2. • famous quote says –
“The way we communicate with others and with
ourselves ultimately determines the quality of
our lives”
3. • Communis (latin) – means Common
• We are trying to establish commonality with some one
through a message.
• Commonality --- Idea, Fact, Feelings
• Prime goal of communication is Persuasion – by Aristotle.
4. Definitions
• Communication is the process by which two or more people
exchange facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a
common understanding of the message. - Paul Leagans.
• Communication is imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions
or information by speech, writing or signs.
• Communication is the mutual interchange of ideas by any
effective means. – Thayer 1968
5. Meaning
• Process of transmitting stimuli.
• Establishment of commonness.
• Converging meaning.
• One’s mind affects another by various means.
• Interactions by means of signs and symbols.
6. Nature of communication
• It is a process
• Employs many means
• Involves inter-dependance
• Comprises three parts
• Expression- Interpretation - Response
• Takes place within participants
• Effectiveness varies
8. Communicator
• The person who initiate the process of communication
• He is the source of message
• Should know the objective of communication
• Audience – needs, interest and abilities,
• Message – content, validity, usefulness, relevance, importance,
• Treatment –
• Channel – effectively use the channel
• Credibility – Trustworthiness and competence of communicator
and institute.
9. Message
• Message is an information, a communicator wishes his
audience to receive, understand, accept and act upon
it.
• In line with objective
• Clear, understandable
• Specific – no irrelevant material
• Based on need, interest and value of the audience
• Appropriate to the channel
• Applicable – to be practiced
10. Treatment of message
• The way the message is handled, dealt with is called
treatment of message. So that the information get
across to the audience.
• To make the message clear, understandable and realistic
to the audience.
I. Organising the content : repetition, contrast - both +
ve and – ve points. Proceeding from general to
specific and viceversa.
II. Method of delivery : speaking and acting, limit to the
time, clear, appropriate materials.
11. Channel
• Channels are physical bridges between sender and receiver of the
message.
Criteria of selection
• Availability to the communicator
• Suitability to the audience and message
• Competency of the communicator
• Relative effectiveness of channel
12. Types of channel
I. Based on nature of personnel involved
• Personal Localite – Neighbors, friends, lay leaders
• Personal Cosmopolite – extension officials, scientists
• Impersonal cosmoplite – Mass media
II. Based on Nature of Contact
• Interpersonal – face to face
• Mass contact – Radio, TV
13. Noise
• Any obstruction in the flow of message is called noise.
• Failure of channel
• Unskill in handling the message
• Failure of receiver in receiving and understanding of message
Media Forum : is a organised small group of individuals who meet
regularly to discuss about the message received through media.
14. Audience
• They are the intended receiver of the communication.
The factors affect the audience are
– Communication skill
– Position in social system
– Group effect
– Customs, traditions
– Needs
– Knowledge
Selective Exposure – Selective Perception – Selective Retention
15. Audience Response
• Response of the audience for the message received.
Possible kind of responses
• Understanding vs Knowledge
• Acceptance vs Rejection
• Remembering vs Forgetting
• Mental vs Physical action
• Right vs Wrong
16. Models of Communication
• Aristotle Model
• Berlo Model
• ShannoWn Weaver Model
• Westly – Mecleans Model
• Paul Leagan Model
24. 3. Organisational communication
• Flow of communication in a structured way in formal means
• It is a two way communication system
• It determine the quality of climate of human relations in an
organisation
• Two patterns are existing in an organisation
• Formal means
• Informal means
25. Formal Communication
• Upward Communication :is the process of information
flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper
levels. It helps employees to express their requirements,
ideas and feelings. Means : Letter, grievances
• Downward Communication : is the flow of information and
messages from a higher level inside an organization to a
lower one. Means- Meetings, circulars, memos.
• Horizontal Communication : is the transmission of
information between people, divisions, departments or
units within the same level of organizational hierarchy.
26. Informal Communication
• A casual form of information sharing typically used in personal conversations
among employees of an organisation. Usually called grape vine communication.
• Single Strand: One person communicates with one person and then they go
and communicate with another one person.
• Gossip Chain: Group conversation where everyone is talking to each other informally.
• Probability Chain: Each individual randomly tells another individual the same message.
• Cluster : Starts from single person to group.
27.
28. 4. Inter organisational communication
• This refers to systems developed by each organisation to
communicate with other organisations.
29. Barriers in Communication
Distraction : Meaning of the message is lost while handling. Usually
occur during encoding and decoding stage
Noise : Distraction of message due to environmental factors.
30. 1. Physical Barriers- Channel, working place, distance,
personal space.
2. Psychological barriers: Attitudes and Opinions,
Emotions (Fear, fear, anger, worry, nervousness)
distrust, suspicion, day dreaming.
3. Cultural Barriers: Language, semantic (signs and
symbols), behaviour and beliefs, ethnocentrism
