This document discusses various topics related to visual information processing and color vision, including: - Polarized light and how polarization occurs through reflection and refraction - Theories of color vision from Alberti, Cennini, Newton, Goethe, and Hering - Evidence for opponent color theory from fish recordings and studies of the lateral geniculate nucleus - The three types of cones and how color is processed in the visual cortex and beyond striate cortex - Tests for color blindness like the Ishihara chart

1. Visual Information Processing

2. Polarized Light

3. Natural Polarization

4. Why is Sky Blue?

5. Polarization Filter

6. Polarization by Reflection

7. Polaroid filter

8. Polarized Sun Glasses

9. 3D Movie

10. Compound eye of Insect

11. Polarization of Vision of Insect

12. Honey Bee Dance

13. Polarization by Refraction

14. Rainbow is highly Polarized

15. Leon Battista Alberti 1435-36
Craftsman’s Handbook Cennino Cennini 1390

16. Newton's theory of Color 1672

17. Color Confusion
Subtractive Color Additive Color

18. Young Helmhoz Color theory of Trichromatic Color vision 1802

19. Goethe’s Color theory 1810
“That I am the only person in this
century who has the right insight
into the difficult science of colors,
that is what I am rather proud of,
and that is what gives me the
feeling that I have outstripped
many.”
Goethe studies after-images,
colored shadows and Zür Farbenlehre (Theory of Colors)
complementary colors

20. Ewald Hering’s Opponent Color Theory (1834-1918)

21. Color Vision

22. Reflectance of Light

23. Reflectance of natural pigment

24. Surface reflectance

25. Surface reflected from blue vase in sunlight and skylight

26. Opponent Color Theory

27. The reflectance function of a natural surface

28. L+M
L-M
L+M-S

29. Cones

30. Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones

31. Three types of Cones

32. First evidence of Opponent theory
Horizontal cells of Teleost fish
recording by Gunnar Svactichin
and Edward MacNichol 1956

33. Geniculate Ganglion Color Channel
Russell De Valois 1958

34. Hering’s Red Green Channel

35. Hering’s Red Green Channel

36. Hering’s Blue Yellow Channel

37. Horizontal Cells

38. Amicrine Cells

39. Receptive field of Ganglion Cells

40. Receptive field of Primate Ganglion Cells for Color

41. The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

43. Color Vision in Visual Cortex

44. Color Vision beyond Striate Cortex

45. AIT = anterior inferior temporal area; CIT = central inferior temporal area; LIP = lateral
intraparietal area; Magno = magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus; MST =
medial superior temporal area; MT = middle temporal area; Parvo = parvocellular layers of the
lateral geniculate nucleus; PIT = posterior inferior temporal area; VIP = ventral intraparietal
area.) (Based on Merigan and Maunsell 1993.)

47. Color blindness
Normal Protanope
Deuteranope Tritanope

48. Ishihara Chart for Color blindness testing
21, 2