Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
The document provides details about the House-Tree-Person (HTP) projective drawing test, including its administration, scoring, and interpretation. It was developed by John Buck in 1948 to assess personality and diagnose conditions like brain damage. The test involves having subjects draw a house, tree, and person and answering questions about each drawing. Traits like aggression, depression, and family relationships can be inferred based on subjective analyses of elements within the drawings like size, features, and activities depicted. The document also lists specific interpretations for different characteristics commonly drawn within each image type.
The document discusses changes to the diagnosis of personality disorders in DSM-5. It notes that only borderline personality disorder showed good reliability in DSM-5 field trials. It introduces new concepts like cross-cutting symptom measures and assessing personality functioning. An alternative dimensional trait model for personality disorders is presented in DSM-5 for research purposes only. ICD-11 beta criteria also take a dimensional approach without specific subtypes. The multiaxial system is removed from DSM-5.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
The DAP (Draw-A-Person) test is a projective personality and cognitive test used to evaluate children and adolescents. It involves asking subjects to draw pictures of a man, woman, and themselves without instructions. Analyses examine dimensions like proportions, details, and placement of features. Originally developed by Florence Goodenough in 1926 as a measure of intelligence, it was later revised by Harris and Machover to assess personality. Administration involves three individual drawings which are scored and interpreted based on characteristics like head size, hair length, and feature emphasis to infer traits and disturbances. The DAP test provides insights into subjects' cognition, maturity, social skills, and emotional state in a relatively quick and easy to administer manner.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that involves presenting subjects with ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. It was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan at Harvard Psychological Clinic as a way to reveal subjects' inner drives, emotions, and conflicts. Administration of the TAT provides insights into subjects' personality characteristics, interpersonal relationships, needs, and view of the world through analysis of the content, structure, and themes of the stories they generate. Interpretation considers both normative and individual factors and occurs at descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels. The TAT continues to be used to better understand an individual's unconscious
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
The document provides details about the House-Tree-Person (HTP) projective drawing test, including its administration, scoring, and interpretation. It was developed by John Buck in 1948 to assess personality and diagnose conditions like brain damage. The test involves having subjects draw a house, tree, and person and answering questions about each drawing. Traits like aggression, depression, and family relationships can be inferred based on subjective analyses of elements within the drawings like size, features, and activities depicted. The document also lists specific interpretations for different characteristics commonly drawn within each image type.
The document discusses changes to the diagnosis of personality disorders in DSM-5. It notes that only borderline personality disorder showed good reliability in DSM-5 field trials. It introduces new concepts like cross-cutting symptom measures and assessing personality functioning. An alternative dimensional trait model for personality disorders is presented in DSM-5 for research purposes only. ICD-11 beta criteria also take a dimensional approach without specific subtypes. The multiaxial system is removed from DSM-5.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
The DAP (Draw-A-Person) test is a projective personality and cognitive test used to evaluate children and adolescents. It involves asking subjects to draw pictures of a man, woman, and themselves without instructions. Analyses examine dimensions like proportions, details, and placement of features. Originally developed by Florence Goodenough in 1926 as a measure of intelligence, it was later revised by Harris and Machover to assess personality. Administration involves three individual drawings which are scored and interpreted based on characteristics like head size, hair length, and feature emphasis to infer traits and disturbances. The DAP test provides insights into subjects' cognition, maturity, social skills, and emotional state in a relatively quick and easy to administer manner.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that involves presenting subjects with ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. It was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan at Harvard Psychological Clinic as a way to reveal subjects' inner drives, emotions, and conflicts. Administration of the TAT provides insights into subjects' personality characteristics, interpersonal relationships, needs, and view of the world through analysis of the content, structure, and themes of the stories they generate. Interpretation considers both normative and individual factors and occurs at descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels. The TAT continues to be used to better understand an individual's unconscious
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test where subjects are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is happening. It is used to assess a person's locus of problems, nature of needs, and quality of interpersonal relationships by having them interpret the feelings and thoughts of characters in the pictures. However, the TAT lacks standardized administration procedures and norms, and an individual's culture, gender, and class must be accounted for in the interpretation.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
The Slosson Drawing Coordination Test (SDCT) was created in 1967 by Richard L. Slosson to test drawing abilities. It takes 10-15 minutes to administer and involves drawing 12 items without an eraser or drawing aids. Scoring involves assigning plus or minus points based on accuracy. Cutoff scores for different age levels are determined by obtaining 85% of criteria, with the number of allowed minus drawings increasing with age. The test shows high reliability and validity, with reliability coefficients of 0.96 and test-retest reliability of 0.83-0.89.
