Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide, causing over 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, with P. falciparum being the deadliest species. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is caused by four distinct serotypes of dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. It affects over half the world's population and causes 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, infecting primarily pigs and birds
Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide and cause 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a major vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is another significant vector-borne disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes. The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically, with an estimated 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with an estimated 68,000 cases
This document summarizes information about malaria epidemiology. It discusses that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Around 198 million cases and 584,000 deaths occurred globally in 2013, most among children in Africa. Specific high-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, travelers, and immigrants. In India, around 22% of the population lives in high transmission areas, and malaria cases and deaths are most common in certain northeastern states. Unstable transmission is seasonal, and most Indians have little immunity. Treatment involves prompt diagnosis and complete treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, ACTs, or primaquine depending on the Plasmodium
Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2019, there were 229 million malaria cases and 409,000 deaths, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. High-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, immigrants, international travelers, and those with HIV/AIDS. Malaria prevalence is higher among poor, rural, tribal, and forest-dwelling populations with limited healthcare access. Common vectors in India include An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. minimus, and An. epiroticus. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale and
Arthropod-Borne Dengue7-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
This document summarizes information about two arthropod-borne infections: dengue and malaria. For dengue, it describes the viral cause, transmission via Aedes mosquitoes, clinical presentations including classical fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and prevention through mosquito control and vaccines. For malaria, it discusses the protozoan cause, transmission via Anopheles mosquitoes, clinical stages of fever, and prevention through presumptive treatment, radical treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and vector control measures. It also briefly mentions filariasis caused by nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes.
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that infects around 100-400 million people annually worldwide. It is caused by the dengue virus of which there are 4 serotypes. Infection with one type provides lifelong immunity to that type but subsequent infections with other types increase the risk of severe dengue. The disease ranges from mild fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. There is no vaccine for dengue prevention currently.
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.
Spreads by animals or insects
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often required
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.
Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, with an estimated 219 million cases and 435,000 deaths in 2017. The disease is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The WHO African Region carries the largest burden, with 92% of cases and 93% of deaths. Young children, pregnant women, and non-immune travelers are most at risk. Diagnosis is via blood smear examination, with treatment using artemisinin combination therapies. Prevention relies on mosquito control measures and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Efforts aim to eventually eliminate and eradicate the disease globally.
Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide and cause 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a major vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is another significant vector-borne disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes. The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically, with an estimated 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with an estimated 68,000 cases
This document summarizes information about malaria epidemiology. It discusses that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Around 198 million cases and 584,000 deaths occurred globally in 2013, most among children in Africa. Specific high-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, travelers, and immigrants. In India, around 22% of the population lives in high transmission areas, and malaria cases and deaths are most common in certain northeastern states. Unstable transmission is seasonal, and most Indians have little immunity. Treatment involves prompt diagnosis and complete treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, ACTs, or primaquine depending on the Plasmodium
Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2019, there were 229 million malaria cases and 409,000 deaths, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. High-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, immigrants, international travelers, and those with HIV/AIDS. Malaria prevalence is higher among poor, rural, tribal, and forest-dwelling populations with limited healthcare access. Common vectors in India include An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. minimus, and An. epiroticus. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale and
Arthropod-Borne Dengue7-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
This document summarizes information about two arthropod-borne infections: dengue and malaria. For dengue, it describes the viral cause, transmission via Aedes mosquitoes, clinical presentations including classical fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and prevention through mosquito control and vaccines. For malaria, it discusses the protozoan cause, transmission via Anopheles mosquitoes, clinical stages of fever, and prevention through presumptive treatment, radical treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and vector control measures. It also briefly mentions filariasis caused by nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes.
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that infects around 100-400 million people annually worldwide. It is caused by the dengue virus of which there are 4 serotypes. Infection with one type provides lifelong immunity to that type but subsequent infections with other types increase the risk of severe dengue. The disease ranges from mild fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. There is no vaccine for dengue prevention currently.
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.
Spreads by animals or insects
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often required
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.
Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, with an estimated 219 million cases and 435,000 deaths in 2017. The disease is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The WHO African Region carries the largest burden, with 92% of cases and 93% of deaths. Young children, pregnant women, and non-immune travelers are most at risk. Diagnosis is via blood smear examination, with treatment using artemisinin combination therapies. Prevention relies on mosquito control measures and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Efforts aim to eventually eliminate and eradicate the disease globally.
The document discusses World Malaria Day and the theme of harnessing innovation to reduce the malaria disease burden. It provides definitions and descriptions of malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It discusses the history of malaria, magnitude of the problem globally and in India, epidemiological determinants like parasite species, life cycle, host and environmental factors. It also summarizes diagnosis, treatment approaches, and the role of nurses in prevention and control of malaria through activities like health education, testing, and treatment adherence support.
Dengue, Malaria, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Pest Control.pptxYuvethaIndran
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus. There are four serotypes of the dengue virus. Diagnosis can be made through laboratory tests such as virus isolation, nucleic acid detection through RT-PCR, immunological response tests like ELISA and RDTs, and analysis of hematological parameters. Clinical diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms that present in three phases - febrile, critical, and recovery phase. Common symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, rashes, and bleeding manifestations in severe cases. Laboratory tests aid in diagnosis, screening, monitoring disease severity through platelet count and hematocrit levels.
