Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning between individuals. Poor communication is often cited as a major cause of conflicts. Communication can flow vertically up and down an organizational hierarchy or laterally between peers. Upward communication provides feedback and ideas for improvement to managers, while downward communication relays goals and policies. Lateral communication occurs between peers. Both formal and informal networks exist, with the informal grapevine often spreading rumors and being perceived as more reliable than official communications. Nonverbal communication also conveys important messages through body language and expressions.

1. COMMUNICATION

11. FORMAL VS INFORMAL NETWORKS

13. THREE COMMON SMALL - GROUP NETWORKS Chain Wheel All - Channel

14. Small Group Networks and Effectiveness Criteria Networks Criteria Chain Wheel All - Channel Speed Moderate Fast Fast Accuracy High High Moderate Emergence of a leader Moderate High None Member satisfaction Moderate Low High

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