The NEO PI-R is a personality inventory based on the Big Five personality dimensions. It was developed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae to assess neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each domain is composed of six facets and is widely used in research, counseling, and occupational settings. The inventory consists of 240 items measuring the five domains and can be completed in about 35 minutes. It has high reliability and validity and provides a well-researched measure of the major dimensions of adult personality.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
The house-tree-person test (HTP) is a projective personality test, a type of exam in which the test taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings).
1. The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test is a semi-structured projective personality test that requires respondents to complete sentences with the first few words provided.
2. Responses are assumed to reflect individuals' desires, fears, attitudes, and provide insights for assessment of adjustment.
3. The RISB was developed from an experimental Army test to provide an objective screening measure for adjustment as well as diagnostic information for treatment. Scores are evaluated according to empirical examples to assess overall adjustment.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
The Child Apperception Test, often abbreviated as CAT, is an individually administered projective personality test appropriate for children aged 3 to 10 years old. The CAT, developed by psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak and first published in 1949 It is based on the picture-story test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The TAT, created by psychologist Henry A. Murray for children (ten years old and older) as well as adults, uses a standard series of 31 picture cards in assessing perception of interpersonal relationships. The cards, which portray humans in a variety of common situations, are used to stimulate stories or descriptions (orally or in writing) about relationships or social situations and can help identify dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, conflicts and complexes. The examiner summarizes and interprets the stories in light of certain common psychological themes.
In creating the original CAT, animal figures were used instead of the human figures depicted in the TAT because it was assumed that children from three to ten years of age would identify more easily with drawings of animals. The original CAT consisted of ten cards depicting animal (CAT-A) figures in human social settings. The Bellaks later developed the CAT-H, which included human figures, for use in children who, for a variety of reasons, identified more closely with human rather than animal figures. A supplement to the CAT (the CAT-S), which included pictures of children in common family situations, was created to elicit specific rather than universal responses.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in 1935 consisting of ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are asked to tell stories about each picture card to assess their personality traits, attitudes, and emotional responses. The TAT aims to reveal subjects' unconscious motivations and is interpreted by examining the content, tone, and structural elements of the stories they generate in response to the cards. It provides insights into how subjects view themselves and relationships with others. The TAT continues to be widely used for individual assessments and research into human psychology and personality.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices are a group or individually administered tests that non-verbally assesses intelligence in children and adults through abstract reasoning.
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
The House-Tree-Person Test is a projective drawing test used to assess a person's personality and unconscious thoughts and feelings. Specific details in the drawings of a house, tree, and person are analyzed, such as the size and placement of elements. For example, an overly large roof may indicate schizophrenia, while truncated tree branches could suggest feelings of inadequacy. Interpretations are also made based on characteristics like pencil pressure, line quality, and inclusion or omission of certain body parts or other features. The test is particularly useful for populations that may have difficulty with verbal tests due to limitations in education, language skills, or physical ability.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Ob ppt personality & henry ford case f & g section, 8 & 9 aug (1)Pooja Sakhla
Personality can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Personality is defined as the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence behaviors and interactions with others. There are several theories that seek to describe personality, including trait theory which describes personality in terms of stable dimensions or traits, and psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious motivations and drives. Understanding personality can provide insight into how individuals are likely to behave in different situations.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test where subjects are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is happening. It is used to assess a person's locus of problems, nature of needs, and quality of interpersonal relationships by having them interpret the feelings and thoughts of characters in the pictures. However, the TAT lacks standardized administration procedures and norms, and an individual's culture, gender, and class must be accounted for in the interpretation.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
The Slosson Drawing Coordination Test (SDCT) was created in 1967 by Richard L. Slosson to test drawing abilities. It takes 10-15 minutes to administer and involves drawing 12 items without an eraser or drawing aids. Scoring involves assigning plus or minus points based on accuracy. Cutoff scores for different age levels are determined by obtaining 85% of criteria, with the number of allowed minus drawings increasing with age. The test shows high reliability and validity, with reliability coefficients of 0.96 and test-retest reliability of 0.83-0.89.
