
the bit rate [1].
III.
SYSTEM SETUP
The system consists of 16 input signals
(channels), an ideal multiplexer, two isolators, a
pump laser, erbium doped fiber, fiber bragg grating,
demultiplexer, photo detector PIN, low pass Bessel
filter, 3R regenerator and BER analyzer as shown in
Figure 1. There are sixteen wavelength division
multiplexed signals in wavelength region 1570-1610
nm (i.e. L-band) having 2.5 nm channel spacing. The
power of each channel is –30 dBm. The pumping at
980 nm is used to excite the erbium doped fiber
atoms to a higher energy level. Implementation of
two isolators are to prevent Amplified Spontaneous
Emission (ASE) and signals from propagating in
backward direction. Otherwise, reflected ASE would
reduce the population inversion, hence reducing the
gain and increasing the noise figure.
The desired gain is nearly 20 dB and noise
figure is less than 10 dB. The fiber length and
wavelength are selected as parameters to be
investigated to achieve the desired flat gain at
varying temperature. Bit error rate analyzer is used to
get the bit error rate of signal. A dual port WDM
analyzer is also placed to measure Gain and Noise
Figure. Typical parameter values of the simulation
set up are as shown in Table 1.
Table no. 1: Parameter values of system set up in
fig. 1
Parameter
Values (units)
Pump Laser Frequency
1480 (nm)
Pump power
200 (mW)
Modulation Type
NRZ
Fiber Length
50 (Km)
Bessel filter cutoff
0.75*Bit rate (Hz)
frequency
Erbium core radius
2.2 (µm)
PIN photo-detector
responsibity
Dark current of photodetector
Bandwidth of fiber
bragg grating
Frequency of fiber
bragg grating
Frequency of WDM
transmitter
Frequency spacing
1 (A/W)
10 (nA)
150 (GHz)
193.1(THz)
1570-1610(nm)
2.5 (nm)
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3. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
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Fig. 1: 16 channel WDM optical communication system using EDFA
IV.
Results and Discussion
The graphs showing amplifier gain, noise
figure and BER variations with respect to numerical
aperture and erbium doped fiber radius at different
values of pump powers are given below:
Fig. 2 shows the amplifier gain as function
of numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber
amplifier. It is seen from observations that the
amplifier gain increases with the increasing
numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber amplifier
and remains constant (saturate) after reaching at
certain level for each pump power. The reason behind
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this is that at this stage the amplifier reaches at
maximum level of population inversion. It is clear
that the amplifier gain increases when numerical
aperture proves the overlap between optical mode
field and erbium ions. Therefore it is proved that by
increasing pump power the required numerical
aperture to obtain maximum gain becomes less.
Therefore 0.3-0.4 numerical aperture is the best
suitable range for best performance of erbium doped
fiber amplifier to get maximum amplifier gain.
52 | P a g e
4. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
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Fig. 2: Variation in amplifier gain with respect to numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber amplifier at
various pump powers
Fig. 3 shows the amplifier noise figure
variation of sixteen channel optical communication
system for different pump powers with respect to the
numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber amplifier.
The input power is kept constant at -30 dBm. It is
clear from figure as the numerical aperture of erbium
doped fiber amplifier increases the amplifier noise
figure decreases. This happens due to the reason that
ASE noise generated during amplification process is
added to the signal. When the numerical aperture of
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erbium doped fiber amplifier increases, this ASE
noise get reduced due to reduction in backward
propagation of erbium doped ions into erbium doped
fiber amplifier and this reduction in ASE leads to
increase in signal to noise ratio at amplifier output
and hence the noise figure reduces. We have
observed the minimum amplifier noise figure (6.2
dB) at 0.9 numerical aperture when the pump power
is 100 mW.