Characteristic features of a vector organismPuja Ray
The document discusses the characteristic features of vector organisms that transmit pathogens. It provides details about ticks and mosquitoes as vectors. Some key features of ticks that make them efficient disease vectors include their adaptability, ability to firmly attach to hosts, high reproductive rates, ability to survive long periods without feeding, and ability to feed on a wide range of hosts. The document also outlines several characteristics of mosquitoes that allow them to effectively transmit malaria, including their abundance, longevity, capacity to carry parasites, and preference for feeding on humans.
The document defines communicable diseases as those spread between people through various modes of transmission like direct contact, vectors, contaminated food/water, or airborne means. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention through vaccination, drug treatment, or hygienic measures. The overall document aims to educate about major communicable diseases, how they spread, and ways to prevent infection.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging infections as diseases that are newly appearing or increasing after past existence. Key factors driving emergence include globalization, antibiotic resistance, and environmental changes. The document lists diseases emerging in Malaysia, including avian influenza, dengue, and drug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of accurate laboratory diagnosis and strengthened public health measures and surveillance in addressing emerging threats.
The document discusses various anthropozoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans, often through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It identifies several factors that have increased the spread of these diseases, including climate change, globalized trade and tourism, and keeping unconventional pets. It then provides more detailed information on specific viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
Communicable diseases are spread from person to person through various modes of transmission including direct contact, vectors like insects, contaminated food and water, airborne transmission, and indirect contact. Examples discussed include chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. Prevention methods focus on vaccination, hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals or carriers, and safe sexual practices.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It causes fever, jaundice and can potentially progress to bleeding, organ failure and death. The virus is transmitted between monkeys, mosquitoes and humans. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control measures.
The document discusses various emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, and examples. It defines emerging infectious diseases as newly identified infectious agents and re-emerging diseases as known agents that were previously under control but are increasing. The document then examines biological, environmental physical and social factors that influence disease emergence. It provides examples of transmission routes and recently emerging diseases such as Ebola virus, influenza, SARS, West Nile virus, monkeypox, and dengue. Tables list Ebola outbreak case counts by country and emerging infections and locations in India from 1990-2006.
Monkeypox is a viral disease that occurs in humans and some animals. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses as smallpox. Monkeypox most commonly spreads through direct contact with infected animals or humans. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. Within a few days, a rash develops on the face and spreads to other parts of the body. While monkeypox is generally mild, it can cause severe illness and has a fatality rate of around 1 in 10 people in parts of Africa. There are vaccines and treatments available to prevent and treat monkeypox infections.
The document discusses four mosquito-borne viral diseases: dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. It provides details on the causative viruses, transmission cycles, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each disease. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease and exists throughout the tropics, mainly spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted in a zoonotic cycle between birds and pigs, with Culex mosquitoes acting as vectors. Yellow fever virus circulates between non-human primates and humans in Africa and South America. Chikungunya virus causes debilitating symptoms
This chapter discusses zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. It defines key terms like zoonotic, which refers to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Examples of transmission methods and diseases are provided, including malaria (transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes), leishmaniasis (transmitted by sand flies), plague (transmitted by fleas from infected rodents), and Lyme disease (transmitted by blacklegged ticks). Control methods for vector-borne diseases include using insect repellents, draining standing water, and rodent control. Emerging diseases like Ebola, Zika virus, and hantavirus are also examined.
The document provides information on smallpox (variola) and chickenpox (varicella). It describes the epidemiology, clinical features, transmission, prevention and control of both diseases. Key differences between smallpox and chickenpox are enumerated. Smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination program due to factors like no animal reservoir, effective vaccine, and lifelong immunity after infection. Chickenpox is generally a mild self-limiting disease caused by the varicella zoster virus.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus similar to smallpox that is endemic to parts of Africa. It can be transmitted from animals to humans via contact with bodily fluids or consumption of undercooked meat. Human to human transmission is also possible. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and lesions. There have been increasing outbreaks linked to international travel and exotic pet trade. While there is no proven treatment, isolation and vaccination can help control outbreaks. Prevention requires education on risks, offering PPE, and restricting animal importation.
Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It causes flu-like symptoms and in some cases develops into severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever. There are four types of dengue virus. It is endemic in over 100 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There is no vaccine available and management focuses on treatment of symptoms. Prevention involves reducing mosquito breeding sites and using repellents and nets.
Malaria is a major public health problem that affects many countries and causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. It is caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium) transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four human malaria parasite species, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. Malaria transmission is influenced by factors like temperature, human and mosquito behavior, drug resistance, and control measures. The WHO classifies malaria epidemiology into several types based on transmission patterns and intensity in different geographic areas.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. India is free from yellow fever. Vaccination against yellow fever is available and is highly effective. A vaccination certificate is required to travel in a yellow fever free zone/country
Scabies is a contagious skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabei mite. The female mite burrows into the skin where it lays eggs, causing intense itching that is worse at night. It spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact. Diagnosis is made by visualizing the mite, eggs, or feces under a microscope from a skin lesion. Treatment involves applying scabicide creams or lotions to the entire body from the neck down. Preventing spread requires washing clothing and bedding in hot water and treating all close contacts due to the mite's incubation period.