The NEO PI-R is a personality inventory based on the Big Five personality dimensions. It was developed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae to assess neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each domain is composed of six facets and is widely used in research, counseling, and occupational settings. The inventory consists of 240 items measuring the five domains and can be completed in about 35 minutes. It has high reliability and validity and provides a well-researched measure of the major dimensions of adult personality.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
The house-tree-person test (HTP) is a projective personality test, a type of exam in which the test taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings).
1. The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test is a semi-structured projective personality test that requires respondents to complete sentences with the first few words provided.
2. Responses are assumed to reflect individuals' desires, fears, attitudes, and provide insights for assessment of adjustment.
3. The RISB was developed from an experimental Army test to provide an objective screening measure for adjustment as well as diagnostic information for treatment. Scores are evaluated according to empirical examples to assess overall adjustment.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
The Child Apperception Test, often abbreviated as CAT, is an individually administered projective personality test appropriate for children aged 3 to 10 years old. The CAT, developed by psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak and first published in 1949 It is based on the picture-story test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The TAT, created by psychologist Henry A. Murray for children (ten years old and older) as well as adults, uses a standard series of 31 picture cards in assessing perception of interpersonal relationships. The cards, which portray humans in a variety of common situations, are used to stimulate stories or descriptions (orally or in writing) about relationships or social situations and can help identify dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, conflicts and complexes. The examiner summarizes and interprets the stories in light of certain common psychological themes.
In creating the original CAT, animal figures were used instead of the human figures depicted in the TAT because it was assumed that children from three to ten years of age would identify more easily with drawings of animals. The original CAT consisted of ten cards depicting animal (CAT-A) figures in human social settings. The Bellaks later developed the CAT-H, which included human figures, for use in children who, for a variety of reasons, identified more closely with human rather than animal figures. A supplement to the CAT (the CAT-S), which included pictures of children in common family situations, was created to elicit specific rather than universal responses.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in 1935 consisting of ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are asked to tell stories about each picture card to assess their personality traits, attitudes, and emotional responses. The TAT aims to reveal subjects' unconscious motivations and is interpreted by examining the content, tone, and structural elements of the stories they generate in response to the cards. It provides insights into how subjects view themselves and relationships with others. The TAT continues to be widely used for individual assessments and research into human psychology and personality.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices are a group or individually administered tests that non-verbally assesses intelligence in children and adults through abstract reasoning.
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
The House-Tree-Person Test is a projective drawing test used to assess a person's personality and unconscious thoughts and feelings. Specific details in the drawings of a house, tree, and person are analyzed, such as the size and placement of elements. For example, an overly large roof may indicate schizophrenia, while truncated tree branches could suggest feelings of inadequacy. Interpretations are also made based on characteristics like pencil pressure, line quality, and inclusion or omission of certain body parts or other features. The test is particularly useful for populations that may have difficulty with verbal tests due to limitations in education, language skills, or physical ability.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Ob ppt personality & henry ford case f & g section, 8 & 9 aug (1)Pooja Sakhla
Personality can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Personality is defined as the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence behaviors and interactions with others. There are several theories that seek to describe personality, including trait theory which describes personality in terms of stable dimensions or traits, and psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious motivations and drives. Understanding personality can provide insight into how individuals are likely to behave in different situations.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
Personality is defined as the unique and consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that distinguish individuals from one another. It arises from a combination of biological and environmental factors and changes over time. Major theories of personality include psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait, learning and behavioral approaches. Personality is assessed using interviews, observations, questionnaires, projective tests and situational tests. Illness can alter personality by causing withdrawn, dependent, hostile or regressive behaviors. Nursing aims to support patients and help them cope with changes through communication and participation in activities. Personality disorders involve inflexible traits that impair functioning.
This document discusses personality disorders and provides information about specific disorders. It defines personality disorders as long-standing, inflexible patterns of behavior that depart from cultural expectations and impair functioning. Specific disorders covered include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Diagnostic criteria and characteristics of each disorder are provided. The document also discusses causes and treatments of personality disorders in general.
