Communication
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This document discusses communication, including its meaning, process, elements, importance, principles, functions, types, and factors affecting it. Communication is defined as a process where two or more people exchange ideas, facts, feelings, or impressions to gain a common understanding. The key elements of the communication process are the source, message, channel, and receiver. Effective communication is important for disseminating development program aims and objectives, bringing about behavioral changes, and sharing new knowledge from research. Principles of good communication include cooperation, participation, evaluation, and respect. The main functions of communication are to inform, instruct, influence, and integrate. Communication can take verbal, non-verbal, written, formal, informal, and visual forms.
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This document discusses writing for print media such as magazines, newspapers, and journals. It explains that a print article should provide a detailed account of a single topic to educate interested readers. An article has five key parts: a title to catch readers' interest, the author's identification, an introductory paragraph called the lead, the main body of the article, and a concluding summary. The title and lead are important to engage readers and set up the theme, while the main body thoroughly explores the topic and the summary recaps the main points.
Script writing for television
This document provides information about script writing for agricultural television programs in India. It discusses how television is an effective medium for educating rural populations. Two common farm television programs in India are "Savi Dharti" and "Mera Pind Mere Khet", which aim to provide useful agricultural information to farmers. The document outlines best practices for writing scripts, including clearly stating objectives, deciding on presentation format (talks, interviews, etc.), including an introduction and conclusion, planning indoor/outdoor shooting, and using a run down sheet to plan shots, audio/video, and lighting. The goal is to effectively communicate timely agricultural information to farmers to support their work.
Practical 3 Dairy development
This document discusses dairy development activities and technology transfer in Punjab, India. It provides background on the various organizations involved in dairy development like the Punjab Dairy Development Board and Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation. It then analyzes survey results from 600 dairy farmers which find that most receive little training and education. The document identifies farmers' main information needs and challenges with services. It provides recommendations to strengthen the dairy extension system through improved training, cooperation, and addressing issues like high input costs and exploitation by middlemen.
Practical 2 university extension system
The document discusses the agricultural extension system in India, including its history and objectives. It notes that agricultural extension was established to improve farmers' well-being through individual and cooperative efforts. A key milestone was the 1905 establishment of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, which supported agricultural research and education. The document goes on to outline the extension systems of agricultural universities and Krishi Vigyan Kendras, which aim to improve education, research, and field extension to benefit farmers.
Practical 1 Audio visual aids
This document discusses audio-visual aids and their use in the adoption process. It defines audio, visual, and audio-visual aids and provides examples of each type. The objectives are to impart knowledge about different aids and how to prepare and use them. Various aids are described, including non-projected aids like posters, charts, and flashcards, and projected aids like slides and videos. The importance of aids in teaching and their role at different stages of the adoption process from awareness to adoption are covered. Guidelines for using aids alone or combined with other methods based on teaching objectives, subject matter, audience size, and other factors are provided.
Pract 3 Script writing for radio
This document provides guidance on writing scripts for farm radio talks. It discusses that radio is an effective medium for informing and motivating rural audiences. When writing scripts, key points to consider include the audience's background and needs, selecting a relevant and practical topic, and collecting detailed information from reliable sources. The script should arrest listeners' attention, hold it by using local examples, clearly convey the information in the proper sequence, and fire listeners' imagination about applying the information. The script should be brief, clear, and written with empathy for the audience. When delivering the script, the speaker should rehearse, be conversational, repeat important points, and summarize at the end.
Capacity building
Extension personnel require training to improve their performance and acquire new knowledge, skills, and attitudes. There are different types of training courses including short-term and long-term courses as well as orientation training and on-the-job training. Training courses for farmers include those offered at the village, block, and district levels, as well as specialized training courses offered by Punjab Agricultural University.
Planning and development of agricultural extension programs
The document discusses the planning and development of agricultural extension programs. It outlines that extension program planning is a continuous and cooperative process involving local people and extension personnel to identify problems, set objectives, and take action to achieve objectives. Key principles of program planning include addressing felt needs, joint participation, flexibility, simplicity, and evaluation. The planning process involves collecting facts, analyzing the situation, identifying problems, determining objectives, developing a plan of work, executing the plan, and determining progress. A six-phased model for program planning is also presented.
