Common Methods used in Research (Psychology)
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This document discusses common methods used in psychological research. It describes introspection, observation, life-history method, survey method, experimental method, and statistical method. Introspection involves self-analysis of one's own feelings and experiences. Observation can be uncontrolled, naturalistic, or controlled. The life-history method traces the development of behaviors through methods like diaries. Surveys collect data through questionnaires or interviews from a representative sample. Experiments involve manipulating an independent variable to measure its effects on a dependent variable. Statistics are used to analyze numerical data and make inferences.
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Describe the experimental, observational, survey, and case study met.pdf
Describe the experimental, observational, survey, and case study methods of conducting
psychological research. Include a discussion of how each addresses independent, dependent, and
extraneous variables, the relative advantages and disadvantages of each method, and how (or if)
each method can be conducted in the three developmental methodologies
Solution
There are several methods that are used for reseach in psychology. These approaches vary by the
sources of information which is drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of
instruments that are utilized in data collection. It also depends if the methods collect qualitative
data, quantitative data or both of them.
Qualitative psychological researches are those where the research findings are not arrived at by
statistical or other quantitative procedures.Quantitative psychological research is where the
research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical
inference. Since qualitative information can be handled as such statistically, the distinction
relates to approach, rather than the topic studied.
Experimental Method
The field of psychology commonly uses experimental approaches in what is best known as
experimental psychology. Researchers design experiments to test specific hypotheses aka
deductive approach, or to evaluate functional relationships aka inductive approach. The method
of experimentation involves an experimenter changing some influence on the research subjects,
and studying the effects it produces on an expected aspect of the subjects behaviour or
experience. Other variables researchers consider in experimentation are known as the extraneous
variables, and are either controllable or confounding
Observational Methods:
Observational research is a type of non-experimental, correlational research. It involves the
researcher observing the ongoing behaviour of their subjects. There are multiple approaches of
observational research such as participant observations, non-participant observations and
naturalistic observations
Survey Method:
Most of the interviews intrude as a foreign element into thesocial setting that they describe. They
create as well as measure attitudes, they play vital role and responsibility. Though they are
limited to those who are accessible and who will cooperate, but the responses obtained are
produced in part by dimensions of individual differences irrelevantto the concerned topic under
discussion.
Case Study Method:
Normally case study is an intensive analysis of a person, group, or event that stresses
developmental factors related to the topic. Case studies may as well be descriptive or
explanatory. Explanatory case studies explore causation to figure out the underlying principles.
But there often is a debate to whether case studies count as a scientific research method or not.
Clinical psychologists use case studies most often, especially to describe abnormal events and
conditions, which are particularly .
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This lecture provides an overview of the major research methods used by psychologists in their study of behavior and mental processes.
Subject Psychology introduction of psychology
SUBJECT: PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 1st: Introduction of psychology
Outline
1. Introduction of psychology
2. Define psychology
3. Scope of psychology
4. Branches of psychology
5. Methods of psychology
6. Significance of psychology in nursing
7. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues.
8. Importance of psychology in nursing
INTRODUCTION
Psychology: The study of mind, behavior, emotions, and thought processes.
Psychology assists health professionals with understanding their patients and themselves. • The word of psychology made up of two Greek words – ‘Psychi’ and ‘logos’. ‘Psychi’ means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’—study of soul.
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior; it includes the application of behavioral science to human problems.
2. Psychology is the science of human behavior. (Walter Bowers Pillsbury—1911)
3. Psychology is a science, which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole. (William Mc Doughall—1949)
4. Psychology is the investigation of human and animal behavior and of the mental and physiological processes associated with the behavior. (Jackson—1976)
HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF (DEVELOPMENT) PSYCHOLOGY
The successes of the experimental method in the physical sciences encouraged some philosophers to think that mind and behavior could be studied with scientific methods.
• In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was established at the University of Leipzig by the German philosopher and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920).
• Wundt was the first to measure human behavior accurately and is known as the ‘Father of Psychology’.
Modern Psychology
1. Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920) a. He was considered as the “Father of Modern Psychology. He noted that mental process could be investigated with objective technique similar to other scientific fields.
2. G. Stanley Hall (student of Wundt) - He established the first American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• The scope of a subject can usually be discussed under the following two headings:
1. The limits of its operations and applications.
2. The branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals. The field of operation and applications of the subject psychology is too vast.
• It studies, describes and explains the behavior of living organisms.
• It describes all types of life activities and experiences — whether conative (intentional), cognitive or affective, implicit or explicit, conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism.
Branches of psychology
1. Pure psychology 2.Applied psychology
i. General psychology
ii. Abnormal psychology
iii. Social psychology
iv. Physiological psychology
v. Parapsychology
vi. Geo psychology
vii. Developmental psychology
viii. Experimental psychology i. Educational psychology
ii. Clinical psychology
iii. Industrial psychology
Unit1 Introduction of psychology
This document provides an introduction to psychology, including definitions of psychology, a brief history of the field, and descriptions of key branches and methods. It defines psychology as the study of the mind, behavior, and thought processes. Some of the main topics covered include the origins of modern psychology in the late 19th century laboratories of Wundt and Hall, the major branches of psychology such as clinical, social, and developmental psychology, and commonly used research methods like introspection, observation, experimentation, and case studies. The document also discusses several applications of psychology in areas like education, medicine, business, and counseling.