This document provides information on smallpox and chickenpox. It discusses the history, transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and vaccination of smallpox. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 due to mass vaccination campaigns, surveillance of cases, and isolation of infected individuals. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and presents with a rash that is usually mild but can be severe in adults. It has a shorter incubation period than smallpox and presents with a rash that affects the trunk first before spreading. Vaccination against chickenpox is available and provides protection.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
The document discusses World Malaria Day and the theme of harnessing innovation to reduce the malaria disease burden. It provides definitions and descriptions of malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It discusses the history of malaria, magnitude of the problem globally and in India, epidemiological determinants like parasite species, life cycle, host and environmental factors. It also summarizes diagnosis, treatment approaches, and the role of nurses in prevention and control of malaria through activities like health education, testing, and treatment adherence support.
Dengue, Malaria, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Pest Control.pptxYuvethaIndran
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus. There are four serotypes of the dengue virus. Diagnosis can be made through laboratory tests such as virus isolation, nucleic acid detection through RT-PCR, immunological response tests like ELISA and RDTs, and analysis of hematological parameters. Clinical diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms that present in three phases - febrile, critical, and recovery phase. Common symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, rashes, and bleeding manifestations in severe cases. Laboratory tests aid in diagnosis, screening, monitoring disease severity through platelet count and hematocrit levels.
Characteristic features of a vector organismPuja Ray
The document discusses the characteristic features of vector organisms that transmit pathogens. It provides details about ticks and mosquitoes as vectors. Some key features of ticks that make them efficient disease vectors include their adaptability, ability to firmly attach to hosts, high reproductive rates, ability to survive long periods without feeding, and ability to feed on a wide range of hosts. The document also outlines several characteristics of mosquitoes that allow them to effectively transmit malaria, including their abundance, longevity, capacity to carry parasites, and preference for feeding on humans.
The document defines communicable diseases as those spread between people through various modes of transmission like direct contact, vectors, contaminated food/water, or airborne means. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention through vaccination, drug treatment, or hygienic measures. The overall document aims to educate about major communicable diseases, how they spread, and ways to prevent infection.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging infections as diseases that are newly appearing or increasing after past existence. Key factors driving emergence include globalization, antibiotic resistance, and environmental changes. The document lists diseases emerging in Malaysia, including avian influenza, dengue, and drug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of accurate laboratory diagnosis and strengthened public health measures and surveillance in addressing emerging threats.
The document discusses various anthropozoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans, often through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It identifies several factors that have increased the spread of these diseases, including climate change, globalized trade and tourism, and keeping unconventional pets. It then provides more detailed information on specific viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
Communicable diseases are spread from person to person through various modes of transmission including direct contact, vectors like insects, contaminated food and water, airborne transmission, and indirect contact. Examples discussed include chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. Prevention methods focus on vaccination, hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals or carriers, and safe sexual practices.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It causes fever, jaundice and can potentially progress to bleeding, organ failure and death. The virus is transmitted between monkeys, mosquitoes and humans. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control measures.
The document discusses various emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, and examples. It defines emerging infectious diseases as newly identified infectious agents and re-emerging diseases as known agents that were previously under control but are increasing. The document then examines biological, environmental physical and social factors that influence disease emergence. It provides examples of transmission routes and recently emerging diseases such as Ebola virus, influenza, SARS, West Nile virus, monkeypox, and dengue. Tables list Ebola outbreak case counts by country and emerging infections and locations in India from 1990-2006.
Monkeypox is a viral disease that occurs in humans and some animals. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses as smallpox. Monkeypox most commonly spreads through direct contact with infected animals or humans. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. Within a few days, a rash develops on the face and spreads to other parts of the body. While monkeypox is generally mild, it can cause severe illness and has a fatality rate of around 1 in 10 people in parts of Africa. There are vaccines and treatments available to prevent and treat monkeypox infections.
The document discusses four mosquito-borne viral diseases: dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. It provides details on the causative viruses, transmission cycles, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each disease. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease and exists throughout the tropics, mainly spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted in a zoonotic cycle between birds and pigs, with Culex mosquitoes acting as vectors. Yellow fever virus circulates between non-human primates and humans in Africa and South America. Chikungunya virus causes debilitating symptoms
This chapter discusses zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. It defines key terms like zoonotic, which refers to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Examples of transmission methods and diseases are provided, including malaria (transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes), leishmaniasis (transmitted by sand flies), plague (transmitted by fleas from infected rodents), and Lyme disease (transmitted by blacklegged ticks). Control methods for vector-borne diseases include using insect repellents, draining standing water, and rodent control. Emerging diseases like Ebola, Zika virus, and hantavirus are also examined.
The document provides information on smallpox (variola) and chickenpox (varicella). It describes the epidemiology, clinical features, transmission, prevention and control of both diseases. Key differences between smallpox and chickenpox are enumerated. Smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination program due to factors like no animal reservoir, effective vaccine, and lifelong immunity after infection. Chickenpox is generally a mild self-limiting disease caused by the varicella zoster virus.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus similar to smallpox that is endemic to parts of Africa. It can be transmitted from animals to humans via contact with bodily fluids or consumption of undercooked meat. Human to human transmission is also possible. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and lesions. There have been increasing outbreaks linked to international travel and exotic pet trade. While there is no proven treatment, isolation and vaccination can help control outbreaks. Prevention requires education on risks, offering PPE, and restricting animal importation.
Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It causes flu-like symptoms and in some cases develops into severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever. There are four types of dengue virus. It is endemic in over 100 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There is no vaccine available and management focuses on treatment of symptoms. Prevention involves reducing mosquito breeding sites and using repellents and nets.
Malaria is a major public health problem that affects many countries and causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. It is caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium) transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four human malaria parasite species, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. Malaria transmission is influenced by factors like temperature, human and mosquito behavior, drug resistance, and control measures. The WHO classifies malaria epidemiology into several types based on transmission patterns and intensity in different geographic areas.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. India is free from yellow fever. Vaccination against yellow fever is available and is highly effective. A vaccination certificate is required to travel in a yellow fever free zone/country
Scabies is a contagious skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabei mite. The female mite burrows into the skin where it lays eggs, causing intense itching that is worse at night. It spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact. Diagnosis is made by visualizing the mite, eggs, or feces under a microscope from a skin lesion. Treatment involves applying scabicide creams or lotions to the entire body from the neck down. Preventing spread requires washing clothing and bedding in hot water and treating all close contacts due to the mite's incubation period.
This document provides information on smallpox and chickenpox. It discusses the history, transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and vaccination of smallpox. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 due to mass vaccination campaigns, surveillance of cases, and isolation of infected individuals. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and presents with a rash that is usually mild but can be severe in adults. It has a shorter incubation period than smallpox and presents with a rash that affects the trunk first before spreading. Vaccination against chickenpox is available and provides protection.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
The document provides information about a community health nursing course, including its description and focus. The course is designed to provide knowledge about community health nursing concepts and principles. It applies approaches like epidemiology and carries out community diagnoses to identify common health problems. The course also focuses on providing care to individuals, families, groups and communities for disease prevention, health promotion and rehabilitation.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, which forms a membrane in the throat or larynx. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children aged 1-5 are most affected. Clinical features include sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves isolation, vaccination, and antibiotics. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, which is highly contagious. It affects infants and children the most. Symptoms include coughing fits and whooping sounds. Treatment involves antibiotics and vaccination. Acute respiratory infections are caused by numerous bacteria and viruses. They can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. Symptoms include cough, fever and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the severity and
The document outlines Nepal's history of programs to control diarrhoeal diseases among children, beginning in 1983 with the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease program and evolving into the current Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness program, which integrates management of newborn care and aims to reduce under-five mortality from diarrhoea and other illnesses through improved case management, health systems, and community care practices.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets or dust.
- An estimated 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2019, including 1.2 million children. It is curable but multidrug-resistant strains remain a challenge.
- Nepal faces a high burden of TB, with an estimated 69,000 cases in 2020. Efforts are ongoing to improve detection, treatment and prevent further spread.
This document discusses the dimensions and determinants of health according to the WHO definition. It outlines the physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions of health. The determinants of health include biological, behavioral, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, aging population, and gender factors. Responsibility for health is seen as involving individual self-care, community support, state provision of healthcare, and international cooperation.
The document discusses the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology. It explains that the tip of the iceberg represents clinical cases that physicians see, while the larger submerged part represents undiagnosed, latent, and asymptomatic cases. This hidden portion of disease or infection in the community poses a challenge to public health. Examples are given of diseases like hypertension and diabetes where the undetected prevalence far exceeds known cases. Controlling the reservoir of infection, through measures like early diagnosis, notification, isolation, and treatment, is an important part of disease prevention and control efforts aimed at the submerged portion of the iceberg.
The document outlines guidelines for managing diarrhoea according to the Community-Based Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMNCI) program in Nepal. It describes assessing patients for dehydration, classifying diarrhoea as persistent or dysentery, and treating dehydration and infections. For young infants, treatment involves checking for serious bacterial infection and classifying/treating dehydration. For older children, it involves assessing for danger signs, malnutrition, and immunization status and providing oral rehydration solution, continued feeding, and antibiotics if needed. The guidelines emphasize continued breastfeeding, referral for severe cases, and follow-up care.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by pathogens transmitted through sexual contact. Over 20 pathogens can cause STDs, affecting the genital tract and sometimes other sites. Key STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, and human papillomavirus. Factors influencing STD transmission and prevalence include age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, high-risk behaviors, and social determinants. STDs are diagnosed through clinical features and laboratory tests and treated through antimicrobial therapies. Prevention relies on education, screening, partner notification, and barrier methods.
Nepal's health care system is managed by the Ministry of Health and Population and provides services from the federal to local levels. At the local level, health posts and community health units provide basic services like immunizations and treatment. Primary hospitals class A and B offer expanded services including outpatient care, emergency services, and basic surgeries. Secondary hospitals have departments for various specialties and treat more complex cases. Tertiary hospitals provide specialized referral services across various medical and surgical disciplines. The highest levels of care are offered at super-specialty hospitals and supported by federal health science academies for research and education.
The conducting system of the heart generates rhythmic impulses that are conducted throughout the myocardium, coordinating contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread to the atria, then the atrioventricular node relays them to the ventricles via the bundle of His. This causes synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions that pump blood out of the heart. The pulse corresponds to expansion of arteries from ventricular ejection with each heartbeat. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can influence the pulse rate, while features like rhythm, strength and tension provide clinical information.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is written as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while the diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure is dependent on factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, and blood volume. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and listening for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen and is measured noninvasively using a pulse oximeter.