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5. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
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Fig. 3: Variation in amplifier noise figure with respect to numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber
amplifier at various pump powers
Fig. 4 shows the amplifier gain as function
of erbium doped fiber radius. The erbium ion density
is kept 1000 ppm-wt. The amplifier gain increases as
doping radius decreases, because the signal light does
not suffer from additional absorption. That means the
erbium ions does not exist in the area where the
pump power is small. It is shown that concentrating
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the erbium doping near the fiber axis results at low
pump power, improvement in the maximum amplifier
gain. The maximum amplifier gain (31.5 dB) is
obtained at 3 µm erbium doped fiber radius when the
pump power is 200 mW. Therefore it is clear that up
to 3 µm erbium doped fiber radius is suitable range of
erbium
doped
fiber
radius.
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6. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
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Fig. 4: Variation in amplifier gain with respect to erbium doped fiber radius at various pump powers
Fig. 5 shows the variation in amplifier noise
figure with respect to erbium doped fiber radius. It is
found from the observations that as the erbium doped
fiber radius increases, the amplifier noise figure also
increases. This happens due to the reason that there
is overlap between the mode field intensity at the
pump and signal wavelengths and hence pump
efficiency decreases with increasing erbium doped
fiber radius as the field intensity at both the pump
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and signal wavelengths decreases with erbium doped
fiber radius. Where pump efficiency is the ratio
between gain in decibels and launched pump power
in milliwats. The minimum amplifier noise figure is
obtained up to 3 µm erbium doped fiber radius is 3.1
dB when pump power is 200 mW.
Therefore it can be concluded that from
1µm-3µm is the best suitable range of erbium doped
fiber
radius.
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7. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.50-57
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Fig. 5: Variation in amplifier noise figure with respect to erbium doped fiber radius at various pump
powers
Fig. 6 shows the variations in BER with
respect to numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber
amplifier. It is observed from the figure that bit error
rate of erbium doped fiber amplifier decreases as the
numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber amplifier
increases. This happens due to the reason that ASE
noise generated in an erbium doped fiber amplifier
gets reduced, so it will not degrade the signal to
noise ratio as much at the optoelectronic receiver thus
decreasing the bit error rate of the communication
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system. The bit error rate of erbium doped fiber
amplifier is minimum at 0.9 value of numerical
aperture with value 1.00057×10-10 at 200 mW pump
power. But at lower values of numerical aperture i.e.
up to
0.3, bit error rate
also remains low
(1.263111×10-9). Therefore we can conclude that
from 0.1 to 0.3 numerical aperture is the best suitable
for
erbium
doped
fiber
amplifier.
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8. Kamalbir Kaur et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Fig. 6: Variation in BER with respect to numerical aperture of erbium doped fiber amplifier at various
pump powers
V.
Conclusion
In this paper the effect of the erbium doped
fiber radius and numerical aperture on amplifier
gain, amplifier noise figure and bit error rate has been
investigated in sixteen channel WDM system by
varying values of pump power. The comparison of
various pump powers shows that as the pump power
increases, amplifier gain of EDFA increases and bit
error rate decreases. The maximum amplifier gain
(31.5 dB) is obtained at 4 µm erbium doped fiber
radius and also maximum amplifier gain is obtained
at 0.3 numerical aperture. Therefore it is concluded
that the maximum amplifier gain is obtained when
erbium doping radius is less. The optimum erbium
doped fiber radius 3.06 µm.
[4]
[5]
[6]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
Govind P. Agarwal, “Fiber Optic
Communication Systems”, John Wiley &
sons, Inc. Publication, 2003.
P. M. Aljaff, B. O. Rasheed,” Design
optimization for efficient erbium doped
fiber amplifiers ”, World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.
22, pp. 40-43,2008.
Y. Jin, Q. Dou, Y. Liu,” Gain-clamped dualstage L-band EDFA by using backward C-
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[7]
band ASE”, International Journal for Light
and Electron Optics, optik (Elsevier), vol.
266, pp. 390-392,2006.
M. Pal, M. C. Paul , A. Dhar, A. Pal, S. K.
Bhadra, ” Investigation of the optical gain
and noise figure for multi-channel
amplification in EDFA under optimized
pump condition”, International Journal for
Light and Electron Optics, optik (Elsevier),
vol. 273, pp. 407-412,2007.
M. M. Ismail, M. A. Othman,” EDFAWDM optical network design system”,
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R.
S.
Kaler,”Effect
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