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabahAHS_student
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology. It defines abnormality and discusses how abnormal behavior has been viewed throughout history from ancient to modern times. Key topics covered include the classification of mental disorders in the DSM and ICD manuals, specific disorders like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia, and perspectives on the causes of mental illness like biological, psychological, and social factors. Defenses mechanisms, treatment approaches in ancient times, and what defines normal behavior are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, social cognitive theory, and trait theories. It discusses key concepts from each approach such as the id, ego, and superego from Freudian psychoanalysis. It also evaluates the approaches in terms of empirical evidence, testability, and other factors. Common personality assessment techniques like projective tests and self-report inventories are briefly described.
Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of performance in order to assess psychological construct, such as cognitive and emotional implementation, about a given individual.
The document discusses several theories of personality including:
1. Trait theories which view personality as consisting of stable traits like extraversion or neuroticism. The Big Five model describes personality along five broad traits.
2. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud which views personality as consisting of the id, ego, and superego and developing due to unconscious drives and defense mechanisms.
3. Humanistic theories reject psychoanalysis and view personality as striving for self-actualization with a focus on developing a positive self-concept.
4. Social-cognitive approaches emphasize how our interpretations and experiences shape our sense of self-efficacy and locus of control.
Here are some key points to keep in mind when caring for a patient with borderline personality disorder:
- Set clear limits and boundaries. Be consistent and predictable in your responses to their behaviors.
- Validate their feelings while making it clear that certain behaviors are unacceptable. For example, "I understand you're feeling angry, but threatening staff is not allowed."
- Maintain a nonjudgmental, compassionate attitude. Their behaviors often stem from trauma and difficulties regulating emotions.
- Remain calm and do not take things personally. Their goal may be to get an emotional reaction from you.
- Focus on safety, stability and coping skills rather than past trauma. Help them develop healthier ways of dealing with distress.
The document summarizes a phenomenological study that explored the delusional experiences of people with Parkinson's disease. Eight participants were interviewed and four key themes emerged from the analysis: 1) the emotional experience associated with delusions, 2) a sense of uncertainty and loss of control, 3) a loss of identity and sense of self, and 4) acceptance and adjustment to the delusions. Phenomenology aims to understand subjective experiences through detailed descriptions rather than explanations. It requires empathy from the researcher and an openness to participants' perspectives without imposing predetermined ideas.
The document discusses psychometric testing and provides information on various types of psychometric tests. It begins with an introduction to psychometric testing, noting that such tests scientifically measure mental capabilities and behavioral styles to assess a candidate's suitability for a role. It then provides details on specific tests, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test, Locus of Control test measuring internal vs. external attribution, a self-esteem test, and tests measuring leadership, conflict management, and other skills. The document concludes that psychometric tests objectively measure behavior and are widely used by HR professionals to aid selection and assessment.
Personality refers to unique patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. There are several perspectives on personality including psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive and trait theories. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes unconscious motivations and was developed by Sigmund Freud who described the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages are also part of psychoanalytic theory. Personality is assessed using both projective tests and self-report inventories which each have strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses several theories of personality and cognitive development:
- Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development through stages centered around erogenous zones.
- Piaget's stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operational thought.
- Vygotsky's view that social interaction and guidance from more knowledgeable others plays a key role in cognitive development, such as in the Zone of Proximal Development.
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development from obedience to universal ethical principles.
- Neo-Freudian theorists like Jung, Horney, and Adler who built on and modified Freud's psychodynamic approach.
- Other approaches to personality including traits, learning, biological/evolutionary
1. The document discusses personality, defining it as an individual's habits of thinking, attitudes, interests, and personal philosophy.
2. It describes four major theories of personality - psychoanalytic, psychosocial, cognitive, and humanistic - and lists several approaches to personality types including Hippocrates' four temperaments and Jung's extroversion/introversion categories.
3. Methods of assessing personality are outlined, including interviews, personality inventories, and projective techniques like the Rorschach inkblot test, which aim to reveal unconscious desires and inner thoughts.
It explains about what is personality, give a brief introduction about personality disorder, describes three clusters of personality disorder with detailed explanations about the 10 personality disorder starting from cluster A disorder paranoid personality disorder to anti social personality disorder from cluster B to Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Personality refers to enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that distinguish individuals. It involves physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual aspects. Personality can be assessed through projective or objective tests. Major approaches to studying personality include psychodynamic (focusing on unconscious processes), humanistic (focusing on self-actualization), and biological factors. Personality disorders are inflexible patterns that cause distress, with clusters including odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful types. Therapies include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, biological treatments like drugs, and electroconvulsive therapy.
