Communication, derived from the Latin word 'communis,' is essential in daily life and consists of exchanging information between a sender and a receiver. It can be classified into formal and informal types, with various flows including vertical, horizontal, and crosswise, each with distinct advantages and drawbacks. Effective communication skills are vital for career and personal success, while barriers such as physical, emotional, and cultural can hinder the process.

3. • Term Communication is a “Latin” word derived from
“communis” which means common.
• vital part of our daily routines.
• We read books and reports etc.
• We talk to friends watch televisions, and
communication over the internet.
• Experts tell us 70-80 percent of our working time
is spent in some kind of communication.
• Communication involves at least two people the
sender and the receiver.

4. • Communication is a mechanism through
which human relations exist and develop.
• The process by which an individual and
transmits stimuli to modify the behavior of
other individuals.
• Communication is a transfer of information
from one person to another whether or not
it elicits confidence: but the information
transferred must be understandable to the
receiver.

5. To change behavior
To get action
To ensure understanding
To persuade
To get and give
information

6. Communication skills are abilities you
use when giving and receiving
different kinds of information.
• Effective communication skills are a
critical element in your career and
personal lives.

7. Speaking
Writing
Body Language
Visual image

9. On the basis of organization relationship
• Formal
• Informal
On the basis of Flow
 Vertical
 Crosswise/Diagonal
 Horizontal
On the basis of Expression
 Oral
 Written
 Gesture

10. Formal Communication
• A type of verbal
communication in which
the interchange of the
information is done
through pre-define
channel.
• Another name is official
Communication.
• Slow Speed.
• Documentary Evidence
Informal Communication
• A type of verbal
communication in which
the interchange of the
information does not
follow any channel.
• Another name is
Grapevine
Communication.
• Fast speed.
• Non Documentary
Evidence

11. • The communication follows a hierarchical chain of command which is
established by the organization itself. For example Requests,
commands, orders, reports etc

12. Formal
Communication
upward Downward Horizontal Crosswise

13. The formal communication is of four types:
• Upward or Bottom-up
• Downward or Top-down
• Horizontal or Lateral
• Crosswise or Diagonal

14. The informal communication is of four types:
• Single Strand Chain
• Cluster Chain
• Probability Chain
• Gossip Chain

15. • This type of communication moves freely in all directions,
and thus, it is very quick and rapid. In any organization,
this type of communication is very natural as people
interact with each other about their professional life,
personal life, and other matter.
• Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion,
gossips, etc.

16. The communication in which one person tell something to
another, who again says something to some other person
and the process goes on.

17. The communication happens when a person randomly
chooses some persons to pass on the information which
is of little interest but not important.

18. The communication in which one person tells something to
some of its most trusted people, and then they tells them
to their trustworthy friends and the communication
continues.

19. The communication starts when a person tells something to
a group of people, and then they pass on the information
to some more people and in this way the information is
passed on to everyone.

20. On the basis of flow
vertical horizontal Crosswise

21. • Vertical communication is the
communication where information
or messages flows between or
among the subordinates and
superiors of the organizational.

22. Downward communication occurs when
information flows from superior to subordinates.
It occurs when information and messages flow
down through an organization’s official chain of
command or hierarchical formation. Superiors
send information, orders, instructions, and
decisions, etc., to their subordinates through
downward communication. Downward
communication can be of written or oral.

23. Downward communication provides certain advantages to
an organization:
• Useful for management
• Good organization
• Useful for employees
• Superiors well informed
• A Sense of belonging.

24. • Drawbacks of downward communication are
followed:
• Time consuming
• Distortion
• Authoritarian approach
• Over and under Communication
• Different priorities
• No confidential matter

25. To execute goals and strategies. Introducing new
policies and ideas gives lower levels of information about
favored actions.
• To endow with job instructions. Informing members and
employees about necessities on their tasks.
• To give details procedures. Defining the organization’s
base rules and regulations.
• To give a response. Evaluating the work of both
individuals and groups.

26. • Upward communication takes place when
information flows from subordinated to superior
in the organizational hierarchy. This form of
communication helps employees, to convey their
views, thoughts or grievances with the top
management. The purpose of upward
communication is to provide information to the
managers from subordinates. It is doable only in
an autonomous environment, wherein
employees have a say in management.

27. • Making the chief conscious of the difficulties that
staff members face.
• Stuff members suggesting improvements for the
institution.
• Introducing reports concerning members’ results.
• Informing leaders about members’ complaints
and grievances

28. • Decision Making
• Motivation
• Feedback
• Favorable Organizational Environment
• Development of Plan
• Good Relations
• Development of Creativity
• Prompt Appreciation
• Knowing Employee Attitude

29. • Distortion
• Unwillingness
• Fear
• By Passing
• Recklessness
• Flattery
• Insufficiency

31. • Horizontal communication is communication among
people at the parallel or same level, position, rank or
status people of the organization.
• Horizontal communication is the communication that
flows laterally within the organization, involves persons at
the same level of the organization.
• Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating
information and allows people with the same or similar
rank in an organization to cooperate.

32. • Some definitions of horizontal communication are as
follows:
• Ricky W. Griffin, “Horizontal communication involves
colleagues and peers at the same level of the
organization.”
• According to Bovee and others, “Horizontal
communication is the flow of information across
departmetal boundaries”
• According to Ivancevich and others, “Horizontal
communication occurs when the communicator and the
receiver are at the same level in the organization.”

34. Advantages of horizontal communication channel
are followed:
• Saves time
• Co-ordination and co-operation
• Efficiency
• Increases productivity
• Immediate feedback

35. Drawbacks of horizontal communication channel
are followed:
• Jealousy among superior rank
• Disruption if used in excess
• Feeling of frustration
• Waste of time in gossiping
• Interdepartmental Rivalry

36. • The sharing of information among different structural
levels within a business. For example, diagonal
communication could involve higher level management
communicating to lower level management a shift in
organizational objectives, as well as the ensuing dialog
about how best to achieve the new goals.

38. On the basis
of
Expression
Oral Written Gesture

39. In the case of oral or verbal communication,
communication is made direct face to face or through
telephone or intercom system.
Oral communication has some merits. They are:
• It saves time and money.
• On-the-spot clarification of any doubt is possible.
• Because of personal touch between the communicator
and listener, communication is more effective.
• While communicating, important points can be
emphasised by the communicator.

40. • Some of the disadvantages of oral
communication are:
• no permanent record
• not suitable for a subject
• greater possibility of misunderstood or
misinterpreted
• It is suitable only for communications which are
not lengthy.

42. Written communications include statements,
circulars, letters, reports, memos, manuals etc.
Some of the advantages of written communication
are:
• permanent record.
• This method is suitable for communications
which are lengthy.
• lesser chance of missing any
• This method is suitable for passing of messages
to far-off places.

43. Written communication, however, suffers
from certain limitations.
They are:
• more time-consuming,
• confusion and interpretation.
• no face-to-face discussion
• doubts may not be clarified.
• Maintaining of secrecy

44. • A gesture in an intentional body movement
to convey a message. many different
attitudes and intentions are expressed
through gestures. For example, when we
are introduced to people who are older or
in higher ranking positions we show
respect. A thumbs-up gestures show that
things are under control.

45. Advantages
• Immediate and
powerful interaction
• Intuitiveness and
enjoyability
Disadvantages
• Discoverability
• Memorability
• Fatigue

51. The Seven Barriers to Great Communication
•Physical Barriers
•Perceptual Barriers
•Emotional Barriers
•Cultural Barriers
•Language Barriers
•Gender Barriers
•Interpersonal Barriers