Diploma in Managerial Psychology.docx
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Methods of Psychology.pptx
Psychology uses various scientific methods to study human behavior and mental processes, including introspection, observation, experimentation, clinical case studies, surveys, correlation analysis, and psychological testing. Introspection involves self-observation but lacks objectivity, while observation allows objective study of behavior in natural settings but cannot verify private experiences. Experimental methods use controlled manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect, but not all problems are suitable. Clinical case studies provide rich qualitative data on individuals but lack generalizability. Surveys assess attitudes and opinions from large populations. Correlation analysis measures relationships between variables. Psychological testing provides standardized measures of traits, abilities, and diagnoses. Together these methods advance understanding, prediction, and solutions to human problems.
PSYCHOLOGY_NME__Unit_I.ppt
The document provides an overview of the major schools of psychology including:
- Structuralism (1879) founded by Wilhelm Wundt focused on identifying the structures of the mind.
- Functionalism (1898) founded by William James expanded psychology to include research on emotions and behavior.
- Behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and conditioned responses.
- Humanism (1960) founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on self-actualization and the inherent goodness of human nature.
- Constructivism holds that people actively construct their own knowledge based on experiences.
- Psychoanalysis founded by Sigmund Freud focused on the unconscious mind and drives.
PSYCHOLOGY_Unit_I.ppt
1. The document discusses several major schools of psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism, and constructivism.
2. It provides details on the key figures, methods, and focuses of each school. Structuralism was founded by Wundt and Titchener and used introspection. Functionalism was led by William James and focused on adaptation.
3. Behaviorism, proposed by Watson, views behavior as formed by associations between stimuli and responses. Humanism, championed by Rogers and Maslow, sees humans as inherently good and growth-seeking. Constructivism believes people actively construct their own knowledge.
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Psych 101 - Introduction to Psychology - Lecture 2
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Common Methods used in Research (Psychology)
- 1. Prepared by: Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd Psychology Instructor COMMON METHODS USED IN RESEARCH
- 2. Psychological research refers to studies that psychologists conduct to analyze the experiences and behaviors of individuals or groups. Their research can have educational, occupational, and clinical applications. COMMON METHODS USED IN RESEARCH
- 3. Introspection Observation Life-history method Survey method Experimental method Statistical method COMMON METHODS USED IN RESEARCH
- 4. A method of mental self- analysis wherein the psychologist studies himself, records his feelings and experiences, analyses these, and later interprets them. Certain problems in psychology, particularly those concerned with the intra personal phenomena, can be studied only by introspection. Because the study is based on personal experiences, the results may not be very reliable. INTROSPECTION
- 5. The most widely used method in the study of behaviour. There are several kinds of observations: Uncontrolled Naturalistic Controlled OBSERVATION
- 6. Does not follow any particular scope of behaviour to be observed. It is casual, and the psychologist is free to observe any activity that arises without formally recording such behaviour. UNCONTROLLED
- 7. The observation of things as they naturally happen. Other investigators call this field-study method, where critical observations are made from nature “in the raw”. NATURALISTIC
- 8. Follows certain rules, factors, or control in gathering materials in order to draw the best conclusions. Certain requirements or specifications limit the activity of the observer. CONTROLLED
- 9. COMPARISON Parameter Recording Uncontrolled No No Naturalistic No Yes Controlled Yes Yes
- 10. The extensive study of individuals by tracing the development of a particular behaviour. Life-history methods are of 3 basic forms: Daybook method Clinical method Biographical method LIFE-HISTORY METHOD
- 11. Sometimes called diary of development, is a careful recording of day to day activities. This is particularly used in child study and development. DAYBOOK METHOD
- 12. Sometimes called diary of development, is a careful recording of day to day activities. This is particularly used in child study and development. DAYBOOK METHOD
- 13. All possible data are gathered from the individual, the parents, and others who knows the person. These are studied by the clinical psychologist, psychoanalyst, psychiatrist or social worker to discover the cause of some social adjustment problem and how to solve it. CLINICAL METHOD
- 14. The analysis of the records of people’s lives as written by themselves or by others. Biography Autobiography BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD
- 15. The analysis of the records of people’s lives as written by themselves or by others. Biography Autobiography BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD
- 16. Uses data obtained from respondents through written questionnaires or interviews. Respondents are chosen in order to constitute a representative sample. This method is used in obtaining norms, or opinion polls. SURVEY METHOD
- 17. SURVEY METHOD
- 18. Involves variables which can be either independent or dependent. An independent variable is a constant condition which is selected by the experimenter. The dependent variable is the subject’s behaviour whose value depends in the independent variable. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
- 19. “ The Effects of Internet Pornography on Sexual Aggression of Sophomore Male Criminology Students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, AY 2010-2011. “ IDENTIFY THE VARIABLES: Independent: Internet Pornography Constant Dependent: Sexual Aggression Changing
- 20. Deals with the collecting and handling of numerical data and making inferences from such data. Knowledge of statistical method is needed in order to appraise individuality, such as in intelligence tests, personality tests, and other kinds of appraisal devices. STATISTICAL METHOD
- 21. Introspection Observation Life-history method Survey method Experimental method Statistical method SO, WHAT ARE THE COMMON METHODS USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH?
- 22. Thank you for paying attention. COMMON METHODS USED IN RESEARCH