Personality refers to enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that distinguish individuals. It involves physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual aspects. Personality can be assessed through projective or objective tests. Major approaches to studying personality include psychodynamic (focusing on unconscious processes), humanistic (focusing on self-actualization), and biological factors. Personality disorders are inflexible patterns that cause distress, with clusters including odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful types. Therapies include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, biological treatments like drugs, and electroconvulsive therapy.
This document discusses several major approaches to studying personality:
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Protective Test - HFD- Personality Analysis
1. FORCES INSTITUTE OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES &
ADVANCED RESEARCH (FIBSAR)
KP ABBOTTABAD Pakistan
CONTACT : Mobile: 0333 5950 315 & 0311 0376122
PERSONALITY ANALYSIS
USING HUMAN FIGURE
DRAWING TEST (HFD)
Dr Tahir Pervez
2. 2
Aim of this lecture is to discuss
HFD- as a technique for the
assessment of Personality
With a brief review of Test , Types
of Psychological Tests & Techniques
AIM
3. Test is an instrument to measure
the sample of individual’s behavior
understudy
Test ?
5. A psychological test is a standardized measure of a
sample of a person’s behavior
used to measure:
The individual differences that exist among the
people
The personality traits of an individual
The various features of the personality to make some
decisions about the individual
6. To be Objective
To be reliable & Valid
To be Standardized
Must be used & analyzed by experts
7. Psychological tests
Reveals signs / indicators of reasonably stable
traits that determine individual’s behaviour
which define their personality type; such as :
Adjusted, Maladjusted, Depressive -
Optimistic
Introversion- Extroversion,
Obsessive -Compulsive
Anxious & Impulsive
Hostility/ vindictive & ….etc
Honest – Dishonest
Sadist – Nurturance
7
8. Psychological tests- USE
All Psych Tests, especially projective
techniques can be used personnel selection
or placement for specific appointments;
Conditioned to administer properly and
analyzed with required professional maturity
For example
Selection of Army personnel is heavily
based upon the projective techniques
8
9. Psychological tests- USE
For example
2nd best use of these tests is by health
professionals i.e., by clinical psychologist all
over the world
In Pakistan various Institutes of clinical
Psychology are providing advance training
to their students
However, some times the use of these
testing techniques and analysis is not made
as per defined standards and procedures
9
13. Projective Hypothesis
• All the projective techniques has been
designed on the philosophy of Projection:
In response to ambiguous or vague stimulus
Individual reflects his/ her unfulfilled needs,
emotions, experiences, hidden manifestations.
his deep-rooted pattern of conscious and
unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses,
conflicts, regrets – all which he/she wants to hide
13
14. PROJECTIVE TESTS-
Rationale
The more unstructured is the stimuli, the more
examinee reveals about his personality.
Every minor response provides meaning for
personality analysis
reveals his/her “unconscious trauma ”….
Individual remains unaware of what he /she has
disclosed
14
15. PROJECTIVE TESTS- Rationale
By Virtue of Characteristics of Projective Tests
Individual fail to hide his her real self ….
PROJECTIVE TESTS are capable to reveal
indicators of individuals personality
To draw the Inferences /conclusions are heavily
depend on the maturity and professional
expertises of Clinical Psychologist or user the
Psychologists
15
16. HFD
History
This test was originally Developed by Florence
Goodenough in 1926
She used it to Supplement the Stanford- Binet
Intelligence test with a nonverbal Measure
In 1949, KAREN MACHOVER Developed It As Draw-
A Person Test (DAP) & used it AS A PERSONALITY
ASSESSMENT
16
17. HFD- Research
• It is consistently been rated as among the 10
most frequently used assessment techniques
(Lubin, Larson, & Matarazzo, 1984; Watkins, Campbell,
1995)
Drawings reveal; unconscious of the individuals
, level of mental health, hidden trait of
personality
which otherwise remain hidden on other tests
17
18. • It is consistently been rated as among the 10
most frequently used assessment
techniques (Lubin, Larson, & Matarazzo, 1984;
Watkins, Campbell, 1995)
It is not easy for the subjects to create a
desired impression (Lindzey, 1961).