The document provides an overview of demography and family planning. It discusses key terminology like population, demography, population dynamics, and population size. It also describes the demographic cycle and its five stages. The composition of a population is explained through sex ratio and population pyramids. The main determinants of population change are fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility and its regulation are discussed in detail. Population explosion and its effects are also summarized.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
The document discusses the dimensions of health according to the WHO definition, which include physical, mental, and social dimensions. It also discusses other dimensions such as spiritual, vocational, philosophical, cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, nutritional, curative, and preventive. The determinants of health that influence health status are described as biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, socio-economic, related to health services, aging population, gender, and other factors. Finally, the document outlines the responsibilities for health of individuals, communities, states, and internationally.
The natural history of disease occurs in two phases: the prepathogenesis phase where disease factors exist in the environment but have not entered the host, and the pathogenesis phase where the disease agent enters the susceptible host, multiplies, and causes changes that can result in recovery, disability, or death. The pathogenesis phase can be modified by interventions like immunization or chemotherapy.
Community diagnosis involves comprehensively assessing the health status of a community in relation to its social, physical, and biological environment. It is a multi-step process that includes identifying health needs and resources, collecting and analyzing data, prioritizing issues, planning interventions, implementing actions, and evaluating outcomes. The goal is to help communities understand their health status and make informed decisions to improve community health.
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
Community health refers to the health of a community as determined by health status, problems, and care. A community is a social group sharing a geographic boundary and common values/interests. Community health nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, and restore health through activities like education, screening, and home care. As an educator, advocate, manager, collaborator, leader and researcher, the community health nurse identifies health issues, provides services, and conducts research to improve community health.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
Actionable Insights: Receive practical advice on preparing for audits and avoiding common mistakes.
Clarity on Compliance: Clear up misconceptions and understand the reality of HIPAA regulations.
Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
2. Vector
• A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent
from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are
frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice.
3. introduction
• Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected
arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, sandflies, and
blackflies.
4. introduction
• Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious
diseases, causing more than 700 000 deaths annually. They can be
caused by either parasites, bacteria or viruses.
• Many of vector-borne diseases are preventable, through protective
measures, and community mobilization.
-WHO 2nd march 2020
8. introduction
• Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with parasites of the
genus Plasmodium and transmitted to man by certain species of
infected female Anopheline mosquito.
• In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect
red blood cells.
9. Problem statement
• In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million cases of malaria
worldwide.
• The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 619 000 in 2021.
10. Problem statement
• In 2076/2077, there were total 619 of malaria positive cases reported.
– P. falciparum: 56
– P. vivax: 563
11. Agent
Species of Plasmodium infective to humans:
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
13. Host factors
AGE : Malaria affects all ages.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Malaria has demonstrated the
relationship between health and socio-economic development. It is
generally accepted that malaria has disappeared from most developed
countries as a result of socio-economic development.
14. Host factors
HOUSING:
• The ill-ventilated and ill-lighted houses provide ideal indoor resting
places for mosquitoes.
15. Host factors
OCCUPATION: Malaria is predominantly a rural disease and is closely
related to agriculture practices.
HUMAN HABITS : Habits such as sleeping out of doors, nomadism,
refusal to accept spraying of houses, not using measures of personal
protection (e.g. bed nets) influence man-vector contact.
16. Environmental factors
(a) SEASON : Malaria is a seasonal disease. It is more common during
the rainy season.
(b) TEMPERATURE: Temperature affects the life cycle of the malaria
parasite. The optimum temperature for the development of the malaria
parasite in the insect vector is between 20 deg. to 30 deg.C
18. Mode of transmission
a) VECTOR TRANSMISSION: Malaria is transmitted by the bite of
certain species of infected, female, anopheline mosquitoes. A single
infected vector, during her life time, may infect several persons. The
mosquito is not infective unless the sporozoites are present in its
salivary glands.
19. Mode of transmission
(b) DIRECT TRANSMISSION: Malaria may be induced accidentally
by hypodermic intramuscular and intravenous injections of blood or
plasma, e.g., blood transfusion, malaria in drug addicts
(c) CONGENITAL MALARIA:
Congenital infection of the newborn from an infected mother may also
occur, but it is comparatively rare.
20. Incubation period
12 days for P. falciparum
14 days for P. vivax and ovale
30 days for P. malariae
9-12 days for P. knowlesi
Most common worldwide is P. vivex
The deadliest is P. falciparum. It causes cerebral malaria, the most
severe pathology caused by the malaria parasite.
21. Clinical features
• The typical attack comprises three distinct stages, i.e., the cold stage,
the hot stage and the sweating stage. These are followed by an afebrile
period in which the patient feels greatly relieved.
22. Clinical features
• lassitude, headache, nausea and chilly sensation followed in
an hour or so by rigors. The temperature rises rapidly to 39-
41°C.
• In early part of this stage, skin feels cold; later it becomes
hot.
Cold stage
• The skin is hot and dry to touch.
• Headache is intense
• The pulse is full and respiration rapid. This stage lasts
for 2 to 6 hours.
Hot stage
• Fever comes down with profuse sweating.
• The temperature drops rapidly to normal and skin is
cool and moist.
• This stage lasts for 2-4 hours.
Sweating stage
23. Treatment
• Chloroquine is given as anti-malarial drug.