Use of plastic in agriculture
Plastics have many uses in everyday life and agriculture due to their low cost, durability and ability to prolong the shelf life of foods. However, plastics persist in the environment for centuries and can pollute soils and waterways. In agriculture, plastics such as mulching films increase yields but eventually fragment and release toxins. Long-term use of plastic mulches reduces soil quality over time by decreasing porosity, oxygen levels and beneficial microbes. Microplastics less than 5mm in size are a growing problem, as they accumulate in soils and are eaten by earthworms and other organisms, entering the food chain and potentially compromising human health. Efforts are needed to reduce plastic pollution through alternatives to single
Methods and classification of leaders
1. Leaders coordinate group efforts to achieve goals, establish a positive social climate, assist with organization, and help plan and execute development programs.
2. Methods for selecting leaders include identifying active participants, those with high social participation, persons with a reputation for honesty and help, and current formal leaders.
3. Leaders are also selected through informal meetings to identify those people turn to for help, self and informal ratings of leadership abilities, and sociometric techniques where group members name preferred leaders.
Success
This document discusses factors related to success and failure. It states that success requires hard work, perseverance, sacrifice, and passion for your goals. Successful people are confident, have a vision, and focus on their strengths. Factors that can lead to failure include unwillingness to take risks, lack of persistence, seeking instant gratification, poor priorities, and greed. The document also lists rationalizing, inability to recognize opportunities, lack of discipline, poor self-esteem, and a fatalistic attitude as reasons for failure. Finally, it identifies accepting responsibility, striving for excellence, and thinking win-win as important factors for achieving success.
Feedback in communication
This document discusses feedback in communication and its importance. It provides definitions of feedback and notes that feedback helps enhance adoption rates and understanding by promoting free communication. It identifies some difficulties in obtaining feedback, such as limitations of communication channels, shyness of receivers, and socioeconomic barriers. The document recommends several methods for encouraging feedback, such as not getting defensive, updating knowledge, and ensuring feedback is timely. Overall, the document emphasizes that feedback is important for removing barriers, facilitating action, rectifying errors, and improving the communication process.
Kisan call centres
The Kisan Call Centre was launched in 2004 by the Ministry of Agriculture to provide extension services to farmers over the phone. Farmers can call a toll-free number to get their questions answered in local languages. If the call centre operator cannot answer a question, it is forwarded to an agricultural scientist. The call centre aims to answer queries instantly and records personal information in a knowledge management system. It operates from multiple locations with shifts covered 24/7 to ensure accessibility.
Teaching learning process
The document discusses the teaching and learning process. It defines teaching as providing situations for learning to occur, and learning as how a person changes their behavior through self-activity. It notes that learning takes place within the learner when they feel a need and work to fulfill and gain satisfaction from it. The key components of an effective teaching and learning situation are an instructor, learner, physical facilities, teaching equipment, and subject matter. It provides characteristics an instructor and learner should have, and factors the subject matter, physical facilities, and teaching equipment should address. Finally, it outlines the steps in the teaching-learning process as getting the learner's attention, interest, desire, conviction, action, and satisfaction.
Traits of input dealers/ extension workers in agriculture development
The document outlines the important traits and qualities of input dealers in supporting agricultural development. It discusses that input dealers must have sound subject knowledge, a desire to learn, be tactful, foresighted, and have a sympathetic attitude. Additionally, they should have an attractive personality, enthusiasm, courage, honesty, and the ability to organize. Key expected roles of input dealers include communicating new technologies to farmers, keeping updated on information, coordinating village organizations, and assisting villagers in obtaining supplies and government assistance.
Systems of extension in india
The document summarizes four major extension systems in India:
1) The first line extension system established by ICAR in 1971.
2) Extension systems run by the Ministry of Agriculture and state departments.
3) Systems run by the Ministry of Rural Development and state departments.
4) Development work by voluntary organizations.