Or Faking Good :
(A person or thing that appears or is
presented as being genuine but is not)
18
HFD- Research
19. HFD
• APPLICATION
An Individual is provided 2 A-4 blank sheets
and lead pencil
Asked to draw a person male or female on
single sheet, in any way that he or she wishes
Then individual is instructed to draw 2nd
drawing of opposite sex than the 1st one
No time limit for the test
19
21. Interpretation
For Interpretation, tactful inquiry after
completion of HFD is very important
Rather psychologist should add one or two
other projective techniques for more valid
and conclusive analysis
21
22. HFD
Rationale for Analysis
Drawing by well adjusted individuals are
‘prominently similar’
Drawings made by the emotionally disturbed
individuals are ‘strikingly different’ from the
well adjusted individuals (Dileo, 1973)
22
23. HFD – Interpretation
Normal succession in
drawing with balance
Absence of thought
disorder; adequate
reality contact, Adaptability
Large shoulders hands / teeth
/ claw finger/ long arms/ fist /
teeth
Un healthy aggression
short arms shyness.
feminine features—such as
long eyelashes / thin waste
darkly coloured
sex-role confusion
Poor integration of parts Emotional Disturbances/
psychosis 23
24. Interpretation
Head:
The head is the centre for intellectual power,
social balance, and control over impulses.
disproportionate head suggests
that the subject is having difficulty in one mental
functioning
Also indicators of; brain damage, severe
headaches, or other sensitivity of the head.
24
HFD
25. • Large Head:
• Fantasies , paranoid, narcissistic,
intellectually righteous, ; anything having to
do with a inflated ego
• Small head- feelings of weakness and
intellectual Inferiority
• Long hair- ambivalent sexual fantasies
• Tiny eyes- strong visual curiosity
25
HFD
26. • Neck:
The neck often represent the connection
between the head and the body
An underemphasise may represent one’s
disharmony between mind and body
Suggest schizophrenia
feelings of Physical inadequacy
No neck indicate rigidity , poor control over
impulses 26
HFD
27. Interpretation
Large ears- hypersensitivity to criticisms /
suspicious
Triangle nose- immaturity
Pointed nose- possible acting out tendencies
Tiny mouth- denial of oral dependent needs
Hands behind the back- possibly guilt
feelings for manual activity
27
28. Tiny feet- insecurity
High heel shoes- possible homosexual
tendencies
Stick figure- possible depression
Opposite sex drawn first- conflict with
sexual Identification
Large figure –overambitious , grandiousity
28
Interpretation
29. Few important indications on HFD
Drawing at the right,
unclothed body,
hand near the
genitals,
hand hidden in a
pocket,
large nose and
moustache
Legs tightly closed
/joined
Signs of guilt , to be
abused sexual/ trauma
Or involvement unhealthy
activities
Overambitious
29
30. Signs of Lust for bodly Needs
& poor control over sexual Impulse
Reinforcement,
Long nose,
Large head,
Legs wide apart,
Too much hair,
Waist line emphasis,
Slash mouth,
Long feet,
30
31. Few sample Drawings of Pakistani
Culture –
• Drawings of non clinical, normal Students
• Drawings indicates that individuals who are
apparently normal may possess unhealthy
depositions
31
38. 38
Easy to administer
No strict formats
Relatively culture free
Can assess people with
Communication problems
ADVANTAGES
39. DISADVANTAGES
Restricted amount of hypothesis can be
developed.
Relatively non- verbal but, may have
some problems during post test inquiry
39
40. FORCES INSTITUTE OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES &
ADVANCED RESEARCH (FIBSAR)
KP ABBOTTABAD Pakistan
CONTACT : Mobile: 0333 5950 315 & 0311 0376122
Dr Tahir Pervez
41. References
• Machover, K. (1949). Personality projection: in the
drawing of a human figure. Springfield, IL: Charles C
Thomas Publisher.
• Plubrukarn, R, Theeramanoparp, S. (2003). Human
figure drawing test: validity in assessing intelligence
in children aged 3-10 years. J Med Assoc Thailand.
86 Suppl 3:S610-7.
41