• Chloroquine resistant P. falciparum requires treatment with oral
quinine given concurrently with pyrimethamine with sulphadoxine and
a sulfonamide (e.g. sulfadiazine)
• Relapse require same treatment, or quinine alone, followed by
tetracycline
24. Treatment
• Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the most
effective antimalarial medicines available today and the mainstay of
recommended treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the
deadliest malaria parasite globally.
25. Preventive measures
• Prevention of malaria is currently based on two complementary
methods: chemoprophylaxis and protection against mosquito bites.
• Malaria prophylaxis is not necessary for in-country travel within
Nepal. ƒ
Prophylactic medication for malaria is recommended for
Nepalese traveling to countries with areas of malaria transmission. ƒ
The medicine of choice depends on the parasite species and resistance
profile in the destination country.
26. Malaria control programme
• Nepal`s malaria control programme began in 1954, mainly in the terai
belt of central Nepal with support from United States.
• Nepal`s National Malaria Strategic Plan (2014-2025)
Vision: Malaria Elimination in Nepal by 2025
Goal: Reduce the indigenous malaria cases to zero by 2022 and sustain
thereafter.
27. Current Achievement
• In 2077/78, National Malaria program has achieved 90% reduction in
indigenous malaria cases compared to 2071/72.
29. dengue
• Dengue is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus
(DEN-1-4) & transmitted by the Aedes species mosquito.
30. Problem statement
• The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically with about
half of the world's population now at risk. Although an estimated 100-
400 million infections occur each year, over 80% are generally mild
and asymptomatic.
31. Problem statement- Nepal
• Between January to 28 September 2022, a total of 28109 confirmed
and suspected dengue cases and 38 confirmed deaths due to dengue
have been recorded, affecting all seven provinces of Nepal.
• According to the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD)
of the Ministry of Health and Population, the highest number of new
cases in 2022 have been reported in the districts of Kathmandu
(n=9528; 33.8%), Lalitpur (n=6548; 23.2%), and Makwanpur
(n=2776, 9.8%).
33. agent
• Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family and there are
four distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that cause
dengue (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4).
35. Aedes aegypti
• Considered the primary vector of DENV.
• It could breed in natural containers such as tree holes but nowadays it
has well adapted to urban habitats and breeds mostly in man-made
containers including buckets, mud pots, discarded containers and used
tyres, thus making dengue an insidious disease in densely populated
urban centers.
36. Aedes aegypti
• Ae. aegypti is a day-time feeder; its peak biting periods are early in the
morning and in the evening before sunset.
• Once a female has laid her eggs, these eggs can remain viable for
several months in dry condition, and will hatch when they are in
contact with water.
37. Aedes ALBOpictus
• A secondary dengue vector.
• It favors breeding sites close to dense vegetation including plantations
which is linked to increased risk of exposure for rural workers.
• Similar to Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus is also a day biter
40. Transmission through mosquito bite
• The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female
mosquitoes
41. Maternal transmission
The primary mode of transmission of DENV between humans involves
mosquito vectors. There is evidence however, of the possibility of
maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby).
42. Other transmission modes
Rare cases of transmission via blood products, organ donation and
transfusions have been recorded. Similarly, transovarial transmission of
the virus within mosquitoes have also been recorded.
46. Un differentiated fever
Develop a simple fever indistinguishable from other viral infection
• Maculo papular rash may accompany fever
• Gastrointestinal symptoms are common.
47. Classical dengue Fever
The onset is sudden, with chills and high fever
• Intense headache
• Muscle and joint pains.( also known as breakbone fever)
• Within 24 hour retro orbital pain, particularly on eye movements or
eye pressure
• Photophobia
• extreme weakness, anorexia, abdominal tenderness, sore throat
• The skin eruptions appear in 80% of cases
48. Dengue haemorrhagic fever
• Headache, high fever (lasting 2-7 days)
• Rash, and evidence of hemorrhage in the body (Petechiae)
• Bleeding in the nose or gums
• Black stools, or easy bruising are all possible signs of hemorrhage.
• Rising hematocrit value (>20% of baseline)
• Hepatomegaly
• Moderate to marked thrombocytopenia
49. Dengue Shock syndrome (DHF+SHOCK)
As dengue vascular permeability progresses, hypervolemia worsens and
results in shock.
Criteria:
– Tachycardia, cool extremities, delayed capillary refill, weak pulse,
lethargy
– Hypotension
– Pulse pressure ≤ 20 mm Hg
50. management
• No specific antiviral treatment for the DENV infection.
• Most patients recover without complication.
• Symptomatic treatment
• Management of dengue fever:
– Encourage intake of oral rehydration (ORS), fruit juice and other
fluids.
– Tab. Paracetamol for fever
51. management
Management of DHF
• Febrile phase is treated same as dengue fever
• IV fluid therapy- crystalloid and colloid
• Blood transfusion
• Management of Dengue Shock Syndrome
• Oxygen therapy
• IV fluid- dextran, haemacele
• Whole blood transfusion/platelet transfusion
52. Control Measures
Mosquito control
• In late 2015 and early 2016, the first dengue vaccine,
Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) by Sanofi Pasteur, was
registered in several countries for use in individuals
9-45 years of age living in endemic areas.
Vaccination
53. management
Dengue fever is transmitted by:
a. Aedes mosquito
b. Anopheles mosquito
c. Mansonoides mosquito
d. Culex mosquito
ANS: a
54. management
Which is not true about dengue hemorrhagic fever:
a. Thrombocytopenia
b. Hepatomegaly
c. Shock
d. Plasma leaking
ANS: c
56. introduction
• Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by
a group B arbovirus (Flavivirus) and transmitted by culicine
mosquitoes.
• It is a zoonotic disease, i.e., infecting mainly animals and incidentally
man.
57. Problem statement
• JE is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia
with an estimated 68 000 clinical cases every year.
• 24 countries in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions
have endemic JEV transmission, exposing more than 3 billion people
to risks of infection
58. Problem statement
• Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-
fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%.
• Permanent neurologicol psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30%–50%
of those with encephalitis.
60. transmission
Transmitted by culex mosquitoes
• The basic cycles of transmission are :
– Pig —> Mosquito —> Man
– The Ardeid bird —» Mosquito —> Ardeid bird
64. Prodromal stage
• Fever
• Headache
• GI disturbances
• Lethargy and malaise
• The duration of this stage is usually 1-6 days.
65. Acute encephalitic stage
• Fever 38-40.7 degree C
• Nuchal rigidity
• Focal CNS signs
• Raised ICP
• Difficulty of speech
• Dystonia
• Ocular paralysis
• Altered sensorium progressing to coma
66. Late stage and sequelae
Characterized by the persistence signs of CNS injury such as:
• Mental impairment
• Epilepsy, abnormal movements
• Speech impairment
68. vaccination
JE is endemic in the Terai, with maximum number of cases occurring in
the western districts of Banke, Kanchanpur and Kailali. JE
immunization with CD-JEVAX at 1 year of age is included in the
national immunization program of Nepal with excellent results.
69. Vector control
• Elimination of mosquito breeding areas
• Adult and larvae control
• Cover tightly all water containers, wells and water storage tanks
• Use of mosquito nets, insecticides or coil incenses to repel mosquitoes
71. introduction
• The term "lymphatic filariasis" covers infection with three closely
related nematode worms -Wuchereria bancrofti, B. malayi and B.
timori.
• Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the
abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability
and social stigma.
• All three infections are transmitted to man by the bites of infective
mosquitoes.
72. Problem statement
• 51 million people were infected as of 2018, a 74% decline since the
start of WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis
in 2000.
73. Problem statement
• Nepal is one of the 73 countries listed by WHO as being endemic for
LF.
• Nepal conducted LF mapping in 2001 and 2005 and remapping in
2012 by using ICT (Immuno chromatography Test), which revealed
13% average prevalence of LF infection in the country, ranging from
<1% to 39%.
74. Problem statement
• The LF mapping completed in 2005 by using ICT
(Immunochromatograhy) card revealed that 60 out of 75 districts as
endemic for lymphatic filariasis in the country.
• Wuchereria bancrofti is the only recorded parasite in Nepal.
75. The EDCD formulated a National Plan of Action for the Elimination of
Lymphatic Filariasis in Nepal (2003–2020) by establishing a National
Task Force.
The division initiated mass drug administration (MDA) in Parsa district
in 2003, which was scaled up to all endemic districts by 2069/70 (2013).
78. Host factors
(a) AGE: All ages are susceptible to infection
(b) SEX : In most endemic areas the rate is higher in men.
(c) MIGRATION : The movement of people from one place to another
has led to the extension of filariasis into areas previously non-endemic.
79. Host factors
d) IMMUNITY : Man may develop resistance to infection only after
many years of exposure.
(e) SOCIAL FACTORS : Lymphatic filariasis is often associated with
urbanization, industrialization, migration of people, illiteracy, poverty
and poor sanitation.
80. Mode of transmisson
• Filariasis is transmitted by the bite of infected vector mosquitoes.
• The parasite is deposited near the site of puncture.
• It passes through the punctured skin or may penetrate the skin on its
own and finally reach the lymphatic system.
81. Incubation period
• The incubation period is about 8 to 16 months. This period may
however be longer.
82. Clinical features
•
• Eosinophilic lung indicated by eosinophilia,
chronic bronchitis and asthma.
Allergic
• Acute (such as lymphangitis of the legs and
genitals) and chronic (such as lymphadenitis in
inguinal and femoral regions)
Inflammatory
• Soft edematous swelling due to blockage of
lymphatics followed by fibrotic changes give
rise to the picture of elephantiasis.
• Soft or hard swelling of testes, legs and feet are
common. Sometimes arms, breasts, vulva and
penis are also involved.
Obstructional
84. Mass chemotherapy
• Annual Mass Drug Administration(MDA) of single doses of
Albendazole plus Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is being implemented,
treating the entire at-risk population.
• MDA is being continued for 6 years or more to reduce the density of
microfilariae circulating in the blood of infected individuals to levels
that will prevent mosquito vector from transmitting infection.
85. Mass chemotherapy
• Objective of MDA is to reduce the prevalence of the infection in the
entire community
• The MDA should have greater than 65% epidemiological coverage
(proportion of individuals treated in a district) at each round.
86. Mass chemotherapy
• From this year, triple drug regimen (including Ivermectin) has been
introduced in Nepal.
• This regimen is more effective in clearing microfilaria faster than DA
MDA.
88. Kalazar
Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease by the
protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sandfly,
Phlebotomus argentipes.