It then provides details on four major transfer of technology projects under the first line extension system: the All India Coordinated Project on National Demonstrations, Operational Research Project, Krishi Vigyan Kendra program, and Lab to Land Project. Krishi Vigyan Kendras were established in 1974 as grassroots institutions for training farmers and disseminating agricultural technologies.
Drought prone area prog
The Drought Prone Areas Programme and Desert Development Programme were launched in the 1970s to address problems faced by drought-prone and desert areas in India. The programs aimed to minimize adverse effects of drought/harsh climates on crop/livestock production and improve socio-economic conditions. They covered 961 blocks across 16 states and 235 blocks in 7 states respectively. Both programs were funded 75% by central government and 25% by states and implemented through district rural development agencies. While the programs had strengths like area-focused needs and infrastructure growth, weaknesses included poor implementation and lack of collaboration. Ongoing threats were corruption and political interference.
Poverty alleviation programs
The document discusses several Indian poverty alleviation programs: SGSY, SGRY, PMGSY, CAPART, DPAP, and DDP. It provides details on the objectives, target beneficiaries, implementation mechanisms, and funding structures of these various programs aimed at reducing poverty, increasing employment opportunities, and improving rural development.
New trends in extension
The document discusses new trends in agricultural extension, including a shift from top-down to bottom-up and production-led to market-led approaches. It outlines the need for market-led extension to help farmers understand market demands and consumer preferences in order to improve livelihoods. Examples of innovative market-led extension approaches provided include market intelligence, contract farming, and direct marketing. The challenges and dimensions of market-led extension are also summarized, along with some successful farmer entrepreneurs utilizing these approaches.
Principles & problems of administration
This document outlines several key principles of administration and problems that can arise. The principles discussed include hierarchy, span of control, unity of command, delegation of authority, responsibility, communication, flexibility, specialization, and centralization/decentralization. Some problems that can occur include failure to clarify relationships, delegate authority properly, giving authority without responsibility, multiple subordination, short-circuiting lines of authority, and giving extra-constitutional authority. Proper application of administrative principles and avoidance of these problems can help organizations function effectively.
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Communication
- 1. Communication; Meaning, Process, Elements and Importance Dr. Rajinder Kaur Kalra Professor and Head (Retd.) Department of Extension Education
- 2. Meaning of Communication • Communis means common
- 3. Leagans (1961) says, It is the process by which two or more people Exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a common understanding of the message. Concept of Communication
- 4. • Perception • Communication Fidelity • Communication Gap • Time Lag in Communication • Empathy • Homophily And Heterophily • Key Communicators • Communication Network Some Concepts Relating to Communication
- 5. Aims and Objectives of any development programme are to be widely disseminated. Bringing Change in the behaviour of the people. New Knowledge acquired through research has to be disseminated to effect change in the methods of farming. A thorough understanding of the communication process. Importance of Communication
- 6. • Communication is two way process • Must have idea before one can communicate • System of symbols used to represent ideas must be relevant, accurate and skillfully used • Cultural values and social organization are bases of communication • Influence one’s effectiveness • Communication effort must be organized Principles of Communication
- 7. • Cooperation, participation and involvement are essential • Evaluation is a must to improve communication • Standards of correctness, effectiveness, good taste and social responsibility of communication influence its success • Respect for the facts willing to share with others and has patience to listen others Conti…
- 8. The Information Function Command or Instructive Function Influence or Persuasive Function Integrative Function Functions of Communication
- 9. • Verbal Communication • Non verbal Communication • Written Communication • Formal & Informal Communication • Visual Communication Types of Communication
- 10. Source Message Treatment Channel Receiver Feedback Communication Process
- 11. A good Communicator Knows Interested In Prepares Skills Objectives Audience welfare Teaching plan Selecting messages Audience needs Message helpful to people Communication material and equipment Treating messages Message Result of communication Plan for evaluation Expressing messages Channel Uses and limitations of channel Selection in use of channel Treatment of the message Improvements in communication skills Understanding the audience Professional abilities Collecting evidence of the results Factors Affecting Communication