89. introduction
There are 3 main forms of leishmaniases:
• Visceral (the most serious form because it is almost always fatal
without treatment),
• Cutaneous (the most common, usually causing skin ulcers)
• Mucocutaneous (affecting mouth, nose and throat).
90. epidemiology
An estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases occur annually.
Only a small fraction of those infected by parasites causing
leishmaniasis will eventually develop the disease.
91. Epidemiology in nepal
• National program initially identified 12 districts as kala azar endemic
districts.
• 6 other districts were included in the list in 2016 because sporadic
cases were consistently being reported by these 6 districts.
• Currently 18 districts are considered endemic.
93. Agent factor
• The leishmania are intracellular parasites.
• Leishmania donovani →Kala-azar (VL)
• L. tropica → cutaneous leishmaniasis
• L. braziliensis → muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis.
But visceral forms may produce cutaneous lesions, and cutaneous forms
may visceralize.
94. Reservoir of infection
• There is a variety of animal reservoirs, e.g., dogs, jackals, foxes,
rodents and other mammals
95. Host factors
• Kala-azar can occur in all age groups.
• Males are affected twice as often as females.
• Migration from endemic to non-endemic area.
• Socio-economic status
• Occupation: People who work in various farming practices, forestry,
and fishing have a great risk of being bitten by sand flies.
96. transmission
• Kala-azar is transmitted from person to person by the bite of the
female phlebotomine sandfly.
• Transmission of kala-azar has also been recorded by blood transfusion,
and is also possible by contaminated syringes and needles.
97. Incubation period
• The incubation period in man is quite variable, generally 1 to 4
months; range is 10 days to 2 years.
98. Clinical features
Kala-azar (VL) :
Classical features: – fever, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
accompanied by anaemia and weight-loss
Darkening of the skin (face, hands, feet and abdomen)
Lymphadenopathy (uncommon)
99.
100. Clinical features
Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Ulcers similar to the oriental sore (CL) appear around the margins of
mouth and nose.
• It can mutilate the face so badly that victims may become social
outcasts.
103. treatment
Liposomal Amphotericin B has been introduced in Nepal since 2015
with support from WHO.
The national program recommends the use of the following drugs for
Kalazar treatment:
104. treatment
• Liposomal amphotericin B infusion (15 mg/Kg in 3 doses or single
dose of 10 mg/Kg). OR
• Combination therapy regimens:
• (i) Miltefosine + Paromomycin and
• (ii) L-AmB (5mg/Kg on D1) + Paromomycin.
• In children (< 5 years), pregnant and breast feeding women and
women of child bearing age group, the preferred regimens will be L-
AmB or combination of L-AmB + Paromomycin
107. Anti-adult measures
(i) Residual spraying : The spraying of the indoor surfaces of houses with residual
insecticides (e.g., DDT, malathion, fenitrothion) is still the most effective measure to
kill the adult mosquito. It has been observed that discontinuation of spraying has
very often led to the resurgence of malaria. This implies that spraying once applied
may need to be continued for an indefinite period.
(ii) Space application : This is a major anti-epidemic measure in mosquito-borne
diseases. It involves the application of pesticides in the form of fog or mist using
special equipment. Outdoor space sprays reduce vector population quickly.
108.
109. Anti-adult measures
iii) Individual protection : Man-vector contact can be reduced by other preventive
measures such as the use of repellents, protective clothing, bed-nets· The methods of
personal protection are of great value when properly employed.
110. Anti-larval measures
i) Larvicides : With the increase in insecticide resistance, the older methods of
mosquito control have now become promising. Some modern larvicides such as
temephos ( organophosphate larvicide) which confer long effect with low toxicity
are more widely used.
ii) Source reduction : Techniques to reduce mosquito breeding sites (often called
source reduction) which include draining and flushing of water collections;
filling of water logged areas; proper maintenance of water levels and intermittent
irrigation in dams and canals . Whenever practicable, measures for the
improvement of the environment by the permanent reduction of sources should
be instituted.
111. Anti-larval measures
(iii) Integrated control : In order to reduce too much dependance on residual
insecticides, increasing emphasis is being put on "integrated" vector control
methodology which includes bio environmental and personal protection measure.
One of the safest and interesting methods in mosquito control is the use of
biological agents that eat or destroy the larvae. Eco-friendly larvivorous fish such as
the top water minnow or mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) can be effectively used
to control the mosquito population.
112. MCQs
1.The Animal that is considered as “amplifier host” of the virus, in
Japanese encephalitis is
a.Man
b.Cattle
c.Horse
d.Pig
ANS: d
113. 2. Kala-azar is transmitted by
(a) mosquito
(b) Housefly
(c) ticks
(d) Sand fly
ANS: d
114. 3. How many district are endemic for lymphatic filariasis in Nepal?
a. 75
b. 77
c. 60
d. 50
ANS:c
115. 4. Which mosquito species are primarily responsible for Dengue fever?
a.Aedes albopictus
b.Anopheles
c.Aedes aegypti
d.Culex
ANS: c
116. 5. Dengue fever incubation period ranges from
a.4-12 days
b.3-14 days
c.14-28 days
d. 28-32 days
ANS: b
117. 6. Which mosquito species is responsible for JE?
a. Culex
b. Anopheles
c. Aedes
d. Mansonia